Comparing shoulder maneuvers to magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic findings in patients with supraspinatus tears.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder maneuvers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed to diagnose supraspinatus tendon tears regardless of arthroscopy exam. Although there are many studies on this subject, there is a lack of studies comparing the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of shoulder maneuvers and MRI to arthroscopic findings (intact, partial, or full thickness supraspinatus tendon tear). AIM: To compare the diagnostic values of shoulder maneuvers with MRI for supraspinatus tendon tears in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. METHODS: A total of 199 consecutive patients from four orthopedic centers met the eligibility criteria of shoulder pain persisting for at least four weeks. They were prospectively enrolled in this study from April 2017 to April 2019. Seven clinical tests (full can, empty can, drop arm, Hawkins', painful arc, Neer's sign and resisted external rotation) and MRI were performed, and all were compared with surgical findings. Full can, empty can and resisted external rotation tests were interpreted as positive in the case of pain and/or weakness. We assessed the Se, Sp, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio for overall, partial and full-thickness supraspinatus tears. RESULTS: MRI had the highest Se for overall (0.97), partial (0.91) and full-thickness (0.99) tears; moreover, MRI had the highest NPV: 0.90, 0.88 and 0.98 for overall, partial and full-thickness tears, respectively. For overall supraspinatus tears, the Se and PPV were: Painful arc (Se = 0.85/PPV = 0.91), empty can (pain) (Se = 0.80/PPV = 0.89), full can (pain) (Se = 0.78/PPV = 0.90), resisted external rotation (pain) (Se = 0.48/PPV = 0.87), drop arm (Se = 0.19/PPV = 0.97), Neer's sign (Se = 0.78/PPV = 0.93) and Hawkins' (Se = 0.80/PPV = 0.88). MRI had the highest PPV (0.99). The Hawkin's test had the highest false positive rate in patients with intact tendons (0.36). The Sp of the empty can and full can (both tests positive for pain and weakness), drop arm and MRI were: 0.93, 0.91, 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. For partial and full-thickness tears, the empty can test (positive for pain and weakness) had a Sp of 0.93, and the drop arm and MRI had the same Sp (0.98). CONCLUSION: Physical examination demonstrated good diagnostic value, the drop arm test had a Sp as good as MRI for supraspinatus tears; however, MRI was more accurate in ruling out tears. The Hawkins' test had high false-positive findings in patients with intact tendons.

Supraspinatus tears: predictability of magnetic resonance imaging findings based on clinical examination.

BACKGROUND: The shoulder physical examination is frequently performed to diagnose rotator cuff tears in clinical practice; however, there is insufficient evidence on which physical tests are efficient for shoulder impingements in primary care settings. The purposes of this study were (1) to analyze the accuracy of 8 clinical tests to diagnose supraspinatus tendon lesions and investigate whether the combination of these tests can improve the diagnostic values; (2) to assess which are the best positivity criteria for shoulder maneuvers-pain and/or weakness; and (3) to investigate the ability of these tests to distinguish between partial- and full-thickness tears. METHODS: A total of 733 consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated by 4 shoulder surgeons in this multicenter diagnostic study from May 2017 to December 2018, and 8 clinical tests (empty-can, full-can test, drop arm, painful arc, Neer sign, Hawkins test, Patte test, and resisted external rotation) were compared with magnetic resonance imaging performed by blinded radiologists. We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for all tests. RESULTS: For overall supraspinatus tears, the empty-can test showed the highest sensitivity (0.81), the Patte test (positive for pain and weakness) and the drop-arm test showed the highest specificity (0.99 and 0.98, respectively), and the best combination was the Neer sign and the drop-arm test (DOR, 12.92). The positivity criteria for pain associated with weakness showed the highest performance, with DORs of 16.94 for the Patte test and 10.45 for the empty-can test. The Patte test and resisted external rotation, positive for pain and weakness, showed the highest ability to distinguish between full- and partial-thickness tears (DOR, 5.69 and 5.35, respectively). The shoulder maneuvers showed low negative predictive values; the highest value (0.58) was found with the empty-can test. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The clinical tests demonstrated excellent diagnostic values; the empty-can test had the highest sensitivity, whereas the drop-arm test and the Patte test had the highest specificity; and the best combination for detecting supraspinatus tears was the Neer sign and the drop-arm test. On the other hand, the physical examination findings showed limited values to rule out tears. (2) The best positivity criterion for shoulder maneuvers was pain associated with weakness. (3) The Patte test and resisted external rotation showed the highest ability to distinguish between full- and partial-thickness tears.

Intra and Interobserver Agreement Regarding the Walch Classification System for Shoulder Joint Arthritis.

Objective To evaluate the inter- and intraobserver agreement regarding the Walch classification system for shoulder arthritis. Methods Computed tomography scans of the shoulder joint of adult patients were selected between 2012 and 2016, and they were classified by physicians with different levels of expertise in orthopedics. The images were examined at three different times, and the analyses were evaluated by the Fleiss Kappa index to verify the intra- and interobserver agreement. Results The Kappa index for the intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.305 to 0.545. The inter-observer agreement was very low at the end of the three evaluations (κ = 0.132). Conclusion The intraobserver agreement regarding the modified Walch classification varied from moderate to poor. The interobserver agreement was low.

Intra and Interobserver Agreement Regarding the Walch Classification System for Shoulder Joint Arthritis / Concordância intra e interobservador com relação ao sistema de classificação de Walch para artrose da articulação do ombro

Abstract Objective To evaluate the inter- and intraobserver agreement regarding the Walch classification system for shoulder arthritis. Methods Computed tomography scans of the shoulder joint of adult patients were selected between 2012 and 2016, and they were classified by physicians with different levels of expertise in orthopedics. The images were examined at three different times, and the analyses were evaluated by the Fleiss Kappa index to verify the intra- and interobserver agreement. Results The Kappa index for the intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.305 to 0.545. The inter-observer agreement was very low at the end of the three evaluations (κ = 0.132). Conclusion The intraobserver agreement regarding the modified Walch classification varied from moderate to poor. The interobserver agreement was low.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a concordância inter e intraobservador com relação ao sistema de classificação de Walch para artrose do ombro. Materiais e Métodos Foram selecionadas tomografias computadorizadas da articulação do ombro de pacientes adultos entre 2012 e 2016, que foram classificadas por médicos com diferentes níveis de experiência em ortopedia. As imagens foram examinadas em três momentos distintos, e a análise foi avaliada pelo índice Kappa de Fleiss para verificar a concordância intra e interobservador. Resultados O índice Kappa na concordância intraobservador variou entre 0,305 e 0,545. A concordância interobservador se mostrou muito baixa no fim das três avaliações (κ = 0,132). Conclusão A concordância intraobservador com relação à classificação de Walch modificada mostrou-se variável, entre moderada e baixa. A concordância interobservador foi baixa.

Magnetic resonance imaging reproducibility for rotator cuff partial tears in patients up to 60 years.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in diagnosing rotator cuff pathology; however, there is a lack of studies investigating the reliability agreement for supraspinatus partial-thickness tears among orthopaedic surgeons and musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists. METHODS: Sixty digital MRI scans (1.5 Tesla) were reviewed by two orthopaedic shoulder surgeons, two MSK radiologists, two fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons, and two fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons at two distinct times. Thirty-two scans of partial-thickness tears and twenty-eight scans of the supraspinatus tendon with no tears were included. Supraspinatus tendonosis and tears, long head of the biceps pathology, acromial morphology, acromioclavicular joint pathology and muscle fatty infiltration were assessed and interpreted according to the Goutallier system. After a four-week interval, the evaluators were asked to review the same scans in a different random order. The statistical analyses for the intra- and interobserver agreement results were calculated using the kappa value and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The intraobserver agreement for supraspinatus tears was moderate among the MSK radiologists (k = 0.589; 95% CI, 0.446-0.732) and the orthopaedic shoulder surgeons (k = 0.509; 95% CI, 0.324-0.694) and was fair among the fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons (k = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.048-0.492) and the fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons (k = 0.372; 95% CI, 0.152-0.592). The overall intraobserver agreement was good (k = 0.627; 95% CI, 0.576-0.678). The intraobserver agreement was moderate for biceps tendonosis (k = 0.491), acromial morphology (k = 0.526), acromioclavicular joint arthrosis (k = 0.491) and muscle fatty infiltration (k = 0.505). The interobserver agreement results for supraspinatus tears were fair and poor among the evaluators: the MSK radiologists and the orthopaedic shoulder surgeons had the highest agreement (k = 0.245; 95% CI, 0.055-0.435). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of digital MRI scans, there was an overall good intraobserver agreement for supraspinatus partial tears; however, there were also poor and fair interobserver agreement results. The evaluators with higher levels of experience (the orthopaedic shoulder surgeons and the MSK radiologists) demonstrated better results than evaluators with lower levels of experience.

Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in diagnosing supraspinatus lesions: a prospective accuracy diagnostic study.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to define the accuracy of shoulder ultrasonography for diagnosing supraspinatus tendon tears. This examination is routinely used by orthopedists and may do away with the need for other examinations for diagnosing these tendon injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of shoulder ultrasonography for diagnosing supraspinatus tendon injuries, using magnetic resonance imaging as the reference. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective accuracy study at a single center: the Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Clinic of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology. METHODS: Shoulder ultrasonography was performed on 80 patients of both genders, over 18 years of age, with complaints of shoulder pain and clinically suspected supraspinatus tendon lesions. Jobe's test and a full can test were performed. In addition, they underwent magnetic resonance imaging in a 3.0-tesla machine, as the reference standard. The examinations were performed and interpreted by radiologists. RESULTS: Ultrasonography showed sensitivity of 36.3% and specificity of 91.7% for supraspinatus tears overall: sensitivity of 25.8% and specificity of 91.8% for partial tears and sensitivity of 46.2% and specificity of 100% for full-thickness tears. Ultrasonography showed high accuracy for diagnosing full-thickness tears: 91.3%. The p-values were 0.003 for tears overall, 0.031 for partial tears and < 0.001 for full-thickness tears. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography showed low sensitivity for detecting supraspinatus tears, but high specificity for both partial and full-thickness tears.

Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in diagnosing supraspinatus lesions: a prospective accuracy diagnostic study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study was designed to define the accuracy of shoulder ultrasonography for diagnosing supraspinatus tendon tears. This examination is routinely used by orthopedists and may do away with the need for other examinations for diagnosing these tendon injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of shoulder ultrasonography for diagnosing supraspinatus tendon injuries, using magnetic resonance imaging as the reference. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective accuracy study at a single center: the Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Clinic of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology. METHODS: Shoulder ultrasonography was performed on 80 patients of both genders, over 18 years of age, with complaints of shoulder pain and clinically suspected supraspinatus tendon lesions. Jobe's test and a full can test were performed. In addition, they underwent magnetic resonance imaging in a 3.0-tesla machine, as the reference standard. The examinations were performed and interpreted by radiologists. RESULTS: Ultrasonography showed sensitivity of 36.3% and specificity of 91.7% for supraspinatus tears overall: sensitivity of 25.8% and specificity of 91.8% for partial tears and sensitivity of 46.2% and specificity of 100% for full-thickness tears. Ultrasonography showed high accuracy for diagnosing full-thickness tears: 91.3%. The p-values were 0.003 for tears overall, 0.031 for partial tears and < 0.001 for full-thickness tears. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography showed low sensitivity for detecting supraspinatus tears, but high specificity for both partial and full-thickness tears.

Resultado do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo / Result from surgical treatment on the terrible triad of the elbow

Avaliar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo, com no mínimo seis meses de seguimento, considerando a função do cotovelo. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os seguintes aspectos de 20 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por tríade terrível do cotovelo: escores Dash (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), Meps (Mayo Elbow Performance Score), dor pela EVA (Escala Visual Analógica), ADM (arco de movimento), satisfação do paciente, grau de energia do trauma, complicações e radiografias. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 38 meses. Houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre: mecanismo de trauma e satisfação dos pacientes; desfecho radiológico "ossificação heterotópica" e satisfação; ADM funcional de flexo-extensão e satisfação e entre o tipo de fratura da cabeça do rádio e a presença de desfecho radiológico. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo proporcionou, de forma geral, resultados satisfatórios, quando se considera a função dessa articulação no retorno às atividades.

To evaluate the results from surgical treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow, with a minimum of six months of follow-up, taking elbow function into consideration. METHODS: The analyzed aspects of 20 patients, who underwent surgical treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow, were given as follows: Dash score (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), Meps (Mayo Elbow Performance Score), pain according to VAS (visual analog scale), ROM (range of motion), patient satisfaction, degree of energy of the trauma, complications and radiographs. RESULTS: The mean length of follow-up among the patients was 38 months. There were statistically significant relationships between the following set of parameters: trauma mechanism and patient satisfaction; radiological outcome of "heterotopic ossification" and satisfaction; functional flexion-extension ROM and satisfaction; and between type of radial head fracture and presence of a radiological outcome. CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment for the terrible triad of the elbow generally provided satisfactory results, when the functioning of this joint upon the return to activities was taken into consideration.

Do computed tomography and its 3D reconstruction increase the reproducibility of classifications of fractures of the proximal extremity of the humerus?

OBJECTIVE: to determine whether 3D reconstruction images from computed tomography (CT) increase the inter and intraobserver agreement of the Neer and Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classification systems. METHODS: radiographic images and tomographic images with 3D reconstruction were obtained in three shoulder positions and were analyzed on two occasions by four independent observers. RESULTS: the radiographic evaluation demonstrated that using CT improved the inter and intraobserver agreement of the Neer classification. This was not seen with the AO classification, in which CT was only shown to increase the interobserver agreement. CONCLUSION: use of 3D CT allows better evaluation of fractures with regard to their component parts and their displacements, but nevertheless the intraobserver agreement presented is less than ideal.

OBJETIVO: determinar se as imagens da reconstrução 3D da tomografia computadorizada (TC) aumentam a concordância inter e intraobservador dos sistemas de classificação de Neer e Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO). MÉTODOS: foram obtidas imagens radiográficas em três posições do ombro e imagens tomográficas com reconstrução 3D, que foram analisadas em dois tempos por quatro observadores independentes. RESULTADOS: a avaliação radiográfica demonstrou que o uso da TC melhora a concordância intra e interobservadores para a classificação de Neer. O mesmo não foi observado na classificação AO, na qual a TC demonstrou aumento somente da concordância interobservadores. CONCLUSÃO: o uso de TC 3D permite uma melhor avaliação da fratura quanto às partes que a compõem e aos seus desvios, mas mesmo assim apresenta uma concordância intraobservadores menor do que a ideal.

Reproducibility of three classifications of proximal humeral fractures / Reprodutibilidade de três classificações de fraturas na região proximal do úmero

OBJECTIVE: To propose a new system for classifying proximal humeral neck fractures, and to evaluate intra- and interobserver agreement using the Neer system that is the most commonly used in the area and the Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen system created by an European group, and a new classification system proposed by the authors of this study. METHODS: A total of 56 patients with proximal humeral fractures were selected, and submitted to digitized simple radiography in antero-posterior shoulder and scapular profile. Radiographs were analyzed by three observers at time one, and then three and six weeks later. The kappa coefficient modified by Fleiss was used for the analysis. RESULTS: The mean intra-observer Kappa agreement index (k=0.687) of the new classification, was higher than both the Neer classification (k=0.362) and the Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (k=0.46). The mean interobserver Kappa agreement index (0.446) of the new classification, also had better results than both the Neer classification (k=0.063) and the Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (k=0.028). CONCLUSION: the new classification considering bone compression had higher results for intra- and interobserver compared to the Neer system, and the Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen system.

OBJETIVO: Propor um novo sistema para classificação das fraturas que envolvem o colo do úmero e avaliar a concordância intra e interobservador do sistema de classificação de Neer (a mais utilizada em nosso meio), do sistema proposto pelo grupo europeu Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen e de um novo sistema de classificação proposto pelos autores. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 56 pacientes com fraturas da região proximal do úmero, com radiografias simples digitalizadas nas incidências anteroposterior do ombro e perfil da escápula. Quatro observadores avaliaram as imagens radiográficas em três momentos diferentes, com intervalos de 3 semanas. Os dados foram analisados segundo o coeficiente de concordância kappa, modificado por Fleiss. RESULTADOS: O índice de concordância kappa intraobservador médio da nova classificação (k=0,687) foi superior ao da classificação de Neer (k=0,362) e da Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (k=0,46). O índice de concordância kappa interobservador da nova classificação (k=0,446) também apresentou um valor médio maior que o da classificação de Neer (k=0,063) e da Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (k=0,028). CONCLUSÃO: A nova classificação, que considera o conceito de compressão óssea, apresentou melhores resultados inter e intraobservador, em relação às classificações de Neer e Arbeit Gemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen.

Treatment of Bankart lesions in traumatic anterior instability of the shoulder: a randomized controlled trial comparing arthroscopy and open techniques.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare the functional assessments of arthroscopy and open repair for treating Bankart lesion in traumatic anterior shoulder instability. METHODS: Fifty adult patients, aged less than 40 years, with traumatic anterior shoulder instability and the presence of an isolated Bankart lesion confirmed by diagnostic arthroscopy were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to receive open or arthroscopic treatment of an isolated Bankart lesion. In all cases of both groups, the lesion was repaired with metallic suture anchors. The primary outcomes included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up period of 37.5 months, 42 patients were evaluated. On the DASH scale, there was a statistically significant difference favorable to the patients treated with the arthroscopic technique, but without clinical relevance. There was no difference in the assessments by University of California, Los Angeles and Rowe scales. There was no statistically significant difference regarding complications and failures, as well as range of motion, for the 2 techniques. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this study, the open and arthroscopic techniques were effective in the treatment of traumatic anterior shoulder instability. The arthroscopic technique showed a lower index of functional limitation of the upper limb, as assessed by the DASH questionnaire; this, however, was not clinically relevant.

Effectiveness of intra-articular lidocaine injection for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: randomized clinical trial.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Shoulder dislocation is the most common dislocation among the large joints. The aim here was to compare the effectiveness of reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation with or without articular anesthesia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective randomized trial conducted in Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp). METHODS: From March 2008 to December 2009, 42 patients with shoulder dislocation were recruited. Reductions using traction-countertraction for acute anterior shoulder dislocation with and without lidocaine articular anesthesia were compared. As the primary outcome, pain was assessed through application of a visual analogue scale before reduction, and one and five minutes after the reduction maneuver was performed. Complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were included: 20 in the group without analgesia (control group) and 22 in the group that received intra-articular lidocaine injection. The group that received intra-articular lidocaine had a statistically greater decrease in pain over time than shown by the control group, both in the first minute (respectively: mean 2.1 (0 to 5.0), standard deviation, SD 1.3, versus mean 4.9 (2.0 to 7.0, SD 1.5; P < 0.001) and the fifth minute (respectively: mean 1.0; 0 to 3.0; SD = 1.0 versus mean 4.0; 1.0 to 6.0; SD = 1.4; P < 0.001). There was one failure in the control group. There were no other complications in either group. CONCLUSION: Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation using intra-articular lidocaine injection is effective, since it is safe and diminishes the pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27127703.

Effectiveness of intra-articular lidocaine injection for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: randomized clinical trial / Efetividade da injeção intrarticular de lidocaína na redução das luxações anteriores do ombro: ensaio clínico randomizado

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Shoulder dislocation is the most common dislocation among the large joints. The aim here was to compare the effectiveness of reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation with or without articular anesthesia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective randomized trial conducted in Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp). METHODS: From March 2008 to December 2009, 42 patients with shoulder dislocation were recruited. Reductions using traction-countertraction for acute anterior shoulder dislocation with and without lidocaine articular anesthesia were compared. As the primary outcome, pain was assessed through application of a visual analogue scale before reduction, and one and five minutes after the reduction maneuver was performed. Complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were included: 20 in the group without analgesia (control group) and 22 in the group that received intra-articular lidocaine injection. The group that received intra-articular lidocaine had a statistically greater decrease in pain over time than shown by the control group, both in the first minute (respectively: mean 2.1 (0 to 5.0), standard deviation, SD 1.3, versus mean 4.9 (2.0 to 7.0, SD 1.5; P < 0.001) and the fifth minute (respectively: mean 1.0; 0 to 3.0; SD = 1.0 versus mean 4.0; 1.0 to 6.0; SD = 1.4; P < 0.001). There was one failure in the control group. There were no other complications in either group. CONCLUSION: Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation using intra-articular lidocaine injection is effective, since it is safe and diminishes the pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27127703.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A luxação do ombro é a mais frequente luxação das grandes articulações. O objetivo foi comparar a efetividade da redução da luxação anterior aguda do ombro, com ou sem anestesia articular. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Ensaio clínico randomizado desenvolvido na Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp). MÉTODOS: De março de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 foram recrutados 42 pacientes com luxação anterior do ombro agudas. Foi comparada a redução de tração e contra-tração com e sem anestesia intra-articular com lidocaína. Como desfecho primário, a dor foi avaliada por meio da escala visual analógica antes da redução e um e cinco minutos após a redução do ombro. Complicações também foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 42 pacientes: 20 no grupo sem anestesia (grupo controle) e 22 no grupo que recebeu injeção intra-articular de lidocaína. O grupo que recebeu lidocaína intra-articular teve estatisticamente menos dor no primeiro (média = 2,1; 0 a 5,0, desvio padrão, DP, de 1,3, versus média = 4,9; 2,0 a 7,0; DP = 1,5; respectivamente; P < 0,001) e no quinto minutos (média = 1,0; 0 a 3,0; DP = 1,0 versus 4,0; 1,0 a 6,0; DP = 1,4; respectivamente; P < 0,001) após a redução em comparação ao grupo controle. Houve uma falha no grupo controle. Não houve complicações adicionais em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A redução da luxação do ombro com o uso de lidocaína intra-articular é efetiva, pois é segura e proporciona menos dor. REGISTRO DE ENSAIO CLÍNICO: ISRCTN27127703.

Estudo transversal sobre os diferentes métodos de tratamento das luxações traumáticas glenoumerais / Treatment of traumatic glenohumeral dislocation: a cross-sectional study

OBJETIVO: Verificar como uma população de ortopedistas brasileiros trata a luxação glenoumeral traumática e comparar com os conceitos mais recentes estabelecidos pela literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram distribuídos 200 questionários com 13 questões objetivas sobre a abordagem terapêutica da luxação traumática glenoumeral; 158 foram preenchidos corretamente e aceitos para este estudo. RESULTADOS: A manobra preferida pela maioria foi tração e contratração (60,8 por cento). Dentre os entrevistados, 68,4 por cento declararam obter a redução da luxação glenoumeral na primeira tentativa em mais de 90 por cento dos casos. A primeira tentativa de redução ocorre predominantemente no pronto-socorro (96,5 por cento). Setenta e nove (50,0 por cento) indivíduos relataram não usar nenhuma analgesia antes da redução. A maioria dos participantes imobiliza seus pacientes após a redução (98,1 por cento); desses, 75,4 por cento mantêm seus pacientes imobilizados por duas a três semanas. CONCLUSÕES: De forma geral, o ortopedista brasileiro realiza a redução da luxação glenoumeral com a manobra de tração e contratração. Obtém a redução na primeira tentativa em mais de 90 por cento dos casos e realiza a redução no pronto- socorro. Não utiliza nenhuma analgesia previamente à redução. Imobiliza o paciente com tipoia toracobraquial ou tipoia simples por duas a três semanas.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate Brazilian orthopedists' opinions regarding the main aspects of the treatment of glenohumeral traumatic dislocation and compare these to literature's current concepts. METHODS: Two hundred questionnaires containing 13 items were randomly distributed to orthopedists who were attending a Brazilian orthopedics congress; 158 were filled in correctly and were considered in this study. RESULTS: The preferred maneuver was traction-countertraction (60.8 percent). Among the respondents, 68.4 percent stated that glenohumeral dislocation reduction was achieved in the first attempt in 90 percent of the cases. The first attempt of reduction occurred mainly in the Emergency room (96.5 percent). Seventy-nine individuals (50 percent) reported that they do not use any analgesic prior to reduction. The majority of the participants immobilize their patients after the reduction (98.1 percent). 75.4 percent of them keep their patients immobilized from 2 to 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: Generally, Brazilian orthopaedists perform traction-countertraction maneuvers, achieving reduction in the first attempt in more than 90 percent of the cases in the Emergency room. No previous analgesic agent is used prior to reduction. Immobilization of the patient is made with a Velpeau dressing or a sling for 2 to 3 weeks.

Doença de Friedrich: relato de caso / Friedrich's disease: a case report

A necrose espontânea da extremidade esternal da clavícula foi descrita inicialmente por Friedrich em 1924. Desde então, poucos casos têm sido relatados na literatura. A doença geralmente é unilateral e acomete com maior freqüência pacientes do sexo feminino. O quadro clínico caracteriza-se pelo aumento de volume e dor na região da articulação esternoclavicular. O exame histológico associado a avaliação radiográfica geralmente confirma o diagnóstico. A maioria dos pacientes evolui com remissão dos sintomas e melhora do arco de movimento com o tratamento conservador, ficando o tratamento cirúrgico reservado para os casos resistentes. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, com necrose avascular da extremidade esternal da clavícula (doença de Friedrich) confirmada por exame histológico, que foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico com artroplastia de ressecção da articulação esternoclavicular.

Relação da veia jugular interna com articulação esternoclavicular: estudo anatômico / Relation on internal jugular wein with sternoclavicular joint: anatomical study

Objetivo: Verificar a relação da veia jugular interna (VJI) com a articulação esternoclavicular (AEC), conferindo maior segurança aos procedimentos cirúrgicos executados nessa região anatômica. Métodos: Foram estudados 30 ombros de 15 cadáveres frescos, mensurando a distância entre o ponto mais superior da face articular esternal da clavícula e o ponto mais medial da VJI, denomina medida AB. Foi mensurada também a distância da VJI em relação à margem posterior da clavícula, denominada medida CD. Resultados: As distâncias médias encontradas foram: 2,74cm entre os pontos A e B (desvio-padrão de 0,34cm) e 1,38cm entre os pontos C e D (desvio-padrão de 0,12cm). Conclusão: A área segura para a abordagem cirúrgica, na extremidade esternal da clavícula, corresponde, em relação à VJI, à distância aproximada de 2cm a partir da superfície superior da AEC e de 1cm a partir da margem posterior da clavícula.

Cirurgia ambulatorial: experiência em 769 procedimentos no ombro e cotovelo / Ambulatory surgery: experience with 769 shoulder and elbow procedures

Os autores relatam a experiência obtida no Setor de Ombro e Cotovelo (SOC) da Unifesp/EPM em 769 cirurgias realizadas ambulatorialmente, no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2003. Apresentam resultados e discutem indicações, critérios de seleção dos pacientes, posição dos anestesiologistas e vantagens dos procedimentos cirúrgicos sem internação. O objetivo do trabalho foi demonstrar que certas cirurgias no ombro e cotovelo podem ser realizadas em regime ambulatorial, sem risco adicional para o paciente, reduzindo o tempo de internação e o custo do procedimento

Elastofibroma dorsi: relato de casos e revisão da literatura / Elastofibroma dorsi: cases report and literature review

Elastofibroma dorsi é uma lesão pseudotumoral, localizada na região do ângulo inferior da escápula, que ocorre em pacientes próximos da quinta década de vida. Essa lesão comumente é unilateral, podendo ser bilateral. Os sintomas mais freqüentes são: dor, ressalto e crepitação na mobilização do membro superior na região do ângulo inferior da escápula. A ressonância magnética é o exame que melhor sugere o diagnóstico. A confirmação do elastofibroma pode ser dada apenas pelo exame anatomopatológico. É importante o diagnóstico diferencial com outras lesões de partes moles, como sarcomas e tumores desmóides. A ressecção cirúrgica é curativa em indivíduos sintomáticos e deve ser feita em lesões maiores que 5cm, mesmo sem sintomas. Este estudo relata três casos de elastofibroma dorsi, sendo dois unilaterais e um bilateral, e faz uma revisão da literatura

Tratamento cirúrgico da instabilidade glenumeral pela técnica de Bankart e capsuloplastia à Neer: avaliaçäo de resultados e descriçäo de complicaçöes incomuns / Surgical treatment of the recurrent dislocation of the shoulder by Bankart technique and Neer's capsuloplasty: evaluation of the results and description of non-commun complications

Os autores estudaram 45 pacientes (46 ombros) portadores de luxação recidivante anterior de ombro, submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico pela técnica da capsuloplastia à Neer, associada à repara ção da lesão de Bankart, quando necessário. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 33,4 meses. Durante a cirurgia ocorreram complicações significativas em três pacientes (6,5 por cento): lesão da artéria circulflexa umeral anterior, insucesso na fixação da lesão de Bankart e fratura do rebordo da glenóide. Após o tratamento cirúrgico, observou-se diminuição do deslocamento inferior da cabeça umeral no teste do sulco subacromial e desaparecimento da apreensão anterior em 44 ombros. A média da elevação anterior aumentou 2,5 graus e a da rotação externa, com braço em posição neutra, diminuiu 10 graus. Não se observou correlação entre o número de luxação e o resultado funcional, o mesmo ocorrendo com o tempo decorrido entre a primeira luxação e a data da cirurgia. Em dois pacientes (4,4 por cento) com frouxidão ligamentar generalizada foi observada lesão de Bankart. De acordo com os critérios da Society of American Shoudler and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), em 44 ombros (95,6 por cento) o resultado foi considerado bom, enquanto em 2 (4,4 por cento), ruim. Os autores enfatizam a eficácia da capsuloplastia-reparação de Bankart no tratamento da luxação recidivante do ombro e chamam a atenção para a possibilidade de complicações potencialmente graves, que existe em um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos mais utilizados nos dias atuais. Durante o exame pré-operatório sob anestesia, foi observado que a posição de luxação nem sempre foi a clássica 90-90 de abdução e rotação externa, fato que contraria alguns dos preceitos de biomecânica, sobre os quais se assentam as teorias que explicam a instabilidade glenumeral, o que necessita ser melhor investigado.