Comparing the performances of SSR and SNP markers for population analysis in Theobroma cacao L., as alternative approach to validate a new ddRADseq protocol for cacao genotyping.

Proper cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plant genotyping is mandatory for the conservation and use of the species genetic resources. A set of 15 international standard SSR markers was assumed as universal cacao genotyping system. Recently, different SNPs and SNP genotyping techniques have been exploited in cacao. However, a consensus on which to use has not been reached yet, driving the search for new approaches. To validate a new ddRADseq protocol for cacao genotyping, we compared the performances for population analysis of a dataset with 7,880 SNPs obtained from ddRADseq and the genotypic data from the aforementioned SSR set, using 158 cacao plants from productive farms and gene bank. Four genetic groups were identified with STRUCTURE and ADMIXTURE softwares using SSR and SNP data, respectively. Similarities of cacao ancestries among these groups allowed the identification of analogous pairs of groups of individuals, referred to as: G1SSR/G1SNP, G2SSR/G2SNP, G3SSR/G3SNP, G4SSR/G4SNP, whether SSRs or SNPs were used. Both marker systems identified Amelonado and Criollo as the most abundant cacao ancestries among all samples. Genetic distance matrices from both data types were significantly similar to each other according to Mantel test (p < 0.0001). PCoA and UPGMA clustering mostly confirmed the identified genetic groups. AMOVA and FST pairwise comparison revealed a moderate to very large genetic differentiation among identified groups from SSR and SNP data. Genetic diversity parameters from SSR (Hobs = 0.616, Hexp = 0.524 and PIC = 0.544) were higher than that from SNP data (0.288, 0.264, 0.230). In both cases, genetic groups carrying the highest Amelonado proportion (G1SSR and G1SNP) had the lowest genetic diversity parameters among the identified groups. The high congruence among population analysis results using both systems validated the ddRADseq protocol employed for cacao SNP genotyping. These results could provide new ways for developing a universal SNP-based genotyping system very much needed for cacao genetic studies.

Using ddRADseq to assess the genetic diversity of in-farm and gene bank cacao resources in the Baracoa region, eastern Cuba, for use and conservation purposes.

The Baracoa region, eastern Cuba, hosts around 80 % of the country cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations. Cacao plants in farms are diverse in origin and propagation, with grafted and hybrid plants being the more common ones. Less frequent are plants from cuttings, TSH progeny, and traditional Cuban cacao. A national cacao gene bank is also present in Baracoa, with 282 accessions either prospected in Cuba or introduced from other countries. A breeding program associated with the gene bank started in the 1990s based on agro-morphological descriptors. The genetic diversity of cacao resources in Baracoa has been poorly described, except for traditional Cuban cacao, affecting the proper development of the breeding program and the cacao planting policies in the region. To assess the population structure and genetic diversity of cacao resources in Baracoa region, we genotyped plants from both cacao gene bank (CG) and cacao farms (CF) applying a new ddRADseq protocol for cacao. After data processing, two SNPs datasets containing 11,425 and 6,481 high-quality SNPs were generated with 238 CG and 135 CF plants, respectively. SNPs were unevenly distributed along the 10 cacao chromosomes and laid mainly in noncoding regions of the genome. Population structure analysis with these SNP datasets identified seven and four genetic groups in CG and CF samples, respectively. Clustering using UPGMA and principal component analysis mostly agree with population structure results. Amelonado was the predominant cacao ancestry, accounting for 49.22 % (CG) and 57.73 % (CF) of the total. Criollo, Contamana, Iquitos, and Nanay ancestries were detected in both CG and CF samples, while Nacional and Marañon backgrounds were only identified in CG. Genetic differentiation among CG (FST ranging from 0.071 to 0.407) was higher than among CF genetic groups (FST: 0.093-0.282). Genetic diversity parameters showed similar values for CG and CF samples. The CG and CF genetic groups with the lowest genetic diversity parameters had the highest proportion of Amelonado ancestry. These results should contribute to reinforcing the ongoing breeding program and updating the planting policies on cacao farms, with an impact on the social and economic life of the region.

Exploring morphometric frontiers: A comprehensive study of otolith growth patterns in brown comber Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Otoliths are widely employed in marine sciences to gain insights into fish growth, age, migrations, and population structure. This study investigates the relationships between morphometric measurements, otolith characteristics, and length size patterns in the brown comber (Serranus hepatus) from the Gulf of Cádiz, a species discarded in artisanal trawl fisheries. Our findings reveal significant changes in otolith shape indices as fish grow, with symmetry observed between left and right otolith measurements. Otolith size is found to be related to fish size, supporting its use in estimating body length at different life stages. Otolith shape analysis has potential applications in stock identification, detecting catch misreporting, and studying marine predator diets. Combining otolith shape analysis with other data types can clarify relationships among taxa and inform spatial management strategies, contributing to the long-term sustainability of fish populations and the assessment of the impact of management strategies on fish size and growth. This study enhances our understanding of the broader implications of morphometric and otolith analyses in fisheries research and supports the development of more sustainable fisheries management practices.

Neurofilament Levels in Dendritic Spines Associate with Synaptic Status.

Neurofilaments are one of the main cytoskeletal components in neurons; they can be found in the form of oligomers at pre- and postsynapses. How their presence is regulated at the postsynapse remains largely unclear. Here we systematically quantified, by immunolabeling, the occurrence of the neurofilament isoform triplet neurofilament light (NFL), medium (NFM), and heavy (NFH) at the postsynapse using STED nanoscopy together with markers of synaptic strength and activity. Our data show that, within dendritic spines, neurofilament isoforms rarely colocalize with each other and that they are present to different extents, with NFL being the most abundant isoform. The amount of the three isoforms correlates with markers of postsynaptic strength and presynaptic activity to varying degrees: NFL shows the highest correlation to both synaptic traits, suggesting its involvement in synaptic response, while NFM exhibits the lowest correlations. By quantifying the presence of neurofilaments at the postsynapse within the context of the synaptic status, this work sheds new light on the regulation of synaptic neurofilaments and their possible contribution to synaptopathies.

Reconstrucción nasal de lesiones oncológicas. Presentación de dos casos

Se realizó un informe de casos con el objetivo de mostrar la reconstrucción de dos pacientes operados con diagnóstico de carcinoma basocelular en ala nasal, donde se observó la evolución según la modalidad terapéutica empleada tras la resección del tumor. En ambos pacientes se logró la funcionalidad y estética deseadas, con una remoción completa del tumor y garantizando calidad de vida, lo cual es objetivo primordial de la oncología moderna. En pacientes con carcinomas basocelulares la cirugía continúa siendo la mejor opción, con la utilización de colgajos cutáneos para la reparación del defecto, no obstante, debido a sus características, la nariz supone un desafío quirúrgico. No existe un colgajo ideal, se trata de un proceder individualizado, para cada paciente debe planificarse la opción reconstructiva acorde a sus características propias, así como a las del defecto quirúrgico residual.

A case report was made with the aim of showing the reconstruction surgery of two patients with a diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma in nasal ala, in which the evolution was observed according to the therapeutic modality used after tumor resection. In both patients, the functionality and esthetics objectives were achieved, with the completed resection of tumor and with the guarantee of a good quality of life, which is the high priority of modern oncology. In patients with basal cell carcinoma, surgery continues to be the best option with the use of skin flaps to repair the nasal defect; however, due to its characteristics, nasal surgery is a surgical challenge. There is no ideal flap, it is an individualized procedure, and the reconstructive option must be planned according to each patient and their own characteristics, as well as those concerning the residual surgical defect.

Foi feito um relato de caso com o objetivo de mostrar a reconstrução de dois pacientes operados com diagnóstico de carcinoma basocelular em asa nasal, onde foi observada a evolução de acordo com a modalidade terapêutica utilizada após a ressecção do tumor. Em ambos os pacientes, a funcionalidade e estética desejadas foram alcançadas, com remoção completa do tumor e garantia de qualidade de vida, objetivo primordial da oncologia moderna. Nos pacientes com carcinomas basocelulares, a cirurgia continua sendo a melhor opção, com a utilização de retalhos cutâneos para correção do defeito, porém, por suas características, o nariz é um desafio cirúrgico. Não existe retalho ideal, é um procedimento individualizado, para cada paciente a opção reconstrutiva deve ser planejada de acordo com suas características, bem como as do defeito cirúrgico residual.

Índice compuesto de fracaso antropométrico y altura geográfica en infantes jujeños (1-5 años) / Composite index of anthropometric failure and geographic altitude in children from Jujuy (1 to 5 years old)

Introducción. El índice compuesto de fracaso antropométrico (ICFA), integrado por los índices antropométricos habituales y sus combinaciones en 7 categorías, propone una medida agregada para ponderar la desnutrición como alternativa a la evaluación independiente del acortamiento, emaciación y bajo peso. Objetivo. Evaluar el ICFA en la población infantil jujeña asentada a distintos niveles altitudinales. Materiales y métodos. El peso y la talla se tomaron de los controles de niños sanos, de 1-5 años, realizados en los Centros de Atención Primaria (CAP) jujeños entre 2005 y 2007. El estado nutricional (bajo peso, acortamiento y emaciado) se caracterizó con el estándar OMS-2007. El ICFA y sus 7 grupos se calcularon agrupando los datos por sexo, edad y nivel altitudinal (tierras altas: > 2500 msnm; tierras bajas: < 2500msnm). Las diferencias porcentuales del ICFA por altura y sexo y edad se verificaron con la prueba chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se incluyeron 8059 niños. El ICFA de tierras altas (6,1%) duplicó al de tierras bajas (3,4%) (p < 0,05) y la prevalencia de bajo peso (grupo Y) fue significativamente superior en tierras altas (p < 0,05). El ICFA y el acortamiento (grupo F) aumentaron con la edad, pero el aumento fue significativamente mayor en tierras altas. Conclusiones. Las tierras altas presentaron un IFCA significativamente mayor a expensas del acortamiento. No obstante, el índice de fracaso antropométrico no superó el 10% en los dos niveles, lo que da cuenta de un estado sanitario por desnutrición de escasa magnitud en la población infantil jujeña estudiada.

Introduction. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is made up of typical anthropometric indicators and their combination into seven categories, and proposes an additional measure to study malnutrition as an alternative to the evaluation of stunting, wasting and underweight as separate measures. Objective. To assess the CIAF in the child population settled at different altitudinal zones in Jujuy. Population and Methods. Weight and height were obtained from healthy 1 to 5 year-old control children, measured at primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) in Jujuy between 2005 and 2007. Nutritional status indicators such as underweight, stunting and wasting were determined as per the World Health Organization 2007 child growth standards. The CIAF and its seven categories were estimated by grouping data by gender, age and altitudinal zone (highlands: >2500 MASL; lowlands: <2500 MASL). The CIAF percentage differences for height, gender and age were verified using a chi-square test. Results. A total of 8059 children were included. The CIAF for highland children (6.1%) doubled that for lowland children (3.4%) (p < 0.05), and underweight prevalence (group Y) was significantly higher in the highlands (p < 0.05). The CIAF value and stunting (group F) increased with age, but such increase was more significant in the highlands. Conclusions. A significantly higher CIAF was observed in highland children, at the expense of stunting. However, the index of anthropometric failure was not more than 10% at both the highlands and the lowlands, and this accounts for a scarcely significant malnutrition health status in the studied child population of Jujuy.

Composite index of anthropometric failure and geographic altitude in children from Jujuy (1 to 5 years old).

INTRODUCTION: The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is made up of typical anthropometric indicators and their combination into seven categories, and proposes an additional measure to study malnutrition as an alternative to the evaluation of stunting, wasting and underweight as separate measures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the CIAF in the child population settled at different altitudinal zones in Jujuy. POPULATION AND METHODS: Weight and height were obtained from healthy 1 to 5 year-old control children, measured at primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) in Jujuy between 2005 and 2007. Nutritional status indicators such as underweight, stunting and wasting were determined as per the World Health Organization 2007 child growth standards. The CIAF and its seven categories were estimated by grouping data by gender, age and altitudinal zone (highlands: >2500 MASL; lowlands: <2500 MASL). The CIAF percentage differences for height, gender and age were verified using a chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 8059 children were included. The CIAF for highland children (6.1%) doubled that for lowland children (3.4%) (p < 0.05), and underweight prevalence (group Y) was significantly higher in the highlands (p < 0.05). The CIAF value and stunting (group F) increased with age, but such increase was more significant in the highlands. CONCLUSIONS: A significantly higher CIAF was observed in highland children, at the expense of stunting. However, the index of anthropometric failure was not more than 10% at both the highlands and the lowlands, and this accounts for a scarcely significant malnutrition health status in the studied child population of Jujuy.

Caracterización morfológica y evaluación de resistencia a Fusarium oxysporum en especies silvestres del género Solanum sección Lycopersicon / Morphological characterization and resistance evaluation to Fusarium oxysporum in wild species Solanum genera Lycopersicon section

Con el objetivo de evaluar la variación morfológica y la resistencia a Fusarium oxysporum en la colección del banco de germoplasma de la Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL), 146 accesiones de cuatro especies silvestres fueron seleccionadas (Solanum pimpinellifolium, S. neorickii, S. habrochaites, S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme); y, 20 accesiones de tomate cultivado (S. lycopersicum). Un total de 723 plántulas se transplantaron al campo y se evaluaron morfológicamente durante todo su ciclo biológico, con un descriptor que incluyó 20 caracteres cuantitativos y 25 cualitativos. Se estimó la variabilidad morfológica y se detectaron diferencias fenotípicas relacionadas con el fruto, características vegetativas de las plantas y los componentes del rendimiento. Las variables morfológicas mostraron que S. habrochaites es la especie más diferenciada con relación a las restantes. La podredumbre vascular causada por F. oxysporum es responsable de enormes pérdidas en la producción de tomate en el mundo; sin embargo, las especies silvestres que originaron las variedades cultivadas poseen genes de interés agronómico, utilizados por décadas para la generación de variedades resistentes. Por ello, entre 64 y 228 individuos por especie, se evaluaron por tres procedimientos de inoculación. Todas las especies fueron significativamente diferentes en los niveles de resistencia, tolerancia o susceptibilidad. S. neorickii fue más resistente y tolerante, seguida de S. pimpinellifolium y S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, mientras que todas las variedades cultivadas (S. lycopersicum) fueron susceptibles. Tales circunstancias permitieron determinar sin lugar a dudas, que las plantas sobrevivientes y tolerantes poseen un genotipo particular que determina esa característica.

In order to evaluate the morphological variation and Fusarium oxysporum resistance in the National University of Loja (UNL) genebank collection, 146 wild accessions of four species were selected (Solanum pimpinellifolium, S. neorickii, S. habrochaites , S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) and 20 accessions of cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum). For a total of 723 seedlings were transplanted to the field and evaluated morphologically throughout its life cycle, with a descriptor that included 20 quantitative and 25 qualitative characters. Morphological variability was estimated were detected phenotypic differences related the fruit, plant vegetative characteristics and yield components. Morphological variables showed that S. habrochaites is the most differentiated with respect to the others. Vascular rot caused by F. oxysporum is responsible for huge losses in tomato production in the world, but the wild species that gave rise to the cultivated varieties have agronomic interest genes used for decades to generate resistant varieties. Therefore, between 64 and 228 individuals per species were evaluated for three inoculation procedures. All species were significantly different between levels of resistance, susceptibility or tolerance. S. neorickii was more resistant and tolerant, followed by S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, while all cultivars (S. lycopersicum) were susceptible. Such circumstances allowed undoubtedly determine that survivors and tolerant plants have a particular genotype that determines the characteristic.

Anthropogenic contamination of metals in sediments of the Santa Rosalía harbor, Baja California peninsula.

To know the environment impact on a harbor of the Santa Rosalía port on the Baja California peninsula, the concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, U and Zn) in harbor sediments were determined for 13 stations and compared with their average upper Earth´s crust abundance. The mean enrichment factors, calculated using Al as a normalizer, were higher than the unity for Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, U, V and Zn. Concentrations of slightly enriched Cd in the sediments are below the effect range low (ERL) sediment quality guidelines value only at three stations. The levels of Pb in the harbor sediments at four stations (1, 6, 9 and 11) are between the ERL (46.7 mg kg(-1)) and the effect range medium (ERM) (218 mg kg(-1)), and Pb content in the rest of the sediment samples is higher than the ERM, demonstrating the high extent of the anthropogenic impact of this metal on the sedimentary environment. The total concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Cu (3,390 ± 804 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (1,916 ± 749 mg kg(-1)) very strongly exceed their ERM, showing a high possibility of toxicological danger for marine biota, living inside or entering the harbor.

Validación de un instrumento para medir la percepción de la calidad de los servicios farmacéuticos del Sistema Público de Salud de Costa Rica / Validation of an instrument to measure quality perception of the pharmaceutical services in the Costa Rican Public Health System

Elaborar un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la calidad percibida por los usuarios de los servicios farmacéuticos del Sistema Público de Salud costarricense. Métodos: Se realizó un instrumento conformado por tres dimensiones: técnica, interpersonal y ambiental, con 53 ítems en escala Likert. Fue evaluado por cuatro profesionales en farmacia con amplia experiencia en los ámbitos investigativo, administrativo y clínico. Dicha evaluación generó un cuestionario de 49 preguntas, el cual fue aplicado a 115 usuarios de la Farmacia del Hospital de San Rafael de Alajuela. Para analizar unidimensionalidad se empleó análisis factorial, para fiabilidad correlación ítem-total y para consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach. El paquete estadístico empleado fue SPSS, versión 17. Resultados: El análisis factorial determinó unidimensionalidad en el instrumento, puesto que el primer factor acumuló un 30,1% de la varianza total y el segundo 8,1%, lo que significa que el conjunto de ítems que componen el indicador efectivamente está midiendo un sólo constructo teórico, es decir conforma una escala. El análisis de fiabilidad sugirió la eliminación de cinco ítems. La eliminación de un ítem más fue sugerida por aspectos de consistencia interna: un alfa de Cronbach final de 0,951. Conclusiones: Este es el primer instrumento válido y fiable elaborado para la medición de la percepción de la calidad en las Unidades de farmacia de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social...

To develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess the perceived quality by the users of pharmaceutical services in the Costa Rican Public Health System. Methods: It was developed an instrument conformed of three dimensions: technical, interpersonal, and environmental, with 53 Likert scale items. It was evaluated by four pharmacy professionals with extensive experience in investigative, administrative and clinical areas, from which turned out in a questionnaire of 49 questions applied to 115 users of the Pharmacy from the San Rafael de Alajuela Hospital. To analyze unidimensionality was applied factor analysis, for reliability the item-total correlation, and for internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha. The statistical package used was SPSS, version 17. Results: Factor analysis determined unidimensionality in the instrument, the first factor accumulated 30,1% of the total variance and the second 8,1%, which means that all the items that comprise the actual indicator is measuring a single construct theoretical, that means that forms a scale. Reliability analysis suggested the elimination of five items and another by aspects of internal consistency, for a final Cronbach’s alpha of 0,951. Conclusions: This is the first valid and reliable instrument for measuring perceived quality in pharmacy units of Costa Rican’s Social Security...

Vaginosis bacteriana: aspectos colposcópicos / Bacterial vaginosis: colposcopic aspects

Determinar mediante los criterios de Amsel, la vaginosis bacteriana en las pacientes estudiadas y definir los aspectos colposcópicos más frecuentes asociados a esta patología. Estudio descriptivo y transversal de pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de ginecología por leucorrea. A las pacientes que presentaron vaginosis bacteriana, se les realizó la evaluación colposcópica. Para el análisis estadístico de variables no paramétricas se aplicó la prueba de hipótesis de proporción. Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de Alcalá ”, Cumaná. Se encontraron 65 pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana y en la evaluación colposcópica de la misma, lo más frecuente fue la colpitis a puntos finos rojos, difusa, con un patrón vascular de capilar simple y a la prueba de lugol, la imagen colposcópica fue el caoba irregular con 82 por ciento (P<0,05), estadísticamente significativo. El aspecto colposcópico característico de la vaginosis bacteriana con un patrón vascular capilar simple es la colpitis a puntos finos rojo difusa y a la prueba de lugol caoba irregular.

[In vitro growth kinetics of two Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) clones in myocardial cells from rodents of different susceptibility]. / Cinética de crecimiento in vitro de dos cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) en células miocárdicas de roedores con diferente susceptibilidad.

In vitro growth kinetics of two Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) clones in myocardial cells from rodents of different susceptibility. Two Trypanosoma cruzi isolates, TCR-4 from Costa Rica and UES-1 from El Salvador, were studied in vitro to compare their infectivity or resistance and intracellular replication in myocardial cells in three strains of mice and rats: NGP white mice, C3 H mice and Sprague Dowley rats. Myocardial cells were cultured on coverslips at 37 degrees C in a humid 10% CO2 atmosphere and then infected at a ratio of one tripomastigote per cell. Samples were studied after 24, 72, 96 and 120 h of infection to determine parasite infection capacity and intracellular multiplication. Both parasites had the highest infection capacity in C3 H mice, followed by NGP mice cells with a very low infection rate. Lastly, almost no Trypanosoma cruzi multiplication was observed in Sprague Dowley rats, suggesting a strong natural resistance in this animal to both strains of the parasite. The UES-1 isolate presented higher multiplication and greater invasion than the TCR-4 strain, showing greater virulence of UES-1 in heart cells, at least in vitro.

Complicações da cirurgia da tireóide: estudo de revisão / Complications of thyroid surgery: systematic review

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar um estudo de revisão das principais complicações relacionadas com a cirurgia da glândula tireóide. Os dados foram recolhidos retrospectivamente diretamente a partir dos prontuários do Serviço de Arquivo Médico do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro (HUAP). Essa conduta foi atingida no período compreendido entre os anos de 1996 a 2001, num total de 202 cirurgias da glândula tireóide, realizadas nos Serviços de Cirurgia Geral I e II do HUAP. Como resultado final, pode-se verificar um percentual de 3,9% de lesões transitórias do nervo laríngeo recorrente, sem paralisia definitiva, sendo que 1,95% das complicações corresponderam a hematoma da ferida cirúrgica, detectada no período pós-operatório imediato e, quanto à hipocalcemia foi encontrada uma porcentagem de 3,9% dos casos. A comparação direta entre tiroidectomia total e subtotal mostrou-se significativa em relação ao estudo. Mas no que se refere às lesões do nervo laríngeo recorrente detectou-se que todas foram transitórias.

Tratamento de aneurisma micótico da aorta abdominal por Salmonella species com enxerto sintético in situ / Treatmente of mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella species with in situ synthetic graft

Relato de caso de aneurisma micótico da aorta abdominal infra-renal por Sa/mone//a species. O paciente apresentou dor abdominal, massa pulsátil e febre com evolução clínica de um mês. A tomografia computadorizada do abdome evidenciou aneurisma sacular da aorta abdominal infra-renal. O paciente foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico com ressecção da aorta infra-renal, desbridamento amplo dos tecidos comprometidos, interposição de enxerto sintético e antibiótico por tempo prolongado.

Validación de la técnica para la determinación cuantitativa de cefotaxima sódica por Clar / Validation of the technique for the quantitative determination of cefotaxime sodium by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Se realizó la validación del método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) para la determinación cuantitativa de cefotaxima sódica, un compuesto de actividad antibacteriana reconocida. Teniendo en cuenta que el método se clasifica como método para la determinación cuantitativa de ingrediente activo o compuesto mayoritario en formulaciones o materia prima, se evaluaron los parámetros: especificidad, linealidad, precisión y exactitud. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la técnica es fiable, pues permitió la determinación del compuesto estudiado en presencia de las impurezas de la síntesis y productos de degradación. Además, el procesamiento estadístico de los resultados evidenció la linealidad, precisión y exactitud del método

Estudio comparativo entre dos metodos de tratamiento del sangrado digestivo alto de tipo varicoso: esclerotipia mas ocreotido y ligadura con bandas mas ocreotido / Treatment of variceal hemorrhage

Se incluyeron 12 mujeres y 18 hombres con una edad promedio de 56,3 años. Los pacientes tenian un promedio de tiempo de sangrado a su ingreso al hospital de 20 horas con un rango entre 6 y 96 horas. Del total de pacientes, 22 tenian antecedentes de sangrado por varices esofagicas. Cinco pacientes ingresaron con compromiso del estado de conciencia, hipotension, taquicardia y fallecieron; esto parece tener una correlacion importante; es decir el estado al ingreso y la mortalidad. Del total de pacientes, cinco tenian Child C y los restantes Child A. El control del sangrado se logro en un tiempo promedio de 21,65 horas con un rango entre 6 y 72 horas. En 13 pacientes se presentaron complicacioones inherentes a la enfermedad de base y ninguna relacionada con el procedimiento terapeutico. La mortalidad global fue de 16.7 por ciento (5 pacientes). La mortalidad por grupo fue asi: grupo 1 (bandas mas octreotido), 3 pacientes; grupo 2 (escleroterapia mas octreotido), 2 pacientes

Embarazo ectópico y abdominal, Hospital de Caldas 1970-1993

Se informa de una paciente con embarazo abdominal de 24 semanas de gestación, atendida en el Hospital de Caldas, Manizales. Se analiza y se compara con otras regiones la incidencia de embarazo abdominal y ectópico y las muertes maternas relacionadas con estas, durante el período 1970-1993