Modification of eating habits and lifestyle during COVID-19 in university students from Mexico and Peru.

Objective: It was to evaluate changes in lifestyle habits and health behavior among university students in Peru and Mexico during periods of confinement associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify possible relationships between these changes and sociodemographic variables, health status, and technology consumption. Methods: It was a quantitative, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted among a population of 739 Mexican students and 305 Peruvian students, most of whom were women (n =778, 74.5%) and non-graduates (n =921, 88.2%). The questionnaire scale for changes in lifestyles during the quarantine period has been previously validated. Results: The association between sociodemographic factors and dimensions of change in healthy lifestyles was evaluated, and it was shown that gender and country of residence were significant for all dimensions of healthy lifestyle (p < 0.05), except for the level of education, which did not show significance about the change in the dimensions of media consumption (p = 0.875) and physical activity (p = 0.239). Within the dimensions mentioned, it can be stated that women are more likely than men to change their eating habits (adjusted prevalences (aPR) = 1.08, p < 0.001), media consumption (aPR = 1.04, p < 0.001), and physical activity (aPR = 1.02, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, participants from Peru are more likely than participants from Mexico to change physical activity (aPR = 1.14, p < 0.001) and media consumption (aPR = 1.22, p < 0.001). Finally, graduate students were more likely than undergraduate students to change eating habits (aPR = 1.09, p = 0.005) and unhealthy habits (aPR = 1.06, p = 0.030). Conclusion: It was concluded that there were lifestyle changes in Mexican and Peruvian university students in their eating habits, physical activity, internet consumption, and food delivery.

Family functioning in students of health sciences in four Latin American countries: a study of the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. METHODS: A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA = .000), scalar (ΔRMSEA = .008), and strict (ΔRMSEA = .008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size.

Family functioning in students of health sciences in four Latin American countries: a study of the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale. A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. Objective The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. Methods A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). Results The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA = .000), scalar (ΔRMSEA = .008), and strict (ΔRMSEA = .008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. Conclusion It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size.

Anomalías dentarias de número en pacientes pediátricos peruanos durante los años 2011-2020 / Dental anomalies of number in Peruvian pediatric patients during the years 2011-2020

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y asociación de las anomalías dentarias de número según el sexo, tipo y ubicación en la cavidad oral en una población pediátrica peruana durante 2011 a 2020. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo y analítico realizado en un universo de 8,000 radiografías panorámicas de pacientes pediátricos tomadas en un centro de diagnóstico por imágenes dentales de la ciudad de Lima-Perú. Fueron 614 imágenes radiográficas seleccionadas por muestro aleatorio simple. Resultados: Anomalías de número 13,5 % de casos con 7,3 % de agenesias y 6,2 % de supernumerarios, 11,8 % en mujeres y 15,7 % en hombres, siendo 8,6 y 4,4 % en el maxilar superior e inferior, respectivamente, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos maxilares (p=0,001). Las agenesias fueron 7,5 % en hombres y 7,2 % en mujeres y los supernumerarios 8,2 % en hombres y 4,6 % en mujeres. El 51,1 % de agenesias estuvo en el maxilar inferior y 44,4 % en el superior. El 86,8 % de supernumerarios estuvo en el maxilar superior y el 10,5 % en el inferior, y se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambas ubicaciones (p=0,001). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de anomalías dentarias de número se encuentra dentro de lo reportado en la literatura sin presentar asociación al sexo. Más frecuentemente ubicadas en el maxilar superior, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos maxilares. Las piezas supernumerarias presentan relación estadísticamente significativa con su ubicación en el maxilar superior.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of number dental anomalies according to sex, type and location in the oral cavity in a Peruvian pediatric population during the years 2011 to 2020. Materials and methods: Quantitative, retrospective and analytical study carried out in a universe of 8,000 panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients taken in a dental imaging diagnostic center in the city of Lima Peru. There were 614 radiographic images selected by simple random sampling. Results: Anomalies of number 13.5 % of cases with 7.3 % of agenesis and 6.2 % of supernumeraries, 11.8 % in women and 15.7 % in men being 8.6 % and 4.4 % in the upper and lower jaw, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between both jaws (p=0.001). Agenesis was 7.5 % in men and 7.2 % in women, and supernumeraries were 8.2 % in men and 4.6 % in women. 51.1 % of agenesis were in the lower jaw and 44.4 % in the upper jaw. 86.8 % of supernumeraries were in the upper jaw and 10.5 % in the lower jaw, with a statistically significant difference between both locations (p=0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental anomalies of number is within what is reported in the literature without presenting an association with sex. Most frequently located in the upper jaw with a statistically significant difference between both jaws. The supernumerary pieces present a statistically significant relationship with their location in the upper jaw.

Empathy, psychometrics, cut-off points in nursing students from Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are no cut-off points for levels of empathy, making it difficult to assess the change experienced in its development or as a result of its intervention. It is an unsolved problem. INTRODUCTION: Empathy is a cognitive-affective attribute that enables nursing staff to maintain a professional relationship that entails various benefits for the patient. Its strengthening and development during university education is desirable. Empathy studies in Latin American nursing students are based on the direct scores obtained on an empathy test, based on which the variable is described and groups are compared. Statistical comparisons are not enough to discriminate substantive changes since two statistical values can show differences without implying that the post-intervention levels may correspond to a higher category in relation to those of pre-intervention or that two compared groups are qualitatively different. The above applies to empathic behaviour and is valid for students and professionals of health. This study aimed to establish cut-off points that allow defining ordinal categories in empathy. METHODS: In this multicenter and cross-sectional study, 3712 students from 11 Latin American nursing schools participated. The Jefferson Empathy Scale (JES) was applied; the psychometric properties were confirmed by Factor Analysis Confirmatory and Invariance. RESULTS: The JSE empathy scale is a measure with adequate reliability and construct validity. Examined cut-offs determined a structure of five empathy intervals that allowed them to be classified as empathy values in very high, high, medium, low and very low. DISCUSSION: The sequence of statistical tests carried out allowed us to determine ranges of categorical values in the empathy levels of groups of students. However, the determined categories may constitute a specific characteristic of them. It is not possible to extrapolate these results to regions other than those of Latin America. CONCLUSION: The estimated rankings allow comparing levels of empathy between groups of nursing students and the real effect of empathic interventions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: To contribute with strategies to evaluate changes in the empathic skills of nursing students, resulting in a well-valued skill in health services. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: The cut-off points define evaluative categories (very low, low, medium, high and very high) that allow objective classification of levels of empathy achieved after (for example) an empathic intervention. This allows assessment of substantive changes experienced by nursing students (and professionals).

Research policies and scientific production: A study of 94 Peruvian universities.

Studies of research policies and scientific production are essential for strengthening educational systems and achieving objectives such as quality improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of research policies on the scientific production of public and private Peruvian universities. An observational, descriptive, secondary analysis study of the research policies of 92 universities and two graduate schools licensed by the National Superintendence of Higher Education of Peru (SUNEDU) was conducted for the period from 2016-2020. Scientific publications from educational institutions were collected from Scopus and Web of Science for the study period, and researchers certified by the National Council of Science and Technology of Peru (CONCYTEC) were divided by group and level. Multiple regression analysis was performed using two models. The analysis indicated that research policies did not influence scientific production in Scopus or Web of Science in either 2019 or 2020 (Model I) but that type of management (p < 0.01), number of National Scientific, Technological, and Technological Innovation Registry (RENACYT) researchers (p < 0.001) and 2016 scientific production (p < 0.001) did influence production when these variables were incorporated into the model (Model II). However, time of licensing and management type had no effects. The number of research policies implemented by Peruvian universities and licensed graduate schools was not large. Therefore, it is recommended that project funding policies, research training, and research collaboration be strengthened and that the management capacity of research centers and institutes be increased.

Empatía y Componentes de la Empatía en Estudiantes de Obstetricia / Empathy and Components of Empathy in Obstetrics Students

Introduction: Empathy with the patient is an important attribute that contributes to the success of treatment. This attribute must be object of teaching in the training stage of the student of the health sciences. Objective: To evaluate the levels of empathy and its components in students of the Obstetrics course at the University of Norbert Wiener, Peru. Material and Methods: Design: cross-sectional study. Participants: The sample was composed of 219 first-year to fifth-year students. Measurements: The Jefferson Empathy Scale, S version for students was applied. The internal reliability of the data was estimated using the general Cronbach's alpha, interclass correlation coefficient, Hotelling's T2, and Tukey non-additive test; the mean and standard deviation were estimated. A bi-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), model III was applied in the academic years, the genders and the interaction of these two factors. Results: The empathic level of obstetrics students has an average of 105,95 points, out of a maximum of 140, and it is higher (in absolute values) than other values observed in analogous measurements in Latin America. In general, there are no significant differences in empathy between academic years and genders, and in the components of empathy. Conclusions: The average level of empathy among obstetrics students at Wiener University shows relative little growth per year of study(AU)

Introducción: La empatía con el paciente es un importante atributo que contribuye al éxito del tratamiento. Este atributo debe ser objeto de enseñanza en la etapa de formación del estudiante de ciencias de la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de empatía y de sus componentes en estudiantes del curso de Obstetricia de la Universidad Norbert Wiener, Perú. Material y métodos: Diseño: estudio transversal; Participantes: la muestra fue de 219 estudiantes que estaban en el primer a quinto año de su carrera; Medidas: se aplicó la escala de empatía de Jefferson, versión S para estudiantes. La confiabilidad interna de los datos se estimó utilizando el alfa general de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación interclase, el T2 de Hotelling y la prueba no aditiva de Tukey, estimando las medias y la desviación estándar. Se aplicó un análisis bifactorial de varianza (ANOVA), modelo III entre los años académicos, entre los géneros y en la interacción de estos dos factores. Resultado: El nivel empático de los estudiantes de obstetricia examinados tiene un promedio de 105,95 puntos de un máximo de 140 y es mayor (en valores absolutos) a otros valores observados en mediciones análogas en América Latina. En general, no hay diferencias significativas entre los años académicos y entre los géneros en la empatía y en los componentes de la empatía. Conclusiones: El nivel promedio de empatía entre los estudiantes de obstetricia en la Universidad de Wiener muestra un crecimiento relativamente pequeño por año de estudio(AU)

Factores asociados al riesgo e intento suicida en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima / Factors associated to suicidal attempt among medical students of a private university in Lima

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de vida de la conducta suicida y los factores asociados al riesgo e intento suicida en estudiantes del primer año de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Muestra no probabilística, censal, consideró los 134 (98,5% de la totalidad) estudiantes del primer año de medicina de la Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener (Lima, Perú) que aceptaron participar previa firma del consentimiento informado. Se utilizaron instrumentos validados en el ámbito latinoamericano. Las asociaciones se buscaron con el análisis bivariado (p<0,05). Resultados: La prevalencia de vida del pensamiento suicida, deseos de morir e intento suicida en la muestra estudiada fue 34,3%, 22,4% y 19,4% respectivamente, siendo el riesgo suicida de 32,1%. El análisis bivariado demostró la asociación estadísticamente significativa del riesgo suicida principalmente con la disfunción familiar grave (p<0,001), probable depresión (p<0,001) y probable ansiedad (p=0,001), por otro lado, el intento suicida se asoció significativamente con probables depresión (p<0,05) y ansiedad (p<0,05); pensamiento homicida (p<0,001), riesgo de violencia (p=0,005), disfunción familiar grave y sospecha de problemas con el alcohol (p<0.05). Conclusiones: La población de estudiantes del primer año de medicina de la Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener (Lima, Perú) constituye un grupo de riesgo respecto a la conducta suicida, la cual, además, se asocia a otros problemas de salud mental.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for suicidal attempts among first year medical students of a private university in Lima. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out including 134 (98.5% of the total number of students) first year medical students of Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener (Lima, Perú) who consented to participate in the study. A bivariate analysis was carried-out (p<0.05). Results: the prevalence of life time suicidal attempt, wish to die and suicidal attempt was 34.3%, 22.4% and 19.4%. The suicidal risk was 32.1%. Bivariate analysis identified severe family dysfunctionality (p<0.001); probable depression (p<0.001), on the other hand the suicidal attempt was associated with probable depression (p<0.05), anxiety (p<0.05), homicidal thinking (p<0.001), violence risk (p=0.005), severe family dysfunctionality and alcohol drinking suspicion (p<0.05). Conclusions: First year medical students at Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener (Lima, Perú) are at risk of suicidal attempts, which is associated to other mental health problems.