Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Cancer Survivors: Management and Long-Term Implications.

Recent advancements in personalized treatments, such as anthracycline chemotherapy, coupled with timely diagnoses, have contributed to a decrease in cancer-specific mortality rates and an improvement in cancer prognosis. Anthracyclines, a potent class of antibiotics, are extensively used as anticancer medications to treat a broad spectrum of tumors. Despite these advancements, a considerable number of cancer survivors face increased risks of treatment complications, particularly the cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs like anthracyclines. These effects can range from subclinical manifestations to severe consequences such as irreversible heart failure and death, highlighting the need for effective management of chemotherapy side effects for improved cancer care outcomes. Given the lack of specific treatments, early detection of subclinical cardiac events post-anthracycline therapy and the implementation of preventive strategies are vital. An interdisciplinary approach involving cardiovascular teams is crucial for the prevention and efficient management of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Various factors, such as age, gender, duration of treatment, and comorbidities, should be considered significant risk factors for developing chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity. Tools such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, histopathologic evaluations, and serum biomarkers should be appropriately used for the early detection of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, understanding the underlying biological mechanisms is key to developing preventive measures and personalized treatment strategies to mitigate anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Exploring specific cardiotoxic mechanisms and identifying genetic variations can offer fresh perspectives on innovative, personalized treatments. This chapter aims to discuss cardiomyopathy following anthracycline therapy, with a focus on molecular mechanisms, preventive strategies, and emerging treatments.

Introducing critical proteins related to liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Aim: The current study aimed to introduce the key proteins involved in liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is a well-known treatment for liver diseases that threaten patients with mortality. LT is a complex operation, and several risks, including liver I/R injury, affect its success. Improving LT requires detection of its molecular mechanism. Experiments have revealed that high throughput methods such as proteomics in combination with bioinformatics are useful tools for analyzing the molecular mechanism of disease. Methods: The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in liver I/R injury were extracted from the literature. The queried DEPs plus the first 100 neighbors were included in a network through STRING database using Cytoscape software. Degree, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, and stress were considered to determine the central nodes. The queried DEPs were assessed by action map analysis using the CluePedia application of Cytoscape software. The key proteins were identified by comparing network analysis and action map evaluation results. Results: Six proteins, namely ALB, INS, GAPDH, CAT, IL6, and TNF, among the added first neighbors were determined as the central first neighbors. MPO, CRP, MMP9, and HMOX1 were selected as central DEPs among the queried proteins. Action map analysis confirmed the PPI findings. The final evaluation revealed that MMP9 in combination with CRP and HMOX1 plays a critical role in liver I/R injury. Conclusion: The significant role of MMP9 in liver I/R injury was detected in this study. Two central proteins (CRP and HMOX1) were shown to have a regulatory effect on MMP9; CRP activated MMP9, while HMXO1 downregulated it.

The Potential Role of Intestinal Stem Cells and Microbiota for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is a global health concern with high incidence and mortality rates. Conventional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have limitations in improving patient survival rates. Recent research highlights the role of gut microbiota and intestinal stem cells in maintaining intestinal health and their potential therapeutic applications in colorectal cancer treatment. The interaction between gut microbiota and stem cells influences epithelial self-renewal and overall intestinal homeostasis. Novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, regenerative medicine using stem cells, and modulation of gut microbiota, are being explored to improve treatment outcomes. Accordingly, this chapter provides an overview of the potential therapeutic applications of gut microbiota and intestinal stem cells in treating colorectal cancer.

Isolation and Phenotypic Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating NK Cells in Skin Carcinoma.

In oncological research, the function of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells in skin carcinoma presents a viable avenue for novel therapeutic methods. NK cells are essential to the body's defense against malignancies, including skin cancer, and are especially important in more sophisticated cancer immunotherapies such as vaccinations containing dendritic cells. The deadliest type of skin cancer, malignant melanoma, still has a poor prognosis even with advancements in early-stage therapies, which emphasizes the need for novel therapeutic strategies. NK cells from human melanoma metastases were subjected to single-cell RNA-seq analysis, which demonstrated notable variations in the transcriptional programs of tumor-infiltrating and circulating NK cells. Different transcriptional states are displayed by NK cells that have invaded tumors, indicating that they are functionally specialized in areas like chemokine production and cytotoxicity. These results emphasize the functions of NK cells in recruiting other significant immune cell types, such as cross-presenting dendritic cells, and in direct cytotoxicity against malignant cells. Investigating NK cells that infiltrate tumors in skin carcinomas presents a viable approach to comprehending and may be modifying the immune environment surrounding these cancers. It is essential to comprehend the distinct characteristics and roles of NK cells inside the tumor microenvironment in order to create more potent immunotherapeutic approaches to treat skin cancer. In order to perhaps open the door for new directions in cancer immunotherapy, the project intends to establish a thorough technique for the isolation and thorough phenotypic characterization of tumor-infiltrating NK cells in skin carcinoma.

Management of Fluoropyrimidine-Induced Cardiac Adverse Outcomes Following Cancer Treatment.

Advancements in cancer treatments have improved survival rates but have also led to increased cardiotoxicities, which can cause adverse cardiovascular events or worsen pre-existing conditions. Herein, cardiotoxicity is a severe adverse effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy in cancer patients, with reported incidence rates ranging from 1 to 20%. Some studies have also suggested subclinical effects and there are reports which have documented instances of cardiac arrest or sudden death during 5-FU treatment, highlighting the importance of timely management of cardiovascular symptoms. However, despite being treated with conventional medical approaches for this cardiotoxicity, a subset of patients has demonstrated suboptimal or insufficient responses. The frequent use of 5-FU in chemotherapy and its association with significant morbidity and mortality indicates the need for a greater understanding of 5-FU-associated cardiotoxicity. It is essential to reduce the adverse effects of anti-tumor medications while preserving their efficacy, which can be achieved through drugs that mitigate toxicity associated with these drugs. Underpinning cardiotoxicity associated with 5-FU therapy also has the potential to offer valuable guidance in pinpointing pharmacological approaches that can be employed to prevent or ameliorate these effects. The present study provides an overview of management strategies for cardiac events induced by fluoropyrimidine-based cancer treatments. The review encompasses the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, associated risk factors, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, we provide information on several available treatments and drug choices for angina resulting from 5-FU exposure, including nicorandil, ranolazine, trimetazidine, ivabradine, and sacubitril-valsartan, which have demonstrated potential in mitigating or protecting against chemotherapy-induced adverse cardiac effects.

Standardized GMP-Compliant Scalable 3D-Bioprocessing of Epidermal Stem Cells for Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) pose a significant threat to the health and well-being of individuals with diabetes, often leading to lower limb amputations. Fortunately, epidermal stem cell therapy offers hope for improving the treatment of DFUs. By leveraging 3D culture techniques, the scalability of stem cell manufacturing can be greatly enhanced. In particular, using bioactive materials and scaffolds can promote the healing potential of cells, enhance their proliferation, and facilitate their survival. Furthermore, 3D tissue-mimicking cultures can accurately replicate the complex interactions between cells and extracellular matrix, thereby ensuring that the stem cells are primed for therapeutic application. To ensure the safety and quality of these stem cells, it is essential to adhere to good manufacturing practice (GMP) principles during cultivation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step process for GMP-based 3D epidermal stem cell cultivation, thus laying the groundwork for developing reliable regenerative medicine therapies.

Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‒Derived Keratinocytes, as Therapeutic Option in Vitiligo.

Vitiligo is a skin condition affecting 1% of the global population, causing non-scaly, chalky-white macules on the skin and hair. It is caused by the pathologic destruction of melanocytes, which produce melanin. Research has focused on the abnormalities of melanocytes and their interaction with neighboring keratinocytes. Current treatments are mainly immunosuppressive drugs and UV radiation, which are scarce and ineffective. To treat vitiligo, regenerative medicine techniques, such as cell-based and cell-free methods, are recommended. Keratinocyte cell transplantation has shown promising results in treating vitiligo. Moreover, studies suggest individualized therapy for diseases can be provided by reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. On the other hand, differentiation into particular cell types is a key component of induced pluripotent stem cells-based treatment. In this chapter, the differentiation and validation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into a keratinocyte as a therapeutic option in vitiligo will be discussed.

Burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the North Africa and Middle East region is alarmingly high, prompting us to investigate the burden and factors contributing to it through the GBD study. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge about the epidemiological status of T2DM in this region, so our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the burden of T2DM and its associated risk factors. METHODS: Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study, we calculated the attributable burden of T2DM for each of the 21 countries in the region for the years 1990 and 2019. This included prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, there was a significant increase in the age-standardized incidence (79.6%; 95% Uncertainty Interval: 75.0 to 84.5) and prevalence (85.5%; [80.8 to 90.3]) rates of T2DM per 100,000 populations. The age-standardized mortality rate (1.7%; [-10.4 to 14.9]), DALYs (31.2%; [18.3 to 42.2]), and years lived with disability (YLDs) (82.6%; [77.2 to 88.1]) also increased during this period. Modifiable risk factors, such as high body mass index (56.4%; [42.8 to 69.8]), low physical activity (15.5%; [9.0 to 22.8]), and ambient particulate matter pollution (20.9%; [15.2 to 26.2]), were the main contributors to the number of deaths. CONCLUSION: The burden of T2DM, in terms of mortality, DALYs, and YLDs, continues to rise in the region. The incidence rate of T2DM has increased in many areas. The burden of T2DM attributed to modifiable risk factors continues to grow in most countries. Targeting these modifiable risk factors could effectively reduce the growth and disease burden of T2DM in the region.

Development of CAR-NK Cells Targeting cSCC-Specific Antigens for Precision Immunotherapy.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer that is frequently diagnosed, is distinguished by its propensity for aggressive behavior, frequent poor response to standard therapy, and capacity to metastasize to distant areas. Utilizing the body's natural immune defense mechanisms, particularly through the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology, is receiving increasing attention in the dynamic field of oncological therapies. Although T cells have received most of the attention, this strategy has proven to be highly effective in battling some blood-related malignancies. However, there are considerable challenges when using this method in the context of solid tumors. The innate immune system's natural killer (NK) cells are essential parts because they have the ability to detect and destroy cancer cells. CAR-NK cells are a very promising approach because they combine the natural cytotoxic properties of natural killer (NK) cells with the precise targeting skills of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. With the use of this integrated strategy, the intrinsic diversity of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tumors may be successfully targeted, increasing treatment effectiveness and lowering the risk of tumor recurrence. This tactic is improved by the development of dual-specificity chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which fully resolve the antigen presentation heterogeneity among tumor cells. In conclusion, the use of CAR-NK cells that precisely target cSCC-specific antigens has the potential to drastically transform therapy approaches for cSCC as well as other difficult solid tumors as oncological research advances. In order to create chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-natural killer (NK) cells that particularly target antigens linked to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), the goal of this protocol is to present a detailed method. The ultimate objective is to lay the groundwork for the development of precision immunotherapy.

Assessment of the Response of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells to Photodynamic Therapy: Highlighting the Role of Il-17 Signaling Pathway.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method based on the application of a photosensitive agent and the administration of light irradiation on the treated samples. PDT is applied as an effective tool with minimal side effects against tumor tissues. This study aimed to assess the targets of critical genes by PDT at the cellular level of cancer to provide a new perspective on its molecular mechanism. Methods: To assess the effect of PDT, we extracted the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the gene expression profiles of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with PDT from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The queried DEGs were evaluated via a regulatory network and gene ontology enrichment to find the critical targets. Results: Among 76 queried significant DEGs, 27 individuals were interacted by activation, inhibition, and co-expression actions. Thirty DEGs were related to the five classes of biological terms. The IL-17 signaling pathway and PTGS2, CXCL8, FOS, JUN, CXCL1, ZFP36, and FOSB were identified as the crucial targets of PDT. Conclusion: PDT as a stimulator of gene expression and an activator of gene activity overexpressed and hyper-activated many genes. It seems that PDT introduces a number of genes and pathways that can be regulated by anticancer drugs to fight against cancers.

Efficacy Evaluation of Human Skin Treatment with Photodynamic Therapy in Actinic Keratoses Patients.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combined method of light and light-activated chemicals that are called photosensitizers (PSs). PDT is recommended as a high cure rate method with fewer side effects and a noninvasive tool to treat cancer. This study aimed to evaluate PDT efficacy as a therapeutic method against actinic keratoses in patients via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis by using the gene expression profiles of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Methods: Twenty-one gene expression profiles were extracted from GEO and analyzed by GEO2R to determine the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The significant DEGs were included in PPI networks via Cytoscape software. The networks were analyzed by the "Network Analyzer", and the elements of the main connected components were assessed. Results: There were three main connected components for the compared sets of the gene expression profiles including the lesional region of skin before (Before set) and after (After set) PDT versus healthy (healthy set) skin and before versus after. The before-health comparison showed a partial similarity with the After-Healthy assessment. The before-after evaluation indicated that there were not considerable differences between the gene expression profile of the lesional region before and after PDT. Conclusion: In conclusion, PDT was unable to return the gene expression pattern of the actinic keratoses skin to a healthy condition completely.

Introducing Albumin and Interleukin 6 as Common Critical Dysregulated Proteins Between Migraine and Gliosarcoma.

Introduction: It is reported that migraine may be a risk factor for brain cancers. Since one of the best ways to assess this possible relationship is to study the molecular mechanism, here the common central dysregulated proteins between these diseases are investigated via network analysis. Methods: The dysregulated proteins of migraine and gliosarcoma are extracted from the STRING database and interacted via Cytoscape software, version 3.7.2. to form two separate networks. Central nodes of the networks are compared to find the common central district proteins. First neighbors of the common central proteins are studied. Results: The number of 11 hub bottlenecks was identified for each of the migraine and gliosarcoma cancer networks. Albumin (ALB) and interleukin 6 (IL6) were introduced as common differentially expressed central proteins. Kininogen 1 (KNG1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) the first neighbors of ALB-IL6 were connected to the central nodes of networks of the two studied diseases. Conclusion: ALB and IL6 can be considered molecular links between migraine and brain cancers. Highlights: Differentially expression of albumin (ALB) and interleukin 6 (IL6) is highlighted as the common key events in migraine and gliosarcoma.Kininogen 1 (KNG1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) are introduced as possible critical players in migraine and gliosarcoma.Based on four centrality parameters, ALB is characterized with stronger centrality properties relative to IL6. Plain Language Summary: Migraine is considered as a possible risk factor for brain cancers. Therefor exploring of relationship between brain cancers and migraine is attracted attention of researchers. Understanding of diseases molecular mechanism is an important tool to better diagnosis and therapy of the studied disorders. In the present study, the common features of molecular events in migraine and gliosarcoma are studied based on protein expression changes. Analysis indicates that a few numbers of proteins play critical roles in migraine and gliosarcoma. ALB, IL6, KNG1, VEGFA, and NF1 are highlighted as the key proteins which are dysregulated in the two studied diseases. Prominent role of ALB in development of cancers is pointed out by several researchers. Important role of IL6 in promotion of migraine is disused in the previous documents. Since some diseases are risk factors for the other disorders, understanding the common features of two diseases can provide suitable therapeutic protocol to prevent development of diseases. Our finding can be used to provide suitable procedure to prevent conversion of migraine to brain cancer.

The wonders of stem cells therapeutic application towards chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory condition characterized by its heterogeneous nature, progressive course, and significant impact on individuals' quality of life. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting a substantial number of individuals and can pose life-threatening complications if left unmanaged. The development and course of COPD can be influenced by a range of risk factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Nevertheless, as researchers adopt a more comprehensive and expansive viewpoint of therapeutic techniques, the associated obstacles become more apparent. Indeed, a definitive medication for COPD that reliably leads to symptom alleviation has not yet been discovered. Therefore, the limitations of conventional therapy methods prompted researchers to focus on the advancement of novel procedures, potentially leading to significant outcomes. In contemporary times, the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy has presented unprecedented opportunities for the exploration of innovative treatments for COPD, owing to the distinctive attributes exhibited by stem cells. Hence, it is imperative to provide due consideration to preclinical investigations and notable characteristics of stem cells as they serve as a means to comprehensively comprehend the fundamental mechanisms of COPD and uncover novel therapeutic strategies with enhanced efficacy for patients.

DNA Damage Responses, the Trump Card of Stem Cells in the Survival Game.

Stem cells, as a group of undifferentiated cells, are enriched with self-renewal and high proliferative capacity, which have attracted the attention of many researchers as a promising approach in the treatment of many diseases over the past years. However, from the cellular and molecular point of view, the DNA repair system is one of the biggest challenges in achieving therapeutic goals through stem cell technology. DNA repair mechanisms are an advantage for stem cells that are constantly multiplying to deal with various types of DNA damage. However, this mechanism can be considered a trump card in the game of cell survival and treatment resistance in cancer stem cells, which can hinder the curability of various types of cancer. Therefore, getting a deep insight into the DNA repair system can bring researchers one step closer to achieving major therapeutic goals. The remarkable thing about the DNA repair system is that this system is not only under the control of genetic factors, but also under the control of epigenetic factors. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the role of the DNA repair system in maintaining the survival of cancer stem cells from both aspects.

Evaluation of the Cellular Resistance Process in Treated Cells Via Extracorporeal Photopheresis.

Introduction: Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is a therapeutic method applied against some diseases such as cancers. Using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA radiation in ECP is associated with achievement in the treatment of patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Evaluation of cellular resistance versus ECP is the aim of this study. Methods: Data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and were analyzed via the GEO2R program. The significant DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis by using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The critical genes were evaluated via gene ontology by using the ClueGO application of Cytoscape software. The identified biological processes were determined and analyzed. Results: Fifty-seven significant DEGs were determined. The main connected component of the PPI network including 32 queried significant DEGs plus 50 first neighbors was constructed. Nineteen histones as critical nodes were assessed via gene ontology, and "nucleosome organization" was pointed out as the crucial biological process. Finally, 15 histones from H2A, H2B, and H3 histone families were identified as the key genes that are involved in the resistance property of the treated cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, 15 members of H2A, H2B, and H3 families (especially H2A family) were considered as the origin of resistance versus ECP treatment. It is concluded that sensitivity to ECP treatment depends on gross molecular events which are involved in the functions of histones.

Assessment of Photosensitizer Concentration Effects on the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive approach in medicine. Due to its noninvasive nature and low side effects, PDT has been developed quickly. In the present study, the gene expression profiles of the human cell line that was treated via PDT in the sub-lethal concentration (LC50) and super-lethal concentration (LC90) of a photosensitizer (PS) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were extracted and the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated. Methods: The gene expression profiles of the treated cells were compared with a control, and the common DEGs were determined. The common DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and gene ontology enrichment was evaluated. The related biological terms for the common genes were identified. Results: Ninety-four common DEGs were selected to be analyzed. It appeared that the activation and increment of gene expression were prominent processes. Jun, Dusp1, Atf4, and Atf3 as four critical genes were highlighted. "Chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer" was identified as the main class of biological terms related to the assessed DEGs. Conclusion: The major molecular events which happened in both analyses indicated that PDT, independent from the concentration of PS, induced gross molecular changes such as the upregulation of Jun and Dusp1.

Collagen Synthesis as a Prominent Process During the Interval between Two Laser Sessions.

Introduction: Many people suffer from skin photodamage, especially photoaging. The application of a laser to repair damages is a common therapeutic method that is used widely. In the present study, the effectiveness and molecular mechanism of an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser on the human skin was assessed via bioinformatics and network analysis. Methods: The gene expression profiles of 17 white female forearm skins which received an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser before and after laser treatment in two sessions were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Data were evaluated via GEO2R and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The central nodes were identified and discussed for the compared set of samples. Results: Five classes of samples were clustered in two categories: first, baseline, 7 and 14 days after the first session of laser treatment, and second, one day after the first laser session, 29 days after the first laser session, and 1 day after the second laser session. The gross cell functions such as cell division and cell cycle and immune response were highlighted as the early affected targets of the laser. Collagen synthesis was resulted after the first laser session. Conclusion: In conclusion, the time interval between laser sessions plays a critical role in the effectiveness of laser therapy. Findings indicate that the gross effect of laser application appears in a short time, and important processes such as collagen synthesis happen later.

Epithelial cells/progenitor cells in developing human lower respiratory tract: Characterization and transplantation to rat model of pulmonary injury.

Introduction: For cell-based therapies of lung injury, several cell sources have been extensively studied. However, the potential of human fetal respiratory cells has not been systematically explored for this purpose. Here, we hypothesize that these cells could be one of the top sources and hence, we extensively updated the definition of their phenotype. Methods: Human fetal lower respiratory tissues from pseudoglandular and canalicular stages and their isolated epithelial cells were evaluated by immunostaining, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, organoid assay, and gene expression studies. The regenerative potential of the isolated cells has been evaluated in a rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury by tracheal instillation on days 0 and 14 after injury and harvest of the lungs on day 28. Results: We determined the relative and temporal, and spatial pattern of expression of markers of basal (KRT5, KRT14, TRP63), non-basal (AQP3 and pro-SFTPC), and early progenitor (NKX2.1, SOX2, SOX9) cells. Also, we showed the potential of respiratory-derived cells to contribute to in vitro formation of alveolar and airway-like structures in organoids. Cell therapy decreased fibrosis formation in rat lungs and improved the alveolar structures. It also upregulated the expression of IL-10 (up to 17.22 folds) and surfactant protein C (up to 2.71 folds) and downregulated the expression of TGF-ß (up to 5.89 folds) and AQP5 (up to 3.28 folds). Conclusion: We provide substantial evidence that human fetal respiratory tract cells can improve the regenerative process after lung injury. Also, our extensive characterization provides an updated phenotypic profile of these cells.

Preparation and Validation of Zebrafish Psoriasis Model to Investigate the Therapeutic Effects of Stem Cells.

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease with systemic symptoms including seborrheic psoriasis, pustular lesions, plaque lesions, intestinal eruptions, and sometimes arthritis. Moreover, most of the psoriatic subjects report life challenges due to the condition, impacting social activities and daily tasks. Generally, psoriasis treatment options depend on the severity, coexisting conditions, and medical availability. Although psoriasis therapies reduce symptoms and appearance, still it is not curable. Hereupon, searching for optimal therapeutic options continues. Accordingly, stem cell therapy is considered an advanced psoriasis treatment. Subsequently, stem cell therapies' efficacy is uncertain yet. Therefore, further studies are needed. In this context, preclinical studies such as animal experiments are essential for evaluation of treatment modalities. Herein, zebrafish offer advantages in testing treatments and biomedical research applications compared to other vertebrate models. Further, zebrafish skin shares similarities with human skin, making it suitable for studying inflammatory disorders. Hence, the authors discuss the zebrafish psoriasis development method for evaluating the stem cell therapeutic influence.

Incorporating NK Cells in a Three-Dimensional Organotypic Culture System for Human Skin Stem Cells: Modeling Skin Diseases and Immune Cell Interplay.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a part of a sophisticated immune system that is necessary for the skin because it is a crucial organ that is continually exposed to environmental influences. Recent studies have shown that NK cell incorporation into three-dimensional (3D) organotypic culture systems for human skin stem cells provides a physiologically relevant environment to study the interactions between immune cells and skin cells, making it a powerful tool for simulating skin diseases and researching these interactions. It has been shown that adding NK cells to 3D organotypic culture systems can improve keratinocyte differentiation and control inflammation in a variety of skin conditions, including psoriasis. In order to increase our knowledge of skin diseases and immune cell interactions, this work intends to propose an optimum approach for adding NK cells to a 3D organotypic culturing system for human skin stem cells. By better comprehending these relationships, researchers hope to develop novel treatments for skin diseases that are more effective and cause fewer side effects than current treatments. To completely understand the mechanisms underlying these interactions and to create new treatments for skin diseases, more research is required. In conclusion, NK cell integration into 3D organotypic culture systems offers a potent tool to investigate immune cell interactions with skin cells in a physiologically appropriate setting, which may result in major improvements in the treatment of skin diseases.