Teachers' voices seeking humanized teaching in nursing: virtual experiences during the pandemic / Vozes ensinantes em busca de uma educação humanizada em enfermagem: experiências virtuais em pandêmica / Voces docentes en búsqueda de una enseñanza humanizada en enfermería: experiencias virtuales en pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experience of implementing the online training entitled "Humanization of the training processes in Nursing, care for all", targeted at Nursing teachers from a Chilean university, as well as to analyze their interventions in the virtual forum. Method: a qualitative research study, of the case study type, through content analysis based on the forum interventions of 12 training participants who gave their consent. The online training delivered to professors from a Chilean Nursing school carried out from May to November 2020 is described, and the categories obtained by means of content analysis are presented. Results: for the participants, humanized care has a personal dimension and a public-political dimension. In turn, humanized teaching in Nursing implies that teachers recognize their students as whole individuals in their generational and social contexts, but that they also recognize themselves as people with self-knowledge needs and aware of their possibilities and limitations when practicing their profession. Reflective teaching is an opportunity to humanize Nursing training. Conclusion: this virtual training during the pandemic and the participants' reflections allowed us to understand conceptual and experiential elements about humanization of care and of training. The participants disclose the aspects in which they can exert an influence for a more humanized culture, such as self-recognition and acknowledgment of their students as individuals in a context. The remaining challenge is to investigate influential strategies at the institutional and political levels to attain more humanized care and education.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a experiência de implantação do curso virtual "Humanização dos processos formativos em enfermagem, cuidado para todos", dirigido a docentes de enfermagem de uma escola chilena, e a análise de suas intervenções no fórum virtual. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, por meio de análise de conteúdo a partir das intervenções em fórum de 12 cursistas que deram seu consentimento. É descrito o curso virtual ministrado a professores de uma escola de enfermagem chilena entre maio e novembro de 2020 e apresentadas as categorias obtidas por meio da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: para os participantes, o cuidado humanizado possui dimensão pessoal e público-política. Por su parte, la enseñanza humanizada de enfermería implica que el docente reconozca al estudiante como una persona integral en su contexto generacional y social, pero también se reconozca a sí mismo como persona con necesidades de autoconocimiento, y conciencia de sus posibilidades y limitaciones al ejercer sua profissão. O ensino reflexivo é uma oportunidade para humanizar a formação do enfermeiro. Conclusão: este curso virtual sobre pandemia e as reflexões dos participantes permitiram compreender elementos conceituais e vivenciais sobre a humanização do atendimento e a formação. Os participantes tornam visíveis os aspectos em que podem influenciar para uma cultura mais humanizada, como o reconhecimento de si e dos seus alunos como pessoas em contexto. Permanece o desafio de investigar estratégias influentes no nível institucional e político para um atendimento e educação mais humanizados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la experiencia de implementación del curso virtual "Humanización de los procesos formativos en enfermería, cuidado para todos", dirigido a docentes de enfermería de una escuela chilena, y el análisis de sus intervenciones en el foro virtual. Método: investigación cualitativa, tipo estudio de caso, mediante análisis de contenido a partir de las intervenciones en el foro de 12 participantes del curso que brindaron su consentimiento. Se describe el curso virtual impartido a docentes de una escuela de enfermería chilena entre mayo y noviembre de 2020 y se presentan las categorías obtenidas mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: para los participantes, el cuidado humanizado posee una dimensión personal y otra pública-política. Por su parte, la enseñanza humanizada de enfermería implica que el docente reconozca al estudiante como una persona integral en su contexto generacional y social, pero también se reconozca a sí mismo como persona con necesidades de autoconocimiento, y conciencia de sus posibilidades y limitaciones al ejercer su profesión. La enseñanza reflexiva es una oportunidad de humanizar la formación enfermera. Conclusión: este curso virtual en pandemia y las reflexiones de los participantes nos permitieron comprender elementos conceptuales y experienciales sobre la humanización de los cuidados y de la formación. Los participantes dejan visibles los aspectos en los que ellos pueden incidir para una cultura más humanizada como el reconocimiento de sí mismos y de sus estudiantes como personas en contexto. Queda el desafío de indagar en estrategias influyentes a nivel institucional y político para un cuidado y educación más humanizada.

New records of the giant planarian Polycladus gayi Blanchard, 1845 (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) with notes on its conservation biology.

Land planarians (Tricladida:Geoplanidae) comprise about 910 species distributed in four subfamilies and can be found on all continents except Antarctica (Sluys Riutort 2018; Sluys 2019). The Neotropical region possesses nearly 31% of all the described terrestrial planarian species, most of them belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae (Sluys 1999; Grau Carbayo 2010). Land planarians are mostly habitat-specialists, living in the humid soils of native forest, and predating on invertebrates like earthworms, isopods, mollusks and harvestmen, among others (Ogren 1995; Carbayo Leal-Zanchet 2003; Boll Leal-Zanchet 2016). Although most planarian species seem to be physiologically sensitive, for example to environmental moisture, a few land planarian genera like Bipalium Stimpson and Obama Carbayo et al., have successfully invaded many habitats, even in highly perturbed areas (Kawaguti 1932; Sluys 2019). Therefore, some of these invertebrate species appear to be good candidates as habitat quality bioindicators according to some authors (Sluys 1998; Gerlach et al., 2013; Negrete et al., 2014).

Necesidades de docentes y estudiantes para humanizar la formacion de enfermería / Necessidades de professores e alunos para humanizar a formação de enfermagem / Needs of teachers and students to humanize nursing training

RESUMEN Motivan este estudio la búsqueda de coherencia entre la formación y el cuidado humanizado, teniendo el antecedente de investigaciones que muestran bullying y enseñanza agresiva de enfermeras docentes a estudiantes. Objetivo: Indagar las necesidades de humanización de la formación en enfermería, desde una perspectiva docente y estudiantil. Material y Método: Investigación cualitativa tipo estudio de caso realizada en una Escuela de Enfermería chilena, con 15 docentes y 12 alumnos que, previo consentimiento informado, conformaron 4 grupos de discusión con preguntas semiestructuradas a partir de la literatura. Se realizó análisis de contenido con Atlas ti® Versión 8.4.2, que generó red de códigos, categorías y 6 dimensiones de análisis. Se aplicaron los principios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel y para asegurar el rigor metodológico se siguieron los principios de credibilidad, confiabilidad, confirmabilidad y transferibilidad. Resultados: Respecto a las necesidades para una formación de enfermería humanizada, las dimensiones que surgieron fueron: 1) Conceptos de humanización, cuidado y enseñanza humanizada; 2) Potenciar desarrollo personal; 3) Comprender a los jóvenes y contextos sociales; 4) Formación docente en enseñanza humanizada y curriculum; 5) Reflexionar sobre conflictos éticos; y 6) Avanzar a una Universidad que cuide su comunidad educativa. Conclusiones: Se requieren esfuerzos personales, colectivos e institucionales que potencien el buen trato con estrategias de formación y de apoyo estudiantil y docente. De igual forma, se requiere mejorar las condiciones laborales para una vida saludable y una cultura de cuidado humanizado.

ABSTRACT Research on bullying and aggressive teaching from nurse instructors to students, and the search for coherence between training and humanized care motivate this study. Objective: To assess the need for humanization of nursing training, from a teaching and student perspective. Material and Method: Qualitative research and case study, carried out in a Chilean Nursing School. Fiveteen teachers and 12 students, who previously provided informed consent, formed 4 discussion groups using semi-structured questions obtained from the literature review. Content analysis was performed using Atlas ti® Version 8.4.2, which generated a network of codes, categories and 6 dimensions of analysis. Ezekiel Emanuel's ethical principles were applied and, in order to ensure methodological rigor, the principles of credibility, reliability, confirmability and transferability were followed. Results: Regarding the needs for humanized nursing training, the following dimensions emerged: 1) Concepts of humanization, care and humanized teaching; 2) Enhancing personal development; 3) Understanding young people and social contexts; 4) Teacher training in humanized teaching and curriculum; 5) Reflecting on ethical conflicts; and 6) Advancing towards a university that cares for its educational community. Conclusions: Personal, collective and institutional efforts are required to promote good interpersonal skills; based on training strategies, and student and teacher support. Similarly, it is necessary to improve working conditions for a healthy life and a culture of humanized care.

RESUMO Este estudo é motivado pela busca de coerência entre a formação e o cuidado humanizado, tendo como referência as pesquisas que mostram o bullying e o ensino agressivo de enfermeiras que ensinam estudantes. Objetivo: Investigar as necessidades de humanização da formação em enfermagem, na perspectiva do ensino e do aluno. Material e método: Investigação qualitativa tipo estudo de caso realizada numa Escola de Enfermagem do Chile, com 15 professores e 12 alunos que, mediante consentimento informado prévio, formaram 4 grupos de discussão com perguntas semiestruturadas a partir da literatura. Foi realizada uma análise do conteúdo com Atlas ti ® Versão 8.4.2, a qual gerou uma rede de códigos, categorias e 6 dimensões de análise. Foram aplicados os princípios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel e para garantir o rigor metodológico foram seguidos os princípios de credibilidade, confiabilidade, confirmabilidade e transferibilidade. Resultados: Em relação às necessidades de formação humanizada em enfermagem, as dimensões que emergiram foram: 1) Conceitos de humanização, cuidado e ensino humanizado; 2) Promover o desenvolvimento pessoal; 3) Compreender os jovens e os contextos sociais; 4) Formação de professores em ensino humanizado e currículo; 5) Reflexionar sobre conflitos éticos; 6) Avançar para uma universidade que cuida de sua comunidade educacional. Conclusões: São necessários esforços pessoais, coletivos e institucionais para melhorar o bom trato com estratégias de formação e apoio a alunos e professores. Da mesma forma, é preciso melhorar as condições de trabalho para uma vida saudável e uma cultura de cuidado humanizado.

Necesidades de docentes y estudiantes para humanizar la formacion de enfermería / Needs of teachers and students to humanize nursing training / Necessidades de professores e alunos para humanizar a formação de enfermagem

Motivan este estudio la búsqueda de coherencia entre la formación y el cuidado humanizado, teniendo el antecedente de investigaciones que muestran bullying y enseñanza agresiva de enfermeras docentes a estudiantes. Objetivo: Indagar las necesidades de humanización de la formación en enfermería, desde una perspectiva docente y estudiantil. Material y Método: Investigación cualitativa tipo estudio de caso realizada en una Escuela de Enfermería chilena, con 15 docentes y 12 alumnos que, previo consentimiento informado, conformaron 4 grupos de discusión con preguntas semiestructuradas a partir de la literatura. Se realizó análisis de contenido con Atlas ti® Versión 8.4.2, que generó red de códigos, categorías y 6 dimensiones de análisis. Se aplicaron los principios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel y para asegurar el rigor metodológico se siguieron los principios de credibilidad, confiabilidad, confirmabilidad y transferibilidad. Resultados: Respecto a las necesidades para una formación de enfermería humanizada, las dimensiones que surgieron fueron: 1) Conceptos de humanización, cuidado y enseñanza humanizada; 2) Potenciar desarrollo personal; 3) Comprender a los jóvenes y contextos sociales; 4) Formación docente en enseñanza humanizada y curriculum; 5) Reflexionar sobre conflictos éticos; y 6) Avanzar a una Universidad que cuide su comunidad educativa. Conclusiones: Se requieren esfuerzos personales, colectivos e institucionales que potencien el buen trato con estrategias de formación y de apoyo estudiantil y docente. De igual forma, se requiere mejorar las condiciones laborales para una vida saludable y una cultura de cuidado humanizado.

Research on bullying and aggressive teaching from nurse instructors to students, and the search for coherence between training and humanized care motivate this study. Objective: To assess the need for humanization of nursing training, from a teaching and student perspective. Material and Method: Qualitative research and case study, carried out in a Chilean Nursing School. Fiveteen teachers and 12 students, who previously provided informed consent, formed 4 discussion groups using semi-structured questions obtained from the literature review. Content analysis was performed using Atlas ti® Version 8.4.2, which generated a network of codes, categories and 6 dimensions of analysis. Ezekiel Emanuel's ethical principles were applied and, in order to ensure methodological rigor, the principles of credibility, reliability, confirmability and transferability were followed. Results: Regarding the needs for humanized nursing training, the following dimensions emerged: 1) Concepts of humanization, care and humanized teaching; 2) Enhancing personal development; 3) Understanding young people and social contexts; 4) Teacher training in humanized teaching and curriculum; 5) Reflecting on ethical conflicts; and 6) Advancing towards a university that cares for its educational community. Conclusions: Personal, collective and institutional efforts are required to promote good interpersonal skills; based on training strategies, and student and teacher support. Similarly, it is necessary to improve working conditions for a healthy life and a culture of humanized care.

Este estudo é motivado pela busca de coerência entre a formação e o cuidado humanizado, tendo como referência as pesquisas que mostram o bullying e o ensino agressivo de enfermeiras que ensinam estudantes. Objetivo: Investigar as necessidades de humanização da formação em enfermagem, na perspectiva do ensino e do aluno. Material e método: Investigação qualitativa tipo estudo de caso realizada numa Escola de Enfermagem do Chile, com 15 professores e 12 alunos que, mediante consentimento informado prévio, formaram 4 grupos de discussão com perguntas semiestruturadas a partir da literatura. Foi realizada uma análise do conteúdo com Atlas ti ® Versão 8.4.2, a qual gerou uma rede de códigos, categorias e 6 dimensões de análise. Foram aplicados os princípios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel e para garantir o rigor metodológico foram seguidos os princípios de credibilidade, confiabilidade, confirmabilidade e transferibilidade. Resultados: Em relação às necessidades de formação humanizada em enfermagem, as dimensões que emergiram foram: 1) Conceitos de humanização, cuidado e ensino humanizado; 2) Promover o desenvolvimento pessoal; 3) Compreender os jovens e os contextos sociais; 4) Formação de professores em ensino humanizado e currículo; 5) Reflexionar sobre conflitos éticos; 6) Avançar para uma universidade que cuida de sua comunidade educacional. Conclusões: São necessários esforços pessoais, coletivos e institucionais para melhorar o bom trato com estratégias de formação e apoio a alunos e professores. Da mesma forma, é preciso melhorar as condições de trabalho para uma vida saudável e uma cultura de cuidado humanizado.

First record of a Xenophyophore (Rhizaria: Foraminifera) on the Chilean margin.

Xenophyophores are a group of large foraminifera, confined to deep-sea habitats below ~500 m, whose often fragile agglutinated tests may attain sizes up to 10-15 cm or more; their agglutinated tests incorporate a variety of foreign particles (termed 'xenophyae'), including mineral particles, foraminiferan and radiolarian tests, diatom frustules and sponge spicules, and form structures ranging from simple tubes, plates and rounded lumps to complex folded, branching or reticulated formations (Tendal, 1972). Xenophyophores are widely distributed around the world, particularly in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with comparatively few records from the Indian Ocean and from Arctic and Antarctic seas; they occur at all depths in the oceans from ~500 m to >10,900 m (Tendal, 1972, 1996) and are particularly abundant in regions of high surface production, for example beneath upwelling zones, or on seamounts and sloped topography where particle flux is high (Levin and Gooday, 1992). There are scant records regarding xenophyophores in the SE Pacific. Species of the order Stannomida are recorded from the Ecuador and Peru margins (north of ~12°S) (Tendal 1972: Figs 18, 19), while species of the order Psamminida are common in the DISCOL experimental area of the Peru Basin (~7° 4'S, 88° 28'W; ~4150 m depth). Maybury and Evans (1994) illustrated two specimens of an undescribed Psammina species collected during the 1989 DISCOL campaign, but otherwise these collections remain largely unpublished.

Southernmost records of Escarpia spicata and Lamellibrachia barhami (Annelida: Siboglinidae) confirmed with DNA obtained from dried tubes collected from undiscovered reducing environments in northern Chile.

Deep-sea fishing bycatch enables collection of samples of rare species that are not easily accessible, for research purposes. However, these specimens are often degraded, losing diagnostic morphological characteristics. Several tubes of vestimentiferans, conspicuous annelids endemic to chemosynthetic environments, were obtained from a single batch of deep-sea fishing bycatch at depths of around 1,500 m off Huasco, northern Chile, as part of an ongoing study examining bycatch species. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and an intron region within the hemoglobin subunit B2 (hbB2i) were successfully determined using vestimentiferans' dried-up tubes and their degraded inner tissue. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequence identified the samples as Escarpia spicata Jones, 1985, and Lamellibrachia barhami Webb, 1969. These are the southernmost records, vastly extending the geographical ranges of both species from Santa Catalina Island, California to northern Chile for E. spicata (over 8,000 km), and from Vancouver Island Margin to northern Chile for L. barhami (over 10,000 km). We also determined a 16S rRNA sequence of symbiotic bacteria of L. barhami. The sequence of the bacteria is the same as that of E. laminata, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, and Lamellibrachia sp.2 known from the Gulf of Mexico. The present study provides sound evidence forthe presence of reducing environments along the continental margin of northern Chile.

A new deep-sea balanomorph barnacle (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Bathylasmatidae) from Chile.

Deep waters of the South Pacific off northern Chile remain poorly studied, particularly in regard to invertebrate faunas. Some recent works include new records on deep-water species, mostly from the bycatch of benthic fisheries concentrated along the continental margin of the country. Among these, a few specimens of an unidentified bathylasmatine balanomorph were collected off Caldera, northern Chile, and they are described here as Bathylasma chilense sp. nov. While this is the second report of a bathylasmatid in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, the first being Tetrachaelasma southwardi Newman & Ross, 1971, it is not only the first but the deepest known (1800-2000 m) species of Bathylasma. Its discovery increases the number of described Bathylasma species to eight, four of which are extant. This is the third deep-water balanomorph cirriped recorded for the region where it may represent an isolate from a West Wind Drift fauna, an immigrant from the western Pacific, or a relict of a once cosmopolitan Paleocene-Eocene fauna now having an amphitropical component.

Rediscovery of Terebratulina austroamericana Zezina, 1981 (Brachiopoda: Cancellothyrididae) from off northern Chile.

Phylum Brachiopoda, shelled marine invertebrates, is currently represented by about 400 extant species; a tiny fraction of the ca. 30,000 described fossil species (Emig et al. 2013; Bitner 2014; Nauendorf et al. 2014; Logan et al. 2015). Only twenty of these Recent species are known from the Chilean coasts (Lee et al. 2008), most of them from subtidal waters. Of these, only Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789) (the largest extant brachiopod) and Discinisca lamellosa (Broderip, 1833) are common species found in the southern and central-northern coasts of the country, respectively. As with other marine invertebrates, brachiopods from the region have been reviewed in few studies, apart from some classic nineteenth century works by Sowerby (1822); Broderip (1833); Davidson (1878, 1888); Dall (1895, 1902, 1908), and by Dall and Pilsbry (1891). More recent studies include Cooper (1973, 1982) and Foster (1989) reviewing brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and the extreme South Pacific; Zezina (1981, 1989) describing species from the underwater ridges of the Eastern Pacific; Moyano (1995) who revised all the literature dealing with Brachiopoda in Chile; and most recently Baumgarten et al. (2014) who studied the population structure of Magellania venosa in the fjord region of southern Chile.

First columbellid species (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, discovered in Okinawa Trough, Japan.

The molluscan diversity of deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems in Japan has been in general well documented with about 80 described species, of which over half are gastropods (Sasaki et al. 2005; Fujikura et al. 2012; Sasaki et al. 2016). Recently, however, a number of novel hydrothermal vent sites were discovered in the area using multibeam echo-sounding (Nakamura et al. 2015), providing opportunities for new discoveries. As a part of ongoing studies documenting the biodiversity of such sites, we present the first record of Columbellidae from hydrothermal vents, with a new species recovered from Natsu and Aki sites, in the Iheya North hydrothermal field (for map and background on the vent field see Nakamura et al. 2015).

A new terrestrial snail species (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) from the Región de Antofagasta, northern Chile.

A new species of Scutalus Albers, 1850 (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae), Scutalus chango sp. n., is described from a coastal area of northern Chile. Empty shells of this new species were found buried in sand and under boulders and rocks in the foothills of the Chilean Coastal Range at Paposo, Región de Antofagasta. This new species is distinguished from all other Chilean terrestrial snails by its slender shell with a flared and reflected aperture, and by the presence of a columellar fold. This is the first record of Scutalus in Chile, and the southernmost record for this endemic South American bulimulid genus. The presence of this species in Paposo highlights the need for further research and for conservation guidelines in coastal areas of northern Chile, which have comparatively high levels of biodiversity and endemism.

A new deep-water Astyris species (Buccinoidea: Columbellidae) from the southeastern Pacific.

Marine mollusks from northern Chile and from the Región de Atacama in particular have been sparsely documented, and only a few works have reviewed the area (see Araya & Araya, 2015; Labrín et al. 2015; Araya & Valdés 2016). Mollusks from deep water and offshore areas are one of the least known groups and, apart from some classic works from the 19th century, only McLean (1970), Bernard (1983), Véliz and Vásquez (2000), Fraussen & Haddorn (2000), Houart (2003), Vilvens & Sellanes (2010), and Araya (2013) have included deep-water molluscan species from northern Chile. Among the Neogastropoda, the Columbellidae constitute a quite diverse and well-distributed family of small snails, with about seven hundred extant species distributed in 70 genera (deMaintenon, 2014). Most columbellids are active epibenthic carnivores or scavengers; their shells are small, normally between 3 and 20 mm in height and they can have determinate growth, with many adult shells presenting a thickened outer lip with denticles on the interior surface (Squires, 2015). In the southeastern Pacific off Chile this family is represented by only 14 species, all from shallow water, mostly found in the northern and central parts of the country (Valdovinos, 1999).

Shallow water heterobranch sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from the Región de Atacama, northern Chile.

The coast of northern Chile has been sparsely studied in regards to its invertebrate fauna, with just a few works reviewing the distribution of local mollusks. This work presents a survey of the shallow water heterobranch sea slugs currently occurring around the port of Caldera (27 °S), in the Región de Atacama, northern Chile. Eight species of sea slugs were found in this study: Aplysiopsis cf. brattstroemi (Marcus, 1959), Baptodoris peruviana (d'Orbigny, 1837), Diaulula variolata (d'Orbigny, 1837), Doris fontainii d'Orbigny, 1837, Onchidella marginata (Couthouy in Gould, 1852), Phidiana lottini (Lesson, 1831), Tyrinna delicata (Abraham, 1877) and the new species Berthella schroedli sp. nov., described herein. All of the species found in the area are endemic to South America, having distributions in the southeastern Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans, from Ancash, Perú to Peninsula Valdés, Argentina, and two of them represent species which are endemic to the Chilean coasts (Aplysiopsis cf. brattstroemi and Berthella schroedli). The finding of a previously undescribed species emphasizes the need of further surveys, particularly in subtidal and deeper waters, in order to improve the knowledge on this neglected fauna in Atacama.

The Bulimulidae (Mollusca: Pulmonata) from the Región de Atacama, northern Chile.

The bulimulid genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 is the most species-rich genus of land snails found in Chile, with the majority of its species found only in the northern part of the country, usually in arid coastal zones. This genus has been sparsely studied in Chile and there is little information on their distribution, diversity or ecology. Here, for the first time, a formal analysis of the diversity of bulimulids in the Región de Atacama, northern Chile, is reported. Of the seventeen species recorded for the area, most of them were efectively found in the field collections and one record was based on literature. Five taxa are described as new: Bostryx ancavilorum sp. nov., Bostryx breurei sp. nov., Bostryx calderaensis sp. nov., Bostryx ireneae sp. nov. and Bostryx valdovinosi sp. nov., and the known geographic distribution of seven species is extended. Results reveal that the Región de Atacama is the richest region in terrestrial snails in Chile, after the Juan Fernández Archipelago. All of the terrestrial molluscan species occurring in the area are endemic to Chile, most of them with restricted geographic distributions along the coastal zones, and none of them are currently protected by law. Further sampling in northern Chile will probably reveal more snail species to be discovered and described.

A review of the Hexactinellida (Porifera) of Chile, with the first record of Caulophacus Schulze, 1885 (Lyssacinosida: Rossellidae) from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean.

All records of the 15 hexactinellid sponge species known to occur off Chile are reviewed, including the first record in the Southeastern Pacific of the genus Caulophacus Schulze, 1885, with the new species Caulophacus chilense sp. n. collected as bycatch in the deep water fisheries of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt, 1898 off Caldera (27ºS), Region of Atacama, northern Chile. All Chilean hexactinellid species occur in bathyal to abyssal depths (from 256 up to 4142 m); nine of them are reported for the Sala y Gomez and Nazca Ridges, with one species each in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago and Easter Island. The Chilean hexactinellid fauna is still largely unknown, consisting of only 2.5 % of the known hexactinellid extant species. Further studies and deep water sampling are essential to assess their ecology and distribution, particularly in northern Chile.

A review of the non-bulimulid terrestrial Mollusca from the Region of Atacama, northern Chile.

Terrestrial mollusca are sparsely studied in Chile and, for the first time, a formal record of the diversity of land snails in northern Chile is reported. Coastal and desertic areas in the Region of Atacama, in the border of the Atacama desert and the Pacific Ocean, were surveyed with the aim to describe the presence and distribution of this poorly known fauna. Of the fourteen species recorded, the geographic distribution records for nine species are extended, and some taxa are recorded for the first time since their original descriptions. All, except one, of the fourteen terrestrial molluscan species occurring in the area are endemic to Chile; they are all terrestrial species, most of them have a restricted geographic distribution, and none of them is currently protected by law. The results reveal that the region of Atacama has one of the most diverse terrestrial snail biodiversity in Chile, ranking only after the Juan Fernandez Archipelago. Distribution records of all the studied species and a taxonomic key are also provided.

A new species of Aeneator Finlay, 1926 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Buccinidae) from northern Chile, with comments on the genus and a key to the Chilean species.

A new species of the genus Aeneator Finlay, 1926 is described from off the coast of Caldera (27°S), northern Chile. Aeneator martae sp. n. has a small, broad, stout, angulated shell with more prominent axial ribs and a more obviously keeled periphery than all previously named Chilean species. Comparisons are provided with all other South American named species of Aeneator.