Dental patients' tinnitus profile: prevalence, types, and associated factors with oral and maxillofacial diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Maxillofacial diseases may pose a risk factor for the onset of tinnitus, and may influence the severity of its symptoms. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tinnitus among patients routinely visiting the Faculty of Dentistry and to assess the relationship between tinnitus and maxillofacial diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted on 3,626 patients. Demographic data, information on tinnitus symptoms, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) presence, the existence of trigger points in masticatory muscles, toothache, and bruxism were evaluated. RESULTS: Tinnitus was detected in 385 patients, resulting in a prevalence rate of 10.61%. Of the patients, 38.4% were male and 61.6% were female, and the mean age was 42.66 ± 16.34 years. Tinnitus was categorised as normal in 47.8% of the patients and pathological in 52.2% of the patients. Bruxism was identified in 65.5% of the patients, toothache in 42.9%, TMD in 33.8%, and masticatory trigger points in 27.0% of the patients. A tendency towards tinnitus provoked by toothache was observed in 5.9% of the patients. The presence of pathological tinnitus was found to increase the risk by 1.839 times for toothache and 1.456 times for bruxism. CONCLUSION: There may be an association between oral and maxillofacial diseases and tinnitus, especially bruxism and toothache. Therefore, the evaluation of these conditions may be a routine part of tinnitus management.

Protective effects of hesperidin in gastric damage caused by experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury model in rats.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the protective effect of hesperidin on injury induced by gastric ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into five groups: control (C), sham (S), ischemia (I), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and hesperidin + ischemia-reperfusion (Hes + I/R). Hesperidin was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 100 mg/kg one hour before the experimental stomach ischemia-reperfusion. Celiac artery was ligated. After 45 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes reperfusion period, blood samples were obtained under anesthesia. Then, animals were sacrificed, stomach tissues were excised for biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. Malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), protein, total thiol parameters were measured in plasma, and tissue homogenate samples. H + E, periodic acid-Schiff, hypoxia inducible factor, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for cell proliferation as immunohistochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS: Upon biochemical and histopathological assessment, hesperidin decreased stomach tissue changes in comparison with IR group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury led to a considerably increase in malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001) in stomach tissue. Hesperidin treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001). Hesperidin increased superoxide dismutase, TAS, total thiol and glutathione peroxidase activities in comparison with IR group. Hesperidin reduced damage and also increased TUNEL and PCNA immunoreactivity in stomach tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Hesperidin was able to decrease I/R injury of the stomach tissue due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, duration of antioxidant, and free radical scavenger properties. Consequently, hesperidin can provide a beneficial therapeutic choice for preventing stomach tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury in clinical application.

Evaluation of Retinal Layers in Individuals With Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Ocular Hypertension.

PRCIS: This study investigated the retinal segmental thicknesses in individuals with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and ocular hypertension. Maximum thinning was found at 6 mm inferior to the inner plexiform layer. This layer is very important for the early diagnosis of glaucoma. PURPOSE: To analyze the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and 8 macular layers using optical coherence tomography in eyes with ocular hypertension (OHT) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) and healthy eyes and to evaluate between-group differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, the macular segmentation of retinal layers in 120 eyes of 120 participants was performed automatically using current Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography software, which provides measurements for 8 retinal layers. Thickness maps divided into nine subfields (ie, 1, 3, and 6 mm) were extracted from the software for each retinal layer and compared between groups. RESULTS: The thinnest macular layers appeared in the ocular hypertensive PXS, normotensive PXS, and OHT groups in that order. In the inner retinal layers (macular retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer), statistically significant differences emerged between the PXS and control groups in all quadrants of the 3 and 6 mm areas. No significant difference between the OHT group and control group appeared except in the 6 mm temporal quadrant of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Receiving operating characteristic analysis revealed quadrants with high area-under-the-curve values at 3 and 6 mm in macular segments in all 3 groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: In macular segment analysis, the inner retinal layers showed the most thinning in patients with ocular hypertensive PXS. According to receiving operating characteristic curve analysis, examinations performed 6 mm inferior to the IPL, as the quadrant with the highest area under the curve in all 3 groups, are critical for the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Protective effects of hesperidin in gastric damage caused by experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury model in rats

Purpose: This study evaluated the protective effect of hesperidin on injury induced by gastric ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats (250­300 g) were divided into five groups: control (C), sham (S), ischemia (I), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and hesperidin + ischemia-reperfusion (Hes + I/R). Hesperidin was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 100 mg/kg one hour before the experimental stomach ischemia-reperfusion. Celiac artery was ligated. After 45 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes reperfusion period, blood samples were obtained under anesthesia. Then, animals were sacrificed, stomach tissues were excised for biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. Malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), protein, total thiol parameters were measured in plasma, and tissue homogenate samples. H + E, periodic acid­Schiff, hypoxia inducible factor, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for cell proliferation as immunohistochemical parameters were determined. Results: Upon biochemical and histopathological assessment, hesperidin decreased stomach tissue changes in comparison with IR group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury led to a considerably increase in malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001) in stomach tissue. Hesperidin treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001). Hesperidin increased superoxide dismutase, TAS, total thiol and glutathione peroxidase activities in comparison with IR group. Hesperidin reduced damage and also increased TUNEL and PCNA immunoreactivity in stomach tissue. Conclusions: Hesperidin was able to decrease I/R injury of the stomach tissue due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, duration of antioxidant, and free radical scavenger properties. Consequently, hesperidin can provide a beneficial therapeutic choice for preventing stomach tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury in clinical application.

Antibiotic Use among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 and Treated in Three Different Clinics.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine and compare the rates of empirical antibiotic use and duration between the chest diseases clinic (CDC), infectious disease clinic (IDC), and internal medicine clinic (IMC) among patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in a single university hospital. The study included all patients aged 18 years and older hospitalized with a PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between May 30, 2021, and August 30, 2021. Clinical and laboratory findings were recorded from the electronic medical records database. Results: The study included a total of 581 inpatients, of whom 310 (53.4%) were women. Of the 581 patients, 475 (81.8%) were prescribed antibiotics. The rate of antibiotic prescription was 71.6% for IDC, 88.5% for CDC, and 87.4% for IMC. The most commonly used antibiotic was moxifloxacin in all groups. The mean treatment duration was 8.9±6.16 days. The mean duration of antibiotic treatment was 11.1±5.90 days for CDC, 11.3±6.74 days for IMC, and 5.3 days±3.76 for IDC. Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19 who were treated in IDC had a lower rate and shorter duration of antibiotic use compared to the other clinics. However, the rate of antibiotic prescription in all three groups was very high. Therefore, antimicrobial management programs should be meticulously conducted to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.