Quality of red tilapia viscera oil (Oreochromis sp.) as a function of extraction methods.

This study aimed to propose a simple and efficient heating-freezing method for oil recovery from red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) viscera, suitable for industrial application and that does not affect its composition. Three methodologies for oil extraction were studied: a) direct heating (69 °C and 29 min) of samples followed by separation of the oil by decantation, b) direct heating with subsequent freezing and c) solvent extraction assisted by ultrasound. For the oil obtained by each methodology, the following factors were determined: peroxide and iodine values, oxidative stability index, yield percentages and fatty acid profile and, to evaluate the changes thereof, a thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry was performed. An oil extracted by centrifugation from fresh viscera was used as control. Results showed yields of 92,126%, 60,99% and 55,36% for the oil obtained by heating and freezing, heating and decanting and solvent extraction, respectively, the other evaluated parameters were similar among each other. The content of PUFA was not affected by heating when compared to the control oil, although a decrease was observed in the solvent extracted oil. This behavior was corroborated with the thermal analysis, which showed that the higher PUFA content, the lower the melting temperatures of the oils and the energy required for phase change. A principal component analysis allowed determining that while there are no differences in the abundance of fatty acids C20:1, 14:0, 18:0, 16:1 and C16:0, there are differences for fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2 depending on the method of extraction used in the oil obtention. The results of this study show that the heating-freezing extraction method is a good alternative for acquiring value-added products and facilitates their implementation in rural areas. Furthermore, allows obtaining a product with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (at least a third of the total content).

Analysis of Parainflammation in Chronic Glaucoma Using Vitreous-OCT Imaging.

Glaucoma causes blindness due to the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells. The immune response chronically and subclinically mediates a homeostatic role. In current clinical practice, it is impossible to analyse neuroinflammation non-invasively. However, analysis of vitreous images using optical coherence tomography detects the immune response as hyperreflective opacities. This study monitors vitreous parainflammation in two animal models of glaucoma, comparing both healthy controls and sexes over six months. Computational analysis characterizes in vivo the hyperreflective opacities, identified histologically as hyalocyte-like Iba-1+ (microglial marker) cells. Glaucomatous eyes showed greater intensity and number of vitreous opacities as well as dynamic fluctuations in the percentage of activated cells (50-250 microns2) vs. non-activated cells (10-50 microns2), isolated cells (10 microns2) and complexes (>250 microns2). Smaller opacities (isolated cells) showed the highest mean intensity (intracellular machinery), were the most rounded at earlier stages (recruitment) and showed the greatest change in orientation (motility). Study of vitreous parainflammation could be a biomarker of glaucoma onset and progression.

Characteristics of isolated superficial vein thrombosis and diagnostictherapeutic management in Spanish hospital emergency departments: the ALTAMIRA study. / Características y manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico de los pacientes con trombosis venosa superficial aislada en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios españoles. Estudio ALTAMIRA.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of patients with isolated lower-limb superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) treated in hospital emergency departments and to evaluate adherence to clinical practice guidelines on diagnosis (vein ultrasound imaging) and therapeutic management (start of anticoagulant therapy). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in 18 Spanish emergency departments. We included all patients with a final emergency department diagnosis of lower-limb SVT aged 18 years or older between January 2016 and May 2017. Backward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate adherence to clinical practice guidelines on ordering vein ultrasound imaging and starting anticoagulant therapy. RESULTS: A total of 1166 patients were included. The mean patient age was 59.6 years, and 67.9% were women. About a quarter of the patients (24.4%) had a history of venous thromboembolic disease. Complications developed in 8.9% within 180 days: 4.6% experienced a recurrence and 3.6% progressed to SVT and 1.8% to deep vein thrombosis; pulmonary thromboembolism occurred in 0.9%. Hemorrhagic complications developed in 17 patients (1.5%). Sixteen patients (1.4%) died. Vein ultrasound imagine was ordered for 703 patients (60.3%). Anticoagulant agents were prescribed for 898 (77%) for a median period of 22 days. Variables associated with a decision to order anticoagulants were a history of venous thromboembolic disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.30), varicose veins (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12-2.30); limb pain (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08-1.91); painful cord (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.97-1.73); and availability of vein ultrasound images (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.94-3.45). CONCLUSION: Adherence to clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of isolated lower-limb SVT is low in Spanish emergency departments. Ultrasound imaging is not ordered for 1 out of every 2 to 3 patients, and anticoagulant treatment is not started in 1 out of 4 patients. There is great room for improvement.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características de los pacientes diagnosticados de trombosis venosa superficial (TVS) aislada de miembros inferiores en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH), y evaluar la adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica en el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico (realización de ecografía venosa e instauración de tratamiento anticoagulante). METODO: . Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en 18 SUH españoles. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes atendidos en los SUH con diagnóstico final de TVS en miembros inferiores, con edad $ 18 años, de enero de 2016 a mayo de 2017. Para evaluar la no adherencia a las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica (realización de ecografía venosa, e instauración de tratamiento anticoagulante) se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple por pasos hacia atrás. RESULTADOS: . Mil ciento sesenta y seis pacientes fueron incluidos. La edad media fue de 59,6 años, el 67,9% eran mujeres. El 24,4% tenían antecedentes de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV). El 8,9% tuvieron alguna complicación a 180 días [4,6% recurrencia y 3,6% progresión de TVS, 1,8% trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) y 0,9% tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP)]. Hubo 17 pacientes (1,5%) con hemorragia y 16 (1,4%) muertes. Se realizó ecografía venosa a 703 (60,3%) pacientes. Recibieron tratamiento anticoagulante 898 (77%), con una mediana de 22 días. Las variables asociadas con la decisión de anticoagular fueron: antecedentes ETV (OR 1,60; IC 95%: 1,12-2,30), varices (OR 1,40; IC 95%: 1,12-2,30), dolor de la extremidad (OR 1,44; IC 95%: 1,08-191), presencia de cordón doloroso (OR 1,30; IC 95%: 0,97-1,73) y realización de ecografía venosa (OR 1,60; IC 95%: 1,94-3,45). CONCLUSIONES: Existe una baja adherencia a las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica en el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de TVS aislada de miembros inferiores en los SUH españoles: no se realiza ecografía venosa en uno de cada 2-3 pacientes, y no se instaura tratamiento anticoagulante en 1 de cada 4. Esto constituye un margen de mejora muy relevante.

Contaminación de líquido de preservación en trasplante renal. Reporte y revisión de la literatura / Contamination of preservation fluid in kidney transplant. Report and literature review

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica es un problema de salud pública con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. El trasplante renal es una de las actuales alternativas terapéuticas. Se incluyen en este artículo 12 trabajos publicados referentes a la contaminación del líquido de preservación en trasplante renal, 4 reportes de caso, y 8 estudios de prevalencia. En este estudio la prevalencia de contaminación de líquido de preservación para cualquier microorganismo varió entre 17,43 % a 59,72 %, mientras que para los limitados al reporte de Candida sp, la frecuencia varió de 1,69 % a 8,57 %. En los reportes de caso, todos fueron asociados a la infección por Candida sp, con arteritis de la arteria renal y pérdida del injerto como las complicaciones más frecuentes. En nuestra institución, Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas N°1, de un total de 59 pacientes trasplantados se aisló al menos un microorganismo en 20 casos (28,17 %). Con estos resultados sugerimos que la contaminación del líquido de preservación es un fenómeno frecuente en trasplante renal, sin embargo al no poseer publicaciones en las que se describan las complicaciones asociadas a la infección por otros microorganismos, creemos que la contaminación por Candida sp, a pesar de no tener una gran frecuencia, es clínicamente la más relevante.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality, kidney transplantation being one of the current therapeutic alternatives. In12 published works concerning the contamination of the preservation fluid in kidney transplant, four case reports, and eight prevalence studies. The prevalence of preservation liquid contamination for any microorganism ranged from 17.43% to 59.72%, while for those limited to the Candida sp report, the frequency varied from 1.69% to 8.57%. In the case reports, all were associated with Candida infection, with renal artery arteritis and graft loss as the most frequent complications. In our institution, of a total of 59 transplant patients, at least one microorganism was isolated in 20 cases (28.17%). Preservation fluid contamination is a frequent phenomenon in kidney transplantation. However, since no publications are describing the complications associated with infection by other microorganisms, we could say that contamination by Candida sp, despite not having a high prevalence, it is clinically the most relevant.

Descripción de la ferropenia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis, Quito, Ecuador / Description of iron deficiency in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, Quito, Ecuador

Resumen Introducción: la anemia y ferropenia son condiciones muy prevalentes en hemodiálisis asociadas al incremento en la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características de la ferropenia y anemia de pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis, y analizar los parámetros del hemograma para predecir la deficiencia de hierro en ellos. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la unidad de hemodiálisis del Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas N°1 y CLINEF Norte, Quito, Ecuador, durante diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019. El análisis se basó en la comparación de dos grupos, pacientes ferropénicos y no ferropénicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 268 pacientes con edad promedio de 16 y 59 años; 89 pacientes (33,21 %) fueron ferropénicos, sin embargo presentaron parámetros hematimétricos normales en la mayoría de ellos. Encontramos además que el 80,22 % de los pacientes incluidos eran anémicos, con poca frecuencia de microcitosis e hipocromía. Entre ellos, el 33,21 % fueron ferropénicos, siendo la hemoglobina un pobre marcador de ferropenia. Adicionalmente, para predecir ferropenia, y de no contar con ferritina o saturación de transferrina, encontramos útil la hemoglobina corpuscular media, el volumen corpuscular medio, el ancho de distribución eritrocitaria y el índice de Srivastava, sin embargo el valor predictivo se incrementó al incluir la sideremia como en nuestro modelo propuesto. Conclusiones: dada la alta frecuencia de anemia sin hipocromía o microcitosis en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis, incluso en ferropenia, es fundamental la evaluación regular del metabolismo férrico, así como el análisis del hemograma con enfoque en el paciente dialítico.

Abstract Introduction: Anemia and iron deficiency are very prevalent conditions in hemodialysis and have been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Objective: Describe the characteristics of iron deficiency and anemia in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, and analyze the parameters of the blood count to predict iron deficiency in them. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in the hemodialysis unit of the Specialties Hospital of the Armed Forces No. 1 and CLINEF Norte, Quito, Ecuador, during December 2018 and January 2019. The analysis was based on the comparison of two groups, ferropenic and non-ferropenic patients. Results: We included 268 patients with an average age of 59.16 years; 89 patients (33.21%) were ferropenic. However, they presented normal hematimetric parameters in most of them. We also found that 80.22% of the patients included were anemic, with little frequency of microcytosis and hypochromia. Among them, 33.21% were ferropenic, being hemoglobin a poor marker of iron deficiency. Additionally, to predict ferropenia, and not to have ferritin or transferrin saturation, we find especially useful the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, erythrocyte distribution width, and Srivastava index, however the predictive value increases when including the syderemia as in our proposed model. Conclusions: Given the high frequency of anemia without hypochromia or microcytosis in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, even in iron deficiency, regular evaluation of ferric metabolism is essential, as well as the analysis of the blood count with a focus on the dialysis patient.

Partial interhemispheric disconnection syndrome (P-IHDS) secondary to Marchiafava-Bignami disease type B (MBD-B).

A 53-year-old man with a 35-year history of excessive alcohol intake presents to our neurology department with 4-year history of progressive neurocognitive deterioration and disconnection syndrome. MRI head demonstrates extensive demyelination of the corpus callosum (and of extracallosal sites as well), leading to a diagnosis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. He was given treatment with vitamin B complex (including folate) and was assessed and managed by psychology, occupational therapy and physiotherapy with initial signs of improvement.