Ten years of the Peruvian Society of the History of Psychology.

This article briefly reviews the development of the history of psychology as a specialized discipline in Peru, in order to learn about the emergence, organization and productivity of the Peruvian Society of the History of Psychology (SPHP), which was founded in 2012. Previously, by way of introduction, the advances in the institutionalization of the history of psychology in Latin America and the development of the historiography of psychology in Peru are described. Seminars, journals, and books edited by the SPHP are discussed, as well as new projects and the challenges that must be faced for a greater dissemination of the history of psychology in Peru. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID-|19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. METHODS: A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. RESULTS: The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. CONCLUSION: The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.

Assessment of Obsessive Thoughts About COVID-19 in 7 Latin American Countries: Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Obsession With COVID-19 Scale.

The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) among seven Latin American countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Although the OCS has been used in several countries and languages, there is a need for approaches that better integrate the cross-cultural equivalence of the scale. A total of 3185 people participated in the study. The results indicated the presence of a unidimensional structure and good reliability indices for the OCS in each country. The alignment method indicated that the OCS is an invariant measure of COVID-19 obsession among the populations of seven Latin American countries. The findings based on IRT analysis indicated that all OCS items had adequate discrimination and difficulty parameters. The findings contribute to the understanding of the internal structure of the scale in different countries at the same time, something that has been pending evaluation.

Invarianza factorial del cuestionario How I Think en adolescentes peruanos según el sexo / Factorial invariance according to sex of the How I Think Questionnaire in Peruvian adolescents

Resumen Desde el surgimiento de la psicología cognitiva, las cogniciones han tomado gran relevancia para explicar una gran variedad de fenómenos psicológicos. Un constructo que ha sido empleado en el ámbito clínico y forense es el de las distorsiones cognitivas que tiene poder predictivo sobre la conducta violenta. Las distorsiones cognitivas se definen como cogniciones irracionales y negativas: pensamiento egocéntrico, culpar a los demás, minimización y asumir lo peor. Para evaluar las distorsiones cognitivas se ha empleado el cuestionario How I Think ("Cómo pienso"), que ha sido validado para población hispanoparlante, pero no contaba con una versión validada en Perú. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una prueba que evalúa las distorsiones cognitivas en una muestra de adolescentes de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluó a 2803 estudiantes nivel secundario (48.9 % mujeres y 51.1 % varones) entre 13 y 19 años, a través del cuestionario How I Think de Barriga y Gibbs (1996). El procesamiento psicométrico implicó el análisis de la validez por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio, la confiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna y la invarianza factorial según el sexo. Los resultados psicométricos indican que la prueba tiene validez de constructo con tres factores: culpar a los demás/asumir lo peor, la minimización y el egocentrismo. También tiene índices de confiabilidad adecuados y no presenta sesgos entre varones o mujeres. Se concluye que el cuestionario How I Think es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar a los adolescentes peruanos, aunque presenta variaciones con respecto a su estructura original.

Abstract Since the consolidation of the cognitive psychology and its diffusion around the world, the cognitions have taken a place of great relevance in order to explain a large variety of psychological events and phenomena. Nowadays the cognitive psychology is the dominant paradigm in the wide world of psychology, including obviously the Ibero-american countries. One construct that had been used in the field of clinical and forensic psychology is related to cognitive distortions, which have predictive power over the violent and aggressive behavior in children, adolescents, and adult people (Peña & Andreu, 2012). The cognitive distortions can be defined as a kind of negative and irrational cognitions (Ellis, 1999) that are used to explain or justify the aggressive behavior, and they are also linked to delinquent behavior (Roncero et al., 2016). Cognitive distortions can be classified in two types: self-serving and self-debasing cognitive distortions. In the first case, there are four types of self-serving cognitive distortions: Self-centered, Blaming others, Minimizing/Mislabeling, and Assuming the worst. In the second case, there are also four self-debasing cognitive distortions: Catastrophizing, Overgeneralizing, Personalizing, and Selective abstraction. Both types have great influence in people's beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors (Barriga et al., 2008). Several instruments have been applied to measure cognitive distortions. Some of them are orientated to measure the self-serving cognitive distortions and some others are orientated to measure the self-debasing type, such as The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire or The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. One of the most used tests to assess the self-serving cognitive distortions is the How I Think Questionnaire, that has been validated in Spanish-speaking population such as Spain, with adequate goodness of fit indexes and reliability; but there is not a validated version in Peru (Rojas et al., 2019). The present research pretends to analyze the psychometrical properties of the How I Think Questionnaire, a mental test that measures the cognitive distortions. Following that aim, this instrument was applied in a sample of adolescents from Arequipa (Peru), comprised of 2 803 middle and upper High School students (48.9 % female and 51.1 % male) between 13 and 19 years old. The version used of the How I Think Questionnaire was the one developed and validated by Barriga and Gibbs (1996), which has 54 items with five levels of Likert's scale response. The psychometrical process implies the analysis of validity by confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by the internal consistency method, and factorial invariance according to the sex of the adolescents that participated in the sample. The psychometrical results indicate that the How I Think Questionnaire possesses construct validity with three factors: Blaming others/Assuming the worst (which contains two factors from the original version), Minimizing and Self-Centered. It also has adequate reliability indexes, estimated by McDonald's Omega Test, and there are no trends to male or female scores according to the factorial invariance applied, taking sex as a comparison criterion. It is concluded that the How I Think Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess Peruvian adolescents who live in Arequipa, although it presents some variations compared to its original structure. And the How I Think Questionnaire can be applied in male and female adolescents from Arequipa without the risk of biased scores. However, it is recommendable to perform new psychometric studies that include adolescent's samples from all of Peru to obtain a standardized version for the Peruvian population that could be used in several fields of psychological work. The version presented in this research is a useful instrument to assess cognitive distortions in educational, social, and forensic psychology, by mental health specialists in Arequipa Metropolitan City.

Relationship Between Fear of COVID-19, Conspiracy Beliefs About Vaccines and Intention to Vaccinate Against COVID-19: A Cross-National Indirect Effect Model in 13 Latin American Countries.

The present study explored the predictive capacity of fear of COVID-19 on the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and the influence in this relationship of conspiracy beliefs as a possible mediating psychological variable, in 13 Latin American countries. A total of 5779 people recruited through non-probabilistic convenience sampling participated. To collect information, we used the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Vaccine conspiracy beliefs Scale-COVID-19 and a single item of intention to vaccinate. A full a priori Structural Equation Model was used; whereas, cross-country invariance was performed from increasingly restricted structural models. The results indicated that, fear of COVID-19 positively predicts intention to vaccinate and the presence of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The latter negatively predicted intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Besides, conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines had an indirect effect on the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in the 13 countries assessed. Finally, the cross-national similarities of the mediational model among the 13 participating countries are strongly supported. The study is the first to test a cross-national mediational model across variables in a large number of Latin American countries. However, further studies with other countries in other regions of the world are needed.

Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala Triangular de Amor de Sternberg en una Muestra de la Ciudad de Arequipa / Psychometric Analysis of Sternberg's Triangle Love Scale in a Sample from Arequipa City

Resumen En esta investigación de corte psicométrico se analizó la validez y la confiabilidad de la Escala Triangular de Amor de Sternberg (ETAS) de 45 ítems, en una muestra de 296 personas de la ciudad de Arequipa (ubicada al sur del Perú). El 56.1% fueron mujeres y el 43.9% fueron varones con una edad promedio de 40.7 años. La ETAS tiene tres componentes: Intimidad, Compromiso y Pasión. Para el procesamiento estadístico se aplicó el análisis factorial confirmatorio para analizar la estructura interna y la prueba alfa ordinal para estimar la confiabilidad. Se encontró que la ETAS tiene una estructura de tres factores, luego de eliminar 11 ítems debido a que saturaban en dos o más factores. La escala quedó reducida a 34 ítems, con adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste y una confiabilidad con índices superiores a .93 en cada uno de sus tres factores.

Abstract In this psychometric research, the validity and reliability of the 45-item Sternberg Triangular Love Scale (STLS) was analyzed in a sample of 296 people from the city of Arequipa (located in southern Peru). 56.1% were women and 43.9% were men with an average age of 40.7 years. The STLS has three components: Intimacy, Commitment and Passion. For statistical processing, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to analyze the internal structure and the ordinal alpha test to estimate reliability. It was found that the STLS has a three-factor structure, after eliminating 11 items because they loaded on two or more factors. The scale was reduced to 34 items, with adequate goodness-of-fit indexes and reliability with indexes greater than .93 in each of its three factors.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa, Perú / Validation Psychometrical analysis of Sexual Machism Scale (EMS-Sexism-12) among university students from Arequipa, Peru

Introducción: El machismo sexual es una forma de discriminación de género basada en creencias, estereotipos y actitudes que limitan la autonomía y devalúan a las personas con base en su género. Objetivo: Conocer la validez de la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del EMS-Sexismo-12, para medir machismo de tipo sexual en población peruana. Método: El diseño del estudio fue instrumental, la muestra fue aleatoria y estuvo conformada por 2470 estudiantes de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Arequipa, de los cuales el 50% fueron hombres, con edad (M =20.53; DE = 2.64) y el otro 50% mujeres, con edad (M= 19.95; DE = 2.27), estudiantes de las áreas de ingenierías y ciencias sociales. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) construida y validada en su versión original en México. Resultados: Los datos fueron analizados a través de un AFC y un estimador WLSMV y matrices policóricas con el software libre Rstudio, encontrando un modelo unidimensional con buenos índices de bondad de ajuste, en hombres (CFI= .924, TLI = .907, SMRM= 0.069) y en mujeres (CFI= .936, TLI = .922, SMRM= 0.051), además, se evidencia confiabilidad por consistencia interna buena, en hombres y mujeres respectivamente (ω = .969; ω = .897), se adjunta baremos por hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: La escala de machismo sexual, muestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad similares y con los mismos ítems en hombres y mujeres de Arequipa, Perú.

Background: Sexual masochism is a form of gender discrimination based on beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes that limit autonomy and devalue individuals based on their gender. Objective: To determine the internal structure validity and reliability of the EMS-Sexism-12 to measure sexual machismo in the Peruvian population. Method: The study used an instrumental design with a convenience sample of 2470 students from a public university in Arequipa, Peru. The sample consisted of 50% men (M = 20.53; SD = 2.64) and 50% women (M = 19.95; SD = 2.27), representing engineering and social science disciplines. The instrument used was the Sexual Machismo Scale (EMS-Sexism-12), originally constructed and validated in Mexico. Results: The data were analysed using CFA and the WLSMV estimator along with polychoric correlation matrices in the open-source software Rstudio. The analysis revealed a unidimensional model with good fit indices for both men (CFI = .924, TLI = .907, SMRM = 0.069) and women (CFI = .936, TLI = .922, SMRM = 0.051). Furthermore, evidence of internal consistency reliability was observed for men and women, respectively (ω = .969; ω = .897). Gender-specific norms are included for reference. Conclusions: The sexual machismo scale shows evidence of similar validity and reliability with the same items in men and women from Arequipa, Peru.

Madurez neuropsicológica en niños bilingües y monolingües de zonas urbanas y rurales de la región Arequipa

Introducción: Diversos estudios han planteado que el bilingüismo favorece el desarrollo de las funciones neuropsicológicas, mientras que también se ha demostrado que, en los países de América Latina, los niños que viven en zonas urbanas presentan mayor nivel de desarrollo neuropsicológico que sus pares de zonas rurales. Objetivo: Comparar la madurez neuropsicológica en niños y niñas que viven en zonas rurales y urbanas de Arequipa (Perú), en función del sexo, la zona de residencia y el bilingüismo. Sujetos y métodos: Se evaluó a 140 niños (52.8% varones y 47.2% mujeres) con una edad promedio de 76 meses, 50% monolingües y 50% bilingües, 50% viven en zonas urbanas y 50% en zonas rurales. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Madurez Neuropsicológica Infantil (CUMANIN) de Portellano et al. (2000). Resultados: El cociente de madurez neuropsicológica se ubica en un nivel medio alto en la muestra general. Las niñas presentan mayor nivel de estructuración espacial y madurez neuropsicológica que los niños. Los niños bilingües tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en lenguaje expresivo en comparación con los monolingües con un tamaño de efecto moderado, y los niños que residen en zonas urbanas tienen puntuaciones mayores en fluidez verbal, lectura y escritura que los de zonas rurales, con diferencias significativas y tamaños del efecto grandes. Conclusiones: La zona de residencia es determinante en el desarrollo neuropsicológico de niños bilingües y monolingües, a favor de los que provienen de zonas urbanas en funciones tales como fluidez verbal, lectura y escritura.

Introduction: Several studies have suggested that bilingualism favors development of neuropsychological functions. In addition, it has also been shown, in Latin American countries, children living in urban areas have a higher level of neuropsychological development than their peers who live in rural areas. Objective: To compare the neuropsychological maturity in boys and girls who live in rural and urban areas of Arequipa (Peru), according to sex, area of residence, and bilingualism. Subjects and methods: 140 children were evaluated (52.8% male and 47.2% female) with an average age of 76 months, 50% monolingual and 50% bilingual, 50% living in urban areas and 50% in rural areas. The Childhood Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire (CUMANIN) of Portellano et al. (2000) was used. Results: The neuropsychological maturity quotient is located at a high average level in the general sample. Girls presented a higher level of spatial structuring and neuropsychological maturity than boys. Bilingual children had a better performance in expressive language compared to monolinguals with a moderate effect size. Moreover, children residing in urban areas have higher scores in verbal fluency, reading and writing than those in rural areas, with significant differences and sizes of the big effect. Conclusions: The area of residence is determinant in the neuropsychological development of bilingual and monolingual children, in favor of those who come from urban areas in functions such as verbal fluency, reading and writing.

Invarianza factorial según sexo del Cuestionario de Agresión Proactiva y Reactiva en adolescentes peruanos / Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire and its factorial invariance according to sex in Peruvian adolescents

Introducción: en esta investigación se analiza la validez, confiabilidad e invarianza del Cuestionario de Agresión Reactiva/Proactiva. Método: el estudio fue de tipo instrumental. Se evaluó a 2803 adolescentes, de los cuales 48.9% fueron mujeres 51.1% varones de la ciudad de Arequipa. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Agresión Reactiva Proactiva (RPQ). Resultados: la prueba obtuvo índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados y se confirmó la estructura bifactorial mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio. La prueba presentó invarianza escalar y estricta en función al sexo de los estudiantes evaluados, de modo que los varones muestran una mayor agresividad reactiva y proactiva que las mujeres. Las medidas de confiabilidadfueron satisfactorias. Conclusión: el RPQ es válido con una estructura de dos factores, además es invariante en función al sexo de los evaluados.

Introduction: in this research, we analyze the validity, reliability and invariance of the Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Method: the study was an instrumental sort of. We assessed 2803 adolescents, 48.9% female and 51.1% male from Arequipa City. The Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) was applied. Results: the test obtained adequate levels of goodness of fit and the bifactorial structure was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis. The test presented scalar and strict invariance based on the sex of the evaluated students, so men showed greater reactive and proactive aggressiveness than women. Reliability measures were satisfactory. Conclusion: the RPQ is valid with a two-factor structure; it is also invariant depending on the sex of those evaluated.

¿Qué es el síndrome pos-COVID-19? Definición y actualización / What is post-COVID-19 syndrome? Definition and update

Resumen Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.

Abstract This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people's health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Network analysis of the relationships between conspiracy beliefs towards COVID-19 vaccine and symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of latin american countries.

The present study examined how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines specifically relate to symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of four South American countries. A total of 1785 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru participated, responding to a sociodemographic survey, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19 S) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale-COVID-19 (VCBS-COVID-19). Network analysis identified the most important symptoms of fear and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines (nodes) and the associations between them (edges). In addition, the robustness of the network of these indicators of centrality and the possible differences in the structure and connectivity of the networks between the four countries were evaluated. The results suggest that the nodes with the highest centrality were items 2 and 5 of the FCV-19 S and item 2 of the VCBS-COVID-19. Likewise, item 6 is the belief that most predicts conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19; while item 6 was the symptom that most predicts fear of COVID-19. The findings strongly support cross-cultural similarities in the networks across the four countries rather than differences. Although it was expected that a higher presence of symptoms of fear of COVID-19 may lead people to compensate for their fear by believing in conspiratorial ideas about vaccines and, consequently, rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine, the results do not clearly show this relationship. This could lead other researchers to generate evidence to explain the differences between Latin American countries and countries in other contexts in terms of vaccination rates. This evidence could be useful to develop policies favoring vaccination against COVID-19 that are more contextualized to the Latin American region, characterized by social instability and economic recession during the pandemic.

Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de salud del Hospital de Arequipa (Perú) durante la pandemia / Burnout syndrome in health care workers of the Hospital Arequipa (Peru) during the pandemic

RESUMEN: Introducción: a finales del año 2019, la comunidad global era sorprendida con la aparición de un brote de coronavirus en China. Se plantea que la exposición crónica a factores de riesgo psicosocial durante varios meses y de manera constante, podrían desencadenar el síndrome de burnout en el personal de salud que atiende pacientes con COVID-19. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia y severidad del síndrome de burnout en personal de salud que labora en el Hospital II Goyeneche del Ministerio de Salud en Arequipa en el contexto durante la pandemia. Material y Métodos: estudio descriptivo transeccional, en el que se registraron las características sociodemográficas de 147 trabajadores de salud del Hospital II Goyeneche un hospital del Ministerio de Salud y se aplicó el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach. Resultados: el 70,7% del personal de salud del Hospital II Goyeneche de Arequipa presenta síndrome de burnout, y de este porcentaje, la mayoría tiene preocupación por atender pacientes con COVID-19, no se siente capacitado para ello, le preocupa no contar con Equipos de Protección Personal y desconoce los protocolos de seguridad. Conclusión: existe una asociación significativa entre la presencia de síndrome de burnout y la atención de pacientes con COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: At the end of 2019, the global community was surprised by the new outbreak of coronavirus in China. We argued that the chronic exposure to psychosocial risk factors during four months, could precipitate the burnout syndrome among the healthcare workers who attend patients with COVID-19. Objective: To determine the frequency and severity of burnout syndrome in healthcare personnel who working Goyeneche Hospital from Ministry of Health Hospital from Arequipa City along the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Descriptive transectional study, in which there were registered the sociodemographic characteristics of 147 healthcare workers in Goyeneche Hospital and there was applied the Burnout Maslach Inventory. Results: The 70.7% of the Goyeneche Hospital health care personnel presents burnout syndrome, and major part of the percentage have concerns about the attention of patients with COVID-19, also they don't feel trained enough for this, they also are concern because don´t have the Personal protective equipment and they don't know the safety attention protocols. Conclusion: There is a significant association among the burnout syndrome punctuation and the attention of patients with COVID-19.

Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries.

Aims: Over the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results across these contexts. However, studies often do not consider measurement invariance as a necessary requirement for comparative analyses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the cross-cultural MI of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 12 Latin American countries. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analysis and alignment method were applied to test measurement invariance in a large number of groups. Results: The COVID-VCBS showed robust psychometric properties and measurement invariance for both factor loadings and crosstabs. Also, a higher level of acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about vaccines is necessary to respond to higher response categories. Similarly, greater acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines was related to a lower intention to be vaccinated. Conclusion: The results allow for improved understanding of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in the countries assessed; furthermore, they provide researchers and practitioners with an invariant measure that they can use in cross-cultural studies in Latin America. However, further studies are needed to test invariance in other countries, with the goal of developing a truly international measure of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines.

Reynaldo Alarcón y la historia crítica de la psicología en el Perú / Reynaldo Alarcón and the critical history of psychology in Peru

Resumen La historia de la psicología es una disciplina que se nutre de los aportes de la sociología del conocimiento, la historia de la ciencia y la epistemología; que le brindan una orientación más crítica, cualidad necesaria para su desarrollo objetivo de cara a la realidad social en la que tiene lugar. En el presente artículo revisamos el desarrollo de la historiografía de la psicología, su proceso de institucionalización y su difusión en América Latina, analizando la recepción que ha tenido la historia crítica de la psicología en el Perú, a través de su historiografía, sus representantes, y principalmente de la obra de Reynaldo Alarcón, uno de los máximos exponentes de esta rama en nuestro país.

Abstract The history of psychology is a discipline funded by the contributions of the sociology of knowledge, the history of science and epistemology. These contributions provide said discipline with a more critical orientation: a quality necessary for its objective development in the face of the social reality in which it takes place. In this article, we review the development of the historiography of psychology, its institutionalization and its diffusion in Latin America, and analyze the reception of the critical history of psychology in Peru through its historiography, its representatives and, mainly, through the work of Reynaldo Alarcón, one of the greatest exponents of this branch in our country.

What Is the Support for Conspiracy Beliefs About COVID-19 Vaccines in Latin America? A Prospective Exploratory Study in 13 Countries.

Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 began to emerge immediately after the first news about the disease and threaten to prolong the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting people's willingness of receiving a life-saving vaccine. In this context, this study aimed to explore the variation of conspiracy beliefs regarding COVID-19 and the vaccine against it in 5779 people living in 13 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) according to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, educational level and source of information about COVID-19. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between September 15 and October 25, 2021. The Spanish-language COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (ECCV-COVID) and a sociodemographic survey were used. The results indicate that, in most countries, women, people with a lower educational level and those who receive information about the vaccine and COVID-19 from family/friends are more supportive of conspiracy ideas regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. In the case of age, the results vary by country. The analysis of the responses to each of the questions of the ECCV-COVID reveals that, in general, the countries evaluated are mostly in some degree of disagreement or indecision regarding conspiratorial beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The findings could help open further study which could support prevention and treatment efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.

What is post-COVID-19 syndrome? Definition and update.

This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people's health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.

Factores asociados al comportamiento sexual de mujeres peruanas entre 15 y 25 años de edad

Introducción: El comportamiento sexual de la mujer se encuentra asociado a diversos factores protectores o de riesgo que es importante valorar. Determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados al comportamiento sexual de la mujer peruana de 15 y 25 años de edad. Método: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2016; con una muestra de 7,962 mujeres de 15 a 25 años de todo el territorio peruano. Se realizaron análisis asociativos de la edad de inicio sexual, el número de parejas sexuales y el uso de anticonceptivos, en función de las variables sociodemográficas. También se usó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: Se encontró que los factores que se asocian con la edad de inicio sexual y el número de parejas sexuales son la zona de procedencia, el estado civil, el nivel educativo, el estatus laboral y el nivel socioeconómico. Mientras que las mujeres que trabajan y cuyas parejas no beben alcohol son las que tienen mayor probabilidad de usar anticonceptivos. Conclusiones: Se puede concluir que ciertas condiciones socioeconómicas y laborales actúan como factores protectores de la conducta sexual femenina, mientras que el tener una pareja que bebe es un factor de riesgo.

Background: The sexual behavior of women is associated with various protective or risk factors, which are important to assess. To determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the sexual behavior of Peruvian women within 15 and 25 years old. Method: A secondary analysis of the 2016 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) was conducted. Our sample was 7962 women from 15 to 25 years old, from all over the Peruvian territory. Associative analyzes were carried out on the age of sexual initiation, the number of sexual partners and the use of contraceptives, based on sociodemographic variables. Poisson regression with robust variance was also used. Results: It was found the factors, that are associated with the age of sexual initiation and the number of sexual partners, are the area of origin, marital status, educational level, employment status and socioeconomic level. While women who work and whose partners do not drink alcohol are the most likely to use contraceptives. Conclusions: It can be concluded that certain socioeconomic and work conditions act as protective factors of female sexual behavior, while having a partner who drinks alcohol is a risk factor.

Factores asociados a la violencia contra los adolescentes dentro del hogar en el Perú / Factors associated with violence against adolescents at home in Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La adolescencia responde a un periodo de madurez y ajuste al mundo adulto, por ello, está influida por el contexto social y familiar, así como por las etapas previas de desarrollo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los factores asociados a la violencia contra los adolescentes en su hogar en el Perú. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Relaciones Sociales 2015. La muestra fue de 1491 adolescentes entre los 12 a 17 años de edad. Se estimaron las razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas (RPa) usando la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados. Se encontró que las mujeres adolescentes (RPa: 1,4; IC 95%: 1,17-1,68) y los adolescentes que viven en hogares donde hay continuas peleas o discusiones entre los padres o los adultos que ahí viven (RPa: 2,75; IC 95%: 2,11-3,57) tienen un mayor riesgo de violencia. Conclusiones . Las mujeres y aquellos adolescentes en cuyas familias hay continuas discusiones entre los padres o adultos tienen un mayor riesgo de sufrir violencia en el hogar.

ABSTRACT Background: Adolescence responds to a period of maturity and adjustment to the adult world; therefore, it is influenced by the social and family context, as well as by the previous stages of development. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the factors associated with violence against adolescents at home in Peru. Methods. A secondary analysis of the National Survey of Social Relations 2015 was carried out. The sample was of 1491 adolescents between 12 to 17 years old. Raw (PR) and adjusted (PRa) prevalence ratios using Poisson regression with robust variance were estimated. Results . It was found that adolescent women (PRa: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.17-1.68) and adolescents who live in homes where there are continuous fights or arguments between parents or adults who live there (PRa: 2.75; 95% CI: 2.11-3.57) have a higher risk of violence. Conclusions. Women and adolescents who live in families where there are continuous arguments between parents or adults have high risk of domestic violence.

Análisis comparativo de machismo sexual en estudiantes universitarios peruanos y chilenos / Comparative analysis of sexual machismo in Peruvian and Chilean university students

Resumen Introducción: El machismo sexual es una forma de sexismo que denigra a la mujer y que se asocia a diversos factores de riesgo de la salud mental. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se comparan los niveles de machismo en estudiantes universitarios de Perú y Chile en función de su nacionalidad y de otras variables sociodemográficas. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 303 estudiantes varones de dos universidades privadas de una ciudad de provincia de ambos países. Se aplicó la Escala de Machismo Sexual de Díaz et al. (2010) que consta de 12 ítems y fue construida y validada previamente para ambas muestras. Resultados: 28% de los estudiantes evaluados presenta altos niveles de machismo, y que los estudiantes peruanos tienen niveles mayores de machismo que los estudiantes chilenos. Además, los estudiantes que consumen alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales, de manera frecuente obtuvieron mayores puntajes de machismo sexual. Conclusiones: Se concluye que los estudiantes peruanos son más machistas que sus pares chilenos y que, el machismo sexual está asociado al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

Introduction: The sexual machismo is a sort of sexism that denigrate the women and it is associated with several risk factors for mental health. Objective: In the present study we compare the levels of machismo among university students from Peru and Chile according to their nationality and other sociodemographic variables. Method: 303 male students from two private universities located in both countries formed the sample. They were assessment by the 12 items Sexual Machismo Scale designed by Díaz et al. (2010) that was previously validated for both samples. Results: 28% of the students assessment presents high levels of machismo, and Peruvian students have higher levels of machismo comparing to the Chilean students. Moreover, the students who use to frequently consume alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, obtained higher punctuations on sexual machismo. Conclusions: We conclude that Peruvian students are more chauvinist than their Chilean counterparts, and sexual machismo is associated to de consumption of psychoactive substances.

Influencia de la familia sobre la resiliencia en personas con discapacidad física y sensorial de Arequipa, Perú / Influence of Family over the Resilience of People with Physical and Sensory Disabilities from Arequipa, Peru

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la influencia que ejercía la familia a través de su estructura y funcionalidad, en la resiliencia de personas con discapacidad física y sensorial de la ciudad de Arequipa (Perú). Método: Se trabajó con 240 personas con discapacidad física y sensorial, con una edad entre 12 y 61 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario ad-hoc de estructura familiar y datos sociodemográficos, la Escala de Clima Social Familiar (FES), la Escala de Evaluación del Sistema Familiar (FACES III), y la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young. El método utilizado fue cuantitativo, no experimental de tipo predictivo. Resultados: Entre los resultados encontramos que variables de funcionamiento familiar (cohesión y adaptabilidad), además de contar con apoyo económico y trabajo propio, son factores predictores de niveles de resiliencia más altos. Mientras que factores como el sexo, causa de discapacidad, problemas sociodemográficos y estructura familiar no repercuten en los niveles de resiliencia de la persona con discapacidad física y sensorial. Conclusión: Se concluye que la familia y las variables sociolaborales tienen impacto significativo en los niveles de resiliencia de las personas con discapacidad física y sensorial.

Introduction: The objective of this research was to determine the influence of family structure and function on the resilience of people with physical and sensory disabilities in the city of Arequipa (Peru). Method: We assessed 240 people with physical and sensory disabilities; their age was between 12 and 61 years. The Family Social Climate Scale (FES), the Family System Assessment Scale (FACES III), and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, an ad-hoc family structure and a sociodemographic data questionnaire were applied. The method used was quantitative, not experimental and predictive. Results: We found that family functioning variables such as cohesion and adaptability; in addition to having economic support and own work are predictive factors of higher levels of resilience. While factors such as sex, cause of disability, sociodemographic problems and family structure do not affect the levels of resilience of the person with physical and sensory disability. Conclusion: We conclude that family and socio-labor variables have a significant impact on the levels of resilience of people with physical and sensorial disabilities.