[Lung pathology in children with a long-term novel coronavirus infection COVID-19]. / Patologiya legkikh u detei pri dlitel'no tekushchei novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii COVID-19.

New coronavirus infection is registered less frequently in children than in adults. Among all patients with COVID-19, the share of children is 8.6%. Clinical practice shows that in children, COVID-19 can be severe and even fatal. Articles have been published reflecting the clinical manifestations of Long Covid in children, while data on pathomorphological examination of the lungs during long-term COVID-19 in children are not available in the literature. On the basis of the Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of Forensic Medicine and the Pathological-Anatomical Department of the Clinic of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, an analysis of medical documentation was carried out, autopsy materials were selected from 3 observations of the death of children from COVID-19. The selection criterion was the duration of the disease. A histological examination using standard methods and IHC analysis using antibodies to the nucleocapsid of SARS-Cov-2, CD95, CD31 were carried out on the lung tissue of 3 children aged 2 months to 2 years who died from a new coronavirus infection. Microscopically, all three patients showed microvessels damage, their thrombosis, angiogenesis, as well as signs of diffuse alveolar damage The combination of expression of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the apoptosis marker on the vascular endothelium of the MCR is of interest. CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate infection with coronavirus and death of endothelial cells due to apoptosis. Endothelial damage in the microvessels of the lungs is the initiating factor in the development of capillary-alveolar block, tissue hypoxia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, leading in some cases to respiratory/multiple organ failure and death.

[100th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Vsevolodovich Zinserling]. / 100 let so dnya rozhdeniya Aleksandra Vsevolodovicha Tsinzerlinga.

In December 2022, the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University solemnly celebrated its 90th anniversary. At the meeting of the city scientific society of pathologists, dedicated to this event, the staff of the department, fellow professors, members of the society, as well as clinicians and invited guests, recalled the brilliant scientists-pathologists who led the specified department in different years. One of these scientists, who headed the department in 1965-1992, was a well-known scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. A.V. Zinzerling (1923-1995).

[To the 90th anniversary of the department of pathological anatomy with a course of forensic medicine named after professor D.D.Lokhov of Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University]. / K 90-letiyu kafedry patologicheskoi anatomii s kursom sudebnoi meditsiny im. professora D.D. Lokhova Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pediatricheskogo meditsinskogo universiteta.

The article is devoted to the history of Professor D.D. Lokhov Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of forensic medicine of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, founded by one of founders of the national pathological anatomy of childhood and adolescence, Professor D.D. Lokhov, whose name has been awarded to the Department since 2022. The updated advances of the Department in research, teaching and diagnostic activity are presented.

[Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia as a factor in sudden cardiac death in young adults]. / Fibromuskulyarnaya displaziya arterii ­ odin iz faktorov vnezapnoi serdechnoi smerti lits molodogo vozrasta.

The objective of the study is to consider the problem of diagnostics of a rare vasculopathy, fibromuscular dysplasia of coronary arteries, by the case study of a 19-year-old serviceman, an athlete with sudden death occurred during slight physical exertion. After repeated histological examination as part of the forensic medical examination, the diagnosis was made: «multifocal fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary arteries and ascending aortic arch, complicated by acute left ventricular failure.¼ This disease often manifests with the acute coronary syndrome in people of young age. Therefore, special attention was given to the macroscopic and histological features of fibromuscular dysplasia of arteries.

[Age-related changes in hematological parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome.]

Over the past decade, there has been a great interest in hematological indicators as markers for assessing the severity of coronary artery disease and stratifying the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. To understand the possibility of using hematological indicators as predictors of adverse outcomes in this category of patients, the question of clarifying their age-related changes became a question. This study discusses age-related changes in hematological parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

[Comparative evaluation of scales for the assessment of senile asthenia syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome.]

The syndrome of senile asthenia (frailty) in patients with acute coronary syndrome is recognized as one of the risk factors for the development of adverse outcomes after undergoing cardiosurgical interventions, and the search for an optimal method for assessing this syndrome could be a screening to identify patients at increased risk. This study compares two methods for assessing senile asthenia syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome, its prevalence in this category of patients, its relationship with clinical characteristics and 1-year mortality after hospitalization. According to the results of the study, senile asthenia syndrome was observed more often in the group of patients older than 75 years. Patients with senile asthenia assessment using the Green scale had a higher risk on the GRACE scale and the presence of this syndrome was an independent 1-year mortality predictor after hospitalization.

[Role of intercellular slit-like contacts (connexins) in the pathogenesis of erythroderma]. / Rol' mezhkletochnykh shchelevidnykh kontaktov (konneksinov) v patogeneze éritrodermii.

Erythroderma is a skin lesion characterized by redness, swelling, infiltration, and desquamation of greater than 90% of the skin. The etiology of erythroderma is not completely clear and the lesion can be manifestations of various chronic dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and toxicodermia, and be represented by erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. The pathogenesis of erythroderma especially at the genetic level remains little studied. Thus, one disease (erythroderma) can be a manifestation of different dermatoses and have similar clinical and histological signs. This paper gives a review of modern literature on the study of erythroderma in terms of morphology and genetic aspects.

[Bioinformatic investigation of the involvement of candidate genes of cytokines in the formation of large myomatous nodes in women with uterine cancer in older age groups].

The aim was to study bioinformatics involvement of candidate genes of cytokines in the formation of large fibroids in women with uterine cancer in older age groups. Genotyping of 15 molecular genetic markers cytokines was performed in 120 patients with uterine myoma with large myoma nodes and 107 patients with myoma nodes of small size. The study found that genetic risk factors for fibroids with large uterine fibroids are two combinations of genetic variants: G SDF-1, CC IL-1ß, A RANTES (OR=5,56) and A RANTES with genotype CC IL-1ß (OR=4,60). 12 of 15 polymorphic loci studied in various combinations (8 revealed significant combinations) have protective value in the formation of large fibroids with uterine cancer (OR=0,09-0,31).

[Clinical features of patients of older age groups with uterine myoma].

The study analyzed 301 patients with uterine cancer at the age of 45 years and older and 304 patients with uterine myoma 45 years. It was found that patients with uterine myoma of the older age group (45 and older) have the following clinical features: overweight and thus increased BMI these women, a lower percentage of a family history of uterine cancer, a smaller percentage of infertility, a greater number of pregnancies, births, medical abortions, the high prevalence of diseases of the cardiovascular system and pathology of the cervix, large size fibroids and as a consequence more common compartment syndrome adjacent organs by myoma nodes (disuric disorders).

[To the 130th anniversary since the birth of the prominent pathologist N.N. Anichkov, academician of USSR Academy of sciences and Academy of medical sciences].

The paper represents the research achievements and a course of life of the outstanding Russian pathologist, founder of the doctrine on atherosclerosis academician Nikolai Nikolayevich Anichkov.

[Comparative clinical and morphofunctional evaluation of the intestinal and colonic gastric orthotopic urinary reservoirs at different times of functioning].

The complex clinical and morphological evaluation of different variants of orthopic urinary reservoir (OUR) at different times of functioning was performed. During 1996-2012, orthotopic cystoplasty was performed in 265 patients (ileocystoplasty--in 204, gastrocystoplasty--in 24, and sigmocystoplasty--in 29 patients). There were 207 (77%) men and 61 (23%) women aged 22-75 years (mean age, 57.5 +/- 1,3 years). Cold biopsy over time (1 to 6) was performed in 105 patients. The total number of biopsies was 150. Duration of morphological study was 2-12 years. Clinical examination included assessment of acid-base balance and electrolyte balance of within 3-24 months, evaluation of urodynamic parameters (OUR volume, daytime and nighttime continence, micturition volume), assessment of the frequency and the nature of infection, resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and the symptoms of inflammatory reaction in period 1-90 months after surgery. Morphological study included histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric methods. Application of a set of clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical examinations is a premise for individual choice of cystoplasty, and creates the preconditions for the correction of the process of adaptation to the OUR, regardless of its form in the early and later stages of its functioning. Due to the good adaptation to the new conditions in all three types of OUR and absence of trends to malignant transformation of its mucosa, the ileocystoplasty is method of choice for creation of OUR, and gastrocystoplasty and sigmocystoplasty are alternatives.

[Microglia detection in the brain preparations after long-term storage in formalin].

Relatively simple protocol for identification of microgliocytes in archived material is proposed. A novel variant is based on preparation processing with the use of polyclonal antibodies against Iba-1 protein. The proposed approach includes antigen heat unmasking in a modified citrate buffer and prolonged incubation of the sections with the primary antibodies at high temperature. The method is highly specific and allows selective detection of microgliocytes in sections prepared from a material stored in formalin for 2 months.

[Clinico-morphological features of endometrioid disease: adenomyosis, ovarian endometriosis, extragenital endometriosis].

Adenomyosis, ovarian endometriosis and extragenital endometriosis are clinico-pathologic types of one nosologic form as endometrioid disease (ED). ED's clinical presentations are various, but they are essentially characterized by a pain syndrome and disorder of menstrual cycle. The comparative clinico-pathologic analysis of adenomyosis, ovarian endometriosis, and extragenital endometriosis affords to suppose that theirs clinical course, the intensity and character of symptoms, as well as morphogenetic processes are generally determined by the organ localization. Topography of foci, theirs organ localization, morphological and morphofunctional features vary within one type of ED and even within one organ. So the separation of various ED's morphofunctional forms, its clinico-phatological features and intensity of its morphofunctional activity is necessary. All forms of ED have general morphogenesis features including the various form of proliferation, secretion, regression, wave-like courses of dishormonal morphogenetic manifestation within one organ. Typical for all ED's types pathologic synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450 promotes the local estrogens synthesis from androgens, transition of endometrioid heterotopias to the quite different level of existence and self-regulation contributing autonomous wave-like chronic ED' clinic course.

[Morpho-functional peculiarities of autoimmune gastritis in different age groups].

In 98 patients with chronic gastritis clinical-morphologic analysis was performed. The analysis included: the examination of gastric biopsy specimens, determination of HP-status by means of a group of methods, determination of antibodies to H+/K+ -ATPase of parietal cells of the gastric wall, IgG-EA-EBV and IgM-NA-EBN antibodies in the blood serum by means of IFA method, pepsinogene I, pepsinogene II, gastrin and antibodies to Hp with the use of Biohit gastric panel, 24-hour monitoring of intragastric pH with the use of Gastroscan-24 machine. Comparison of all parameters was performed in 4 groups: 27 children aged 6-17 with non-autoimmune gastritis and 119 children with gastritis of other etiology, 34 patients aged 18-80 with autoimmune gastritis and 43 patients of the same age group with non-autoimmune gastritis were described. Age-specific peculiarities of autoimmune gastritis in children were determined; and a diagnostic algorithm for its early diagnosis in the latter was developed.

[Parenchymal-stromal interactions in intestinal gastric cancer].

Histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations were performed in a prognostically favorable intestinal type of gastric carcinoma, by estimating mainly stromal and, to a lesser extent, parenchymal components, as well as their interactions at various stages of intraorgan tumor growth.

[Adaptive changes in enteric explants instead of the urinary bladder].

One hundred and twenty-two biopsy specimens of enteric explants (orthotopic urinary reservoirs (OUR)) placed instead of the neoplastic urinary bladder were studied in 94 patients. The OUR wall changes were shown to be compensatory and adaptive and to appear as: (1) progressive atrophy and a reduction in enteric villae; brush-border enterocyte replacement by goblet cells secreting syalomucins with the appearance of the lining devoid of the brush border and secretion; (2) preservation of crypts as active regeneration areas with varying reductions, prevalence of goblet cell differentiation; and preservation of programmed differentiation; (3) adaptive muscular layer hypertrophy; (4) no morphological manifestations of both hyperplasia and dysplasia of the surface and crypt epithelium; (5) no morphological signs of destructive inflammation and sclerosis deformans.

[Application of polyguanidine solution for fixation of biological and anatomical specimens].

A new method for fixation of biological material is described, and its effectiveness is compared to that one of formalin fixation. As an embalming agent, polyhexamethylenguanidine (PHMG) hydrochloride was used. Using the proposed method of fixation, the anatomical and histological preparations of human organs and of chick embryos at developmental 12 days, were produced. The anatomical preparations obtained show the appearance, similar to that of the recently removed organs. Histological preparations were free from significant distortions of the microscopic characteristics of the specimens, which are typical to the material fixed with formalin. The results of the study suggest the possibility of PHMG application in the morphological studies.