Rationalization of Using the MR Diffusion Imaging in B12 Deficiency.

CONTEXT: The structural imaging of brain does not demonstrate any changes in the vast majority of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, even in the advanced stages. AIMS: We investigated the microstructural changes in the brain with diffusion imaging among patients with biochemical evidence of B12 deficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all diffusion-weighted MRI images between the periods 2014-2016 who had biochemical evidence of B12. The age-sex matched controls were chosen from the group with normal B12 levels. Patients with pathological findings in conventional MRI images were excluded from the study. RESULTS: About 37 patients were recruited (22 women, 15 men; mean age, 34.1 ± 9.9 years; age range). They were about thirty-four age-and sex-matched controls (with normal B12 levels), which were also included in the study. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of amygdala (773.8 ± 49.9 vs. 742.2 ± 24.2, P = 0.01), hypothalamus (721.3 ± 39.2 vs. 700.2 ± 38.2, P = 0.02), striate cortex (737.6 ± 77.6 vs. 704.3 ± 58.2, P = 0.04), suprafrontal gyrus (740.7 ± 46.9 vs. 711.6 ± 40.7, P = 0.007) and medulla oblongata-olivary nucleus (787.3 ± 56.4 vs. 759.7 ± 46.2, P = 0.02) were significantly higher in B12 deficiency group compared to controls, whereas ADC values were similar at hippocampus, thalamus, insula, corpus striatum, cingulate gyrus, occipital gyrus, dentate nucleus, cerebral pedicle, tegmentum, pons, and posterior medulla oblongata. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that a significant increase in ADC values occurs in multiple brain regions in patients with vitamin B12.

The sooth beneath the taste roseas in the urethra and first description of neuro-morpho-chemical mechanism of penile erectile posture in males: an experimental study.

AIM: The morphologic mechanism of orgasmic sensation has not yet been understood. Taste roseas may be stimulated by fructose via pudendal nerves, which has not been studied yet. METHODS: In this study, 27 male adult rabbits were used, which were divided into three groups: 5 as control; 5 as SHAM and 17 used as study group. We injected 0.2 cc of distilled water to SHAM and 0.2 cc of fructose solution to the study group of their urethral orifices, and examined the occurrence of penile erection. The relationship between erection and pudendal nerve ganglia and penile tissues was statistically compared. RESULTS: In animals with high neuron density of pudendal ganglia, more erection phenomenon was observed than those animals with low neuron density. Interestingly, neuron density of pudendal ganglia was 9.243 ± 542 /mm3 in hypoactive and was 5.980 ± 463 /mm3 in non-active animals (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The seminal fructose may stimulate taste roseas of the urethra and glans penis via pudendal nerves. The present study describes a new neuro-morpho-chemical mechanism of orgasmic sensation with its neurosurgical aspect.