Screening of Indanoyl-Type Compounds as Elicitors of Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins in Colombian Common Bean Cultivars.

Eleven indanoyl derivatives were synthesized and, along with methyl jasmonate, evaluated as isoflavonoid-phytoalexin elicitors in two cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cvs. ICA-Cerinza and Uribe Rosado, tolerant and susceptible to anthracnose, respectively). Indanoyl derivatives (an ester, two amides, and eight indanoyl-amino acid conjugates) were obtained from 1-oxo-indane-4-carboxylic acid. In general, the accumulation of isoflavonoid-type phytoalexins, such as isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and 2'-hydroxygenistein), isoflavanones (dalbergioidin and kievitone), isoflavan (phaseollinisoflavan), coumestrol, and pterocarpans (phaseollidin and phaseollin), was dependent on the common bean cultivar, the post-induction time, and the elicitor structure. Isoflavones, dalbergioidin, and coumestrol reached their highest amounts during the first 48 to 72 h, whereas kievitone, phaseollinisoflavano, and the pterocarpans reached maximum levels between 72 and 96 h. The 1-oxo-indanoyl-L-isoleucine methyl ester elicited the highest levels of phytoalexins (similar to those elicited by the methyl jasmonate) and showed no significant phytotoxic effects on common bean seedlings. The indanoyl-type synthetic elicitor, 1-oxo-indanoyl-L-isoleucine methyl ester, may represent a promising agronomic alternative for disease control in common bean by enhancing the accumulation of antimicrobial isoflavonoid phytoalexins.

Elicitation of isoflavonoids in Colombian edible legume plants with jasmonates and structurally related compounds.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA); then, dose-response and time-course experiments were carried out. Isoflavonoid composition was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. As a result of MeJA induction, all leguminous plants increase the amount of isoflavonoids, at levels that depend on the concentration of the elicitor and the time after induction. However, the application of MeJA in concentrations higher than 2.22 mM showed deleterious effects on seedlings and strong decreases in the concentration of isoflavonoids. In addition, a series of compounds structurally related to MeJA, such as jasmonic acid, cis-jasmone, coronatine, and indanoyl derivatives, were evaluated as elicitors. The results show that coronatine and the indanoyl-amino acids conjugates displayed a significant elicitor effect of isoflavonoids in common bean (cvs. Cargamanto Mocho and Corpoica LAS 106) and soybean (cv. Soyica P-34) seedlings, even higher than that found with the recognized elicitors, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (acibenzolar S-methyl) and benzo-(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid (acibenzolar acid). Leguminous plants can be treated with jasmonates and indanoyl derivatives to increase levels of bioactive isoflavonoids and consequently improve biological and functional properties and resistance against pests.

Plastia del músculo mentalis una alternativa de mentoplastia en casos seleccionados / Mentalis muscle plasty an alternative genioplasty in selected cases

Introducción: la plastia del músculo mentalis (PMM) es una técnica quirúrgica para realizar mentoplastia de aumento que no requiere uso de implantes, logrando incrementar la proyección horizontal y/o vertical del mentón en pacientes seleccionados, usualmente se realiza concomitante con la rinoplastia para compensar el perfil; aunque también se puede hacer de manera aislada. Objetivos: determinar si el uso de la PMM es eficaz para incrementar la proyección del mentón, además evaluar si la proyección del mentón obtenida por esta técnica se sostiene con el paso del tiempo. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo, en donde se realizó PMM a 27 pacientes (20 mujeres y 7 hombres) entre los 18 a 49 años, posterior a la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico se realizó seguimiento en consulta a cada paciente por un periodo de dos años (24 meses). Resultados: en los 27 pacientes llevados a PMM, se determinó una longitud de la microgenia preoperatoria a corregir de 4,9±1,4 cm; se logró aumentar quirúrgicamente la proyección del mentón en un promedio de 4 ±0,7 cm sin uso de implantes; quedando una longitud residual de aproximadamente 1,5 ±0,9 cm, durante el seguimiento a 24 meses cada paciente aumento aproximadamente 1,5 ±0,8 cm sin cambios significativos hasta el momento del seguimiento. Conclusiones: PMM es procedimiento eficaz para la realización de mentoplastia de aumento en pacientes con microgenias leves seleccionados a partir del test de tracción positiva del mentón, los cambios producidos se sostienen hasta los dos años posterior a su realización.

Introduction: mentalis muscle plasty (MMP) is a surgical technique for genioplasty without the use of fillers, thereby increasing the horizontal or vertical chin projection in selected patients, usually performed concomitantly with rhinoplasty to compensate the profile; although it can also make isolation. Objectives: To determine whether the use of the mentalis muscle plasty is effective in increasing chin projection in selected cases also determine whether chin projection obtained by this technique is sustained over time. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study, where plasty of the mentalis muscle was performed in 27 patients (20 women and 7 men) between 18 to 49 years, after the completion of the surgical procedure monitoring in consultation with each patient was performed by a period of two years (24 months). Results: In the 27 patients who underwent plasty of the mentalis muscle length microgenia correct preoperative was determined in 4.9 ± 1.4 mm; was achieved surgically increase the projection of the chin in an average of 4 ± 0.7 mm without the use of implants; leaving a residual length of about 1.5 ± 0.9 mm, while monitoring each patient 24 months increased about 0.4 ± 0.5 mm without significant changes until the time of follow-up. Conclusions: plasty of the mentalis muscle is an effective to perform genioplasty in patients with mild microgenias selected from test positive traction chin procedure, performing this surgical technique does not require the use of implants and changes they hold up to two years from its completion

Outcomes with the Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis at Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular IMO.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes on the Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis at our institution. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis case series. PARTICIPANTS: We analyzed 54 eyes of 53 patients who previously underwent Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis surgery at our institution from July 2006 to March 2011. METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative parameters were collected and analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity and keratoprosthesis stability. RESULTS: Common preoperative diagnoses were penetrating keratoplasty failure in 49 eyes (90.7%), chronic keratitis in 2 eyes (3.7%), ocular cicatricial pemphigoid in 1 eye (1.85%), Stevens Johnson syndrome in 1 eye (1.85%) and corneal vascularization in 1 eye (1.85%). Additionally, 40 eyes (74%) had preoperative glaucoma, and an Ahmed valve was implanted in 55% of them. Preoperative BCVA ranged from 20/200 to light perception. At an average follow-up of 20.15 months ± 12.7 (range, 1-56), postoperative vision improved to ⩾20/200 in 18 eyes (33.3%) and ⩾20/50 in 4 eyes (7.4%). The graft retention was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: The Boston Type 1 keratoprosthesis is a valid option for high-risk patients. The design improvements in the Boston keratoprosthesis, as well as the daily implementation of the therapeutic methods, have notably diminished occurrence of the most serious complications, such as corneal necrosis and endophthalmitis. As such, glaucoma and its subsequent complications now stand as the most prevalent prognostic factor in the long term.

Biotransformación de trans-cinamaldehído conel hongo filamentoso Aspergillus sp / Biotransformation of trans-cinnamaldehyde by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus sp

El desarrollo de métodos biocatalíticos ha permitido la preparación de una amplia variedad de productos con alto valor agregado a través de procesos simples, selectivos, económicos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. En este trabajo se evaluó la transformación microbiana causada por el hongo Aspergillus sp. sobre el sustrato arilpropanoide trans-cinamaldehído. El proceso se llevó a cabo empleando los medios de cultivo líquido Sabouraud y Czapeck-Dox, a temperatura promedio de 24°C, humedad relativa entre 45 y 60% y agitación orbital a 120 rpm. El sustrato se transformó principalmente a los productos metabólicos: 3-fenil-1-propanol, alcohol cinamílico, 3-fenilpropanal, acetato 3-fenilpropílico, acetato de cinamilo, alcohol bencílico, 1-fenilpropanol y 2-fenilpropanol. A partir de los resultados se concluyó que el hongo Aspergillus sp. convirtió inicialmente el trans-cinamaldehído mediante reacciones de reducción, y posteriormente modificó los productos resultantes por esterificación y descarboxilación, generando varios compuestos que se emplean como materias primas en diferentes industrias. Se discute una posible ruta metabólica y el efecto del medio de cultivo en la transformación del sustrato.

The development of biocatalytic methods has allowed the preparation of a wide variety of products with high added value through simple, selective, economical and environmentally friendly processes. In this work, the microbial transformation of arylpropanoide substrate trans-cinnamaldehyde using the fungus Aspergillus sp. was investigated. The process is carried out in liquid media culture Sabouraud y Czapeck-Dox to an average temperature 24oC, relative humidity between 45 and 60%, and with agitation at 120 rpm on a orbital shaker. The biotransformation of the substrate generated mainly the metabolic products 3-phenyl-1-propanol, cinnamyl alcohol, 3-phenylpropanal, 3-phenylpropyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, benzylic alcohol, 1-phenylethanol, and 2-phenylethanol. From the results it is concluded that the fungus Aspergillus sp. initially converted the trans-cinnamaldehyde by reduction reactions, and later modified the products resulting through esterification and decarboxylation. In the process, several compounds used as raw materials in different industries were generated. The metabolic pathway and culture medium effect on substrate transformation are discussed.

BIOTRANSFORMACIÓN DE LOS SUSTRATOS 2-FENILETANOL Y ACETOFENONA CON EL HONGO FITOPATÓGENO Colletotrichum acutatum / BIOTRANSFORMATION OF 2-PHENYLETHANOL AND ACETOPHENONE BY THE PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGUS Colletotrichum acutatum / BIOTRANSFORMAÇÃO DOS SUBSTRATOS 2-FENILETANOL E ACETOFENONA COM O FUNGO FITOPATOGÊNICO Colletotrichum acutatum

En este estudio se evaluaron las biotransformaciones realizadas por el hongo fitopatógeno Colletotrichum acutatum, sobre los sustratos 2-feniletanol 1 y acetofenona 2; los procesos se realizaron en el medio de cultivo líquido Czapeck-Dox a temperatura promedio de 24 oC, humedad relativa entre 45 y 60%, y agitación a 150 rpm en un agitador orbital tipo shaker. En la biotransformación a partir del sustrato 1 se obtuvieron los productos metabólicos 1-fenil-1,2-etanodiol 3, (2-metoxietil) benceno 4 y acetato de 2-feniletilo 5, y desde el sustrato 2 los compuestos 1-fenil-1,2-etanodiol 3, 1-feniletanol 6 y 2-feniletanol 1. Los productos de la transformación microbiana se identificaron mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), y resonancia magnética nuclear de protón y carbono (RMN 1H y 13C). Se observó una tendencia marcada del patógeno a producir hidroxilaciones sobre el sustituyente del anillo aromático; igualmente, tiene la capacidad de reducir el grupo carbonilo y esterificar los grupos hidroxilo de alcoholes primarios. Se discute una posible ruta metabólica para la transformación de los sustratos.

The microbial transformation of 2-phenilethanol 1 and acetophenone 2 was investigated using the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum; the process was carried out in liquid media culture Czapeck-Dox at an average temperature of 24 oC, a relative humidity between 45% and 60% and with agitation in a shaker at 150 rpm. The biotransformation of the substrate 1 produced the metabolic products 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol 3, (2- methoxyethyl)benzen 4 and 2-phenylethyl acetate 5, and from substrate 2 were obtained the compounds 1-phenyl- 1,2-ethanediol 3, 1-phenylethanol 6 and 2-phenylethanol 1. The structures of metabolic products were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of proton and of carbon (1H and 13C NMR). The process has a strong tendency of the pathogen to produce hydroxylations on the substituents attached to the aromatic ring. Additionally, C. acutatum was effective to reduce the carbonyl group and produce esterification reactions in the hydroxyl groups from primary alcohols. The metabolic pathway of both substrates is discussed.

Neste estudo foi analisada as biotransformaçoes feitas pelo fungos fitopatogênico Colletotrichum acutatum, nos substratos 2-feniletanol 1 e acetofenona 2; os processos forem feitos no meio de cultura Czapeck-Dox a uma temperatura média de 24 °C, umidade relativa entre 45 e 60% e agitação 150 rpm em um agitador orbital tipo shaker. Na biotransformaçao do substrato 1 é obtido os produtos metabólicos 1-fenil-1,2-etanodiol 3, (2-metoxietil) benceno 4 e acetato de 2-feniletilo 5, e do substrato 2 os compostos 1-fenil- 1,2-etanodiol 3, 1-feniletanol 6 e 2- feniletanol 1. Os produtos da transformação microbial forem identificados por meio do cromatografia de gás acoplada ao espectrometria da massas (CG-EM) e ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e de carbono (RMN 1H e 13C). Uma tendência marcada do patógeno é observada para produzir hidroxilaçoes na cadeia lateral do anel aromático; também tem a capacidade de reduzir ao grupo carbonilo e esterificar dos grupos hidroxilo da função álcool primária. Uma rota metabólica possível para a transformação das substratos é discutida.