Seeds, Dams, and Khipus: Latin America's Eclectic Recent History of Technology.

Scholarship on Latin America's history of technology has expanded significantly in recent years. By reviewing articles in English- and Spanish-language journals from 2012 to the first half of 2023, we illustrate the emerging themes, geographies, and methodologies in this literature. The four main themes we identify are industrialization, institutions and policies, infrastructure, and moving beyond technological adaptation. We also highlight two emerging themes: Indigenous technologies and the circulation of knowledge. We conclude that the scholarship has generally moved in three directions: the study of technologies associated with traditional economic activities in the region (e.g., monocrop agriculture), national industrialization and modernization processes, and cases that demonstrate alternative ways of knowing the world and how communities use these types of knowledge. We suggest that deepening the connections between these three lines of research could be fruitful for future work.

Acculturation strategies and blood cortisol in colombian Migrants in Chile.

BACKGROUND: migration is a worldwide phenomenon that is growing at an accelerated pace. When people who migrate come into contact with a new culture, they are immersed in a process called acculturation. In this process, people oscillate between maintaining their own culture or acquiring the culture and customs of the host country, resulting in the so-called acculturation strategies. According to Berry's proposal, there are four main acculturation strategies: assimilation, integration, marginalization and separation. The few existing studies of Latinos in an Anglo-Saxon country relate the use of the integration strategy (biculturalism) with lower cortisol levels. No studies have been found on the subject in Latino migrants in a Latino country. METHOD: a cross-sectional design was used to analyze the relationship between acculturation strategies and blood cortisol levels, based on the hypothesis that an integration strategy or biculturalism would be linked to lower cortisol levels. The study involved 314 Colombian migrants in Chile, who were evaluated with a scale of acculturation strategies according to the model proposed by Berry, in addition to providing blood samples to analyze cortisol levels. RESULTS: migrants who show a preference for leave behind the culture of the country of origin have higher levels of cortisol ng/ml in blood. According to multiple comparisons the mean cortisol value was significantly different between integrated and assimilated subjects, with the mean cortisol of the integrated being significantly lower than that of the subjects typed as marginalized. CONCLUSION: The patterns of the relationship between biculturalism and cortisol found in Latino migrants in Anglo-Saxon countries are repeated in Latino migrants in a Latino country. It is necessary to explore the influence of other variables in this relationship, since it seems that the best adaptive strategy, and therefore the cortisol response, will vary according to the socio-cultural context of the host country.

Cigarette and alcohol consumption among Colombian migrants and Chileans living in Northern and Central Chile.

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, the migrant population generally reports lower rates of cigarette and alcohol consumption. However, the migratory process and assimilation of behaviors after extended exposure to the host country could increase the consumption of these substances. The aim of this study was to compare cigarette and alcohol consumption among Colombian migrants and Chileans residing in Chile. METHODS: In 2019, data were collected from 963 Colombian migrants and 909 Chileans in three cities in Chile. The chi-squared test was used to analyze significant differences in cigarette and alcohol consumption between the groups. Subsequently, the relative risk (RR) and corresponding p-values were obtained. RESULTS: Colombian migrants had a significantly lower consumption of cigarettes than Chileans (16.6% and 25.1%, respectively). Regarding alcohol consumption, Colombian migrants reported lower consumption than Chileans (43.3% and 48.4 %, respectively ). CONCLUSIONS: The lower consumption of cigarettes and alcohol by Colombian migrants compared to Chileans is positive for the health of migrants. However, it is advisable to promote health interventions to avoid an increase in the consumption of these substances, especially considering that migrants could assimilate the consumption habits of Chileans.

Aspectos Éticos de la Protección Radiológica en Procedimientos de Radiología Dental

RESUMEN: Se sabe de los beneficios que la radiología dental ha significado para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas en todo el mundo, sin embargo, también conocemos los riesgos asociados a su uso. Para disminuir estos riegos, diferentes organizaciones a nivel internacional han desarrollado un SISTEMA DE PROTECCIÓN RADIOLÓGICA (SRP) basado en los principios de: Justificación, optimización y limitación de dosis, los cuales a su vez han evolucionado en base al desarrollo de la ciencia, los valores éticos, y la experiencia acumulada en la práctica cotidiana de los profesionales de la protección radiológica. Al revisar la normativa que regula el uso de las radiaciones ionizantes en Chile, analizamos que no se tienen en cuenta los aspectos o valores éticos al momento de hablar y aplicar el SPR en procedimientos de radiología dental. Por todo lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo de revisión narrativa fue elaborar un nuevo documento de consulta para los odontólogos, que contenga de manera resumida y con definiciones precisas, los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de comprender como funciona el SPR y los valores éticos que lo fundamentan, ayudando de esta manera a resolver objetivamente los juicios de valor que se pueden presentar durante la solicitud, ejecución e interpretación de los procedimientos de radiología dental.

ABSTRACT: The benefits of dental radiology that improve the quality of life of populations worldwide have been well established. However, the risks associated with its use are also known. With these risks in mind, various international organizations have developed a Radiological Protection System (RPS) based on the principles of: Justification, optimization and dose limitation, which in turn have evolved based on science, values ethics, and the experience accumulated during the daily practice by radiation protection professionals. While reviewing the standards that regulate the use of ionizing radiation in Chile, we observed that ethical aspects or values are not taken into account when applying the RPS in dental radiology procedures. In light of these findings, the objective of this narrative review was to develop a new consultation procedure for dentists, which contains the main aspects to consider when understanding how SPR works, in a summarized precise form, as well as the supporting ethical values. Thereby helping to resolve the value judgments that may arise during the performance and interpretation of dental radiology procedures.

Niveles de Referencia para Diagnóstico en Procedimientos Radiológicos Dentales: Una Guía Práctica / Diagnostic Reference Levels in Dental Radiological Procedures: A Practical Guide

RESUMEN: Las exposiciones médicas con radiación ionizante son actualmente la principal fuente de exposición a la radiación artificial a nivel global, entre ellas, los exámenes dentales corresponden a uno de los más frecuentes. Para prevenir dosis innecesariamente altas a los pacientes durante estas exposiciones, la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) recomienda la utilización de Niveles de Referencia para Diagnóstico (DRLs), como una herramienta efectiva de ayuda a la optimización de la protección radiológica en la exposición médica de pacientes. Dado que la legislación de Chile aún no ha incorporado el uso de los DRLs, el presente trabajo de revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar la publicación N° 135 de la ICRP para generar un documento que sirva de guía para los odontólogos, explicando de manera didáctica y en un lenguaje sencillo, pero técnico, los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta para establecer los DRLs en procedimientos de radiología dental.

SUMMARY: Currently exposure to ionizing radiation is currently the main source of exposure to artificial radiation worldwide, with dental examinations being one of the most frequent events. In order to prevent exposure of unnecessarily high doses in patients, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends the use of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), as an effective tool to help maximize protection from radiation during medical exposure of patients. Given that the Chilean legislation has not yet incorporated the use of DRLs, the purpose of this study was to analyze publication N° 135 of the ICRP to generate a document, to serve as a guide for dentists, didactically outlining in simple but technical language, the main aspects to consider when establishing DRLs in dental radiology procedures.

Prevalencia de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en migrantes colombianos en Chile

Background: Migratory processes may affect mental health. Data on the health status of migrants are necessary for an adequate public health approach. Aim: To describe the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in Colombian migrants living in Chile and to compare it with the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Beck and BDI scales for depression and BAI anxiety scale were applied to 1,932 participants living in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. Of these, 976 participants (51% women) aged 35 ± 10 years were first generation Colombian migrants and 956 participants aged 34 ± 14 years were Chilean. Results: The scores for depressive and anxious symptoms were higher in Chileans than in Colombians. Women reported worse mental health in both groups. Chilean and Colombian respondents residing in Arica and Antofagasta had a higher degree of anxiety and depression than their counterparts residing in Santiago. Conclusions: Chileans have worse mental health indicators than Colombian migrants. There are differences by sex and city of residence.

[Prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in Colombian migrants in Chile]. / Prevalencia de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en migrantes colombianos en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Migratory processes may affect mental health. Data on the health status of migrants are necessary for an adequate public health approach. AIM: To describe the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in Colombian migrants living in Chile and to compare it with the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Beck and BDI scales for depression and BAI anxiety scale were applied to 1,932 participants living in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. Of these, 976 participants (51% women) aged 35 ± 10 years were first generation Colombian migrants and 956 participants aged 34 ± 14 years were Chilean. RESULTS: The scores for depressive and anxious symptoms were higher in Chileans than in Colombians. Women reported worse mental health in both groups. Chilean and Colombian respondents residing in Arica and Antofagasta had a higher degree of anxiety and depression than their counterparts residing in Santiago. CONCLUSIONS: Chileans have worse mental health indicators than Colombian migrants. There are differences by sex and city of residence.