Time Thresholds for Using Pressure Reactivity Index in Neuroprognostication for Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) represents a diffuse, heterogeneous disease where therapeutic targets for optimizing clinical outcome remain unclear. Mean pressure reactivity index (PRx) values have demonstrated associations with clinical outcome in sTBI. However, the retrospective derivation of a mean value diminishes its bedside significance. We evaluated PRx temporal profiles for patients with sTBI and identified time thresholds suggesting optimal neuroprognostication. METHODS: Patients with sTBI and continuous bolt intracranial pressure monitoring were identified. Outcomes were dichotomized by disposition status ("good outcome" was denoted by home and acute rehabilitation). PRx values were obtained every minute by taking moving correlation coefficients of intracranial pressures and mean arterial pressures. Average PRx trajectories for good and poor outcome groups were calculated by extending the last daily averaged PRx value to day 18. Each patient also had smoothed PRx trajectories that were used to generate "candidate features." These "candidate features" included daily average PRx's, cumulative first-order changes in PRx and cumulative second-order changes in PRx. Changes in sensitivity over time for predicting poor outcome was then evaluated by generating penalized logistic regression models that were derived from the "candidate features" and maximized specificity. RESULTS: Among 33 patients with sTBI, 18 patients achieved good outcome and 15 patients had poor outcome. Average PRx trajectories for the good and poor outcome groups started on day 6 and consistently diverged at day 9. When targeting a specificity >83.3%, an 85% maximum sensitivity for determining poor outcome was achieved at hospital day 6. Subsequent days of PRx monitoring showed diminishing sensitivities. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that in a population of sTBI, PRx sensitivities for predicting poor outcome was maximized at hospital day 6. Additional study is warranted to validate this model in larger populations.

Incidence and management of traumatic vertebral artery injuries: wartime experience in Ukraine.

OBJECTIVE: Modern combat-related vertebral artery (VA) injuries are increasingly being diagnosed, but the management of such injuries remains controversial. The authors report the frequency and characteristics of combat-related penetrating VA injuries and the indications for endovascular treatment, as well as analyze their treatment outcomes. METHODS: A 1-year prospective study was completed at a civilian medical center in Dnipro, Ukraine, in all patients with VA injuries sustained during the Russian invasion in the 1st year of war. The authors evaluated the location, type, and severity of the VA injuries and concomitant injuries, as well as the type of intervention and outcomes at 1 month. RESULTS: In total, 279 wounded patients underwent cerebral angiography and 30 (10.8%) patients had VA injuries. All patients were male. There were 28 soldiers and 2 civilians with a mean age of 37.5 years. Four (13.3%) patients had Bissl grade I injuries, 4 (13.3%) had grade II injuries, 4 (13.3%) had grade III injuries (pseudoaneurysm), and 18 (60.0%) had grade IV injuries (occlusion). Four (13.3%) patients underwent emergency open surgical intervention. Fourteen (46.7%) patients underwent endovascular intervention. There was a significant relationship between the anatomical level of the VA injury and surgical intervention (p < 0.05). Endovascular intervention was correlated with the severity of vascular injury to the VA, with 12.5% of the patients receiving intervention for grade I and II lesions and 59.1% receiving intervention for grade III and IV lesions (p < 0.05). The overall mortality in the study group was 6.7% (n = 2), and both died of ischemic complications. CONCLUSIONS: In modern armed conflicts, VA injuries are much more common than reported for previous wars. With the available modern endovascular technology, cerebral angiography is warranted for suspected VA injury and allows for both the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. Whether endovascular intervention is performed depends on the level and severity of VA injury, severity of concomitant injuries, and presence of collateral circulation.

Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS).

BACKGROUND: The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies. METHODS: A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of tSCI polytrauma patients with different specializations was established. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) endorsed the consensus, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 17 statements were proposed and discussed. A consensus was reached generating 17 recommendations (16 strong and 1 weak). CONCLUSIONS: This consensus provides practical recommendations to support a clinician's decision making in the management of tSCI polytrauma patients.

Pressure reactivity index for early neuroprognostication in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Pressure reactivity index (PRx) utilizes moving correlation coefficients from intracranial pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressures to evaluate cerebral autoregulation. We evaluated patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), identified their PRx trajectories over time, and identified threshold time points where PRx could be used for neuroprognostication. METHODS: Patients with poor-grade SAH were identified and received continuous bolt ICP measurements. Dichotomized outcomes were based on ninety-day modified Rankin scores and disposition. Smoothed PRx trajectories for each patient were created to generate "candidate features" that looked at daily average PRx, cumulative first-order changes in PRx, and cumulative second-order changes in PRx. "Candidate features" were then used to perform penalized logistic regression analysis using poor outcome as the dependent variable. Penalized logistic regression models that maximized specificity for poor outcome were generated over several time periods and evaluated how sensitivities changed over time. RESULTS: 16 patients with poor-grade SAH were evaluated. Average PRx trajectories for the good (PRx < 0.25) and poor outcome groups (PRx > 0.5) started diverging at post-ictus day 8. When targeting specificities ≥88% for poor outcome, sensitivities for poor outcome consistently increased to >70% starting at post-ictus days 12-14 with a maximum sensitivity of 75% occurring at day 18. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that by using PRx trends, early neuroprognostication in patients with SAH and poor clinical exams may start becoming apparent at post-ictus day 8 and reach adequate sensitivities by post-ictus days 12-14. Further study is required to validate this in larger poor-grade SAH populations.

The TCD hyperemia index to detect vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated mean flow velocity (MFV) on transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used to predict vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Hyperemia should be considered when observing elevated MFV. Lindegaard ratio (LR) is commonly used but does not enhance predictive values. We introduce a new marker, the hyperemia index (HI), calculated as bilateral extracranial internal carotid artery MFV divided by initial flow velocity. METHODS: We evaluated SAH patients hospitalized ≥7 days between December 1, 2016 and June 30, 2022. We excluded patients with nonaneurysmal SAH, inadequate TCD windows, and baseline TCD obtained after 96 hours from onset. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the significant associations of HI, LR, and maximal MFV with vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Receiver operating characteristic analyses were employed to find the optimal cutoff value for HI. RESULTS: Lower HI (odds ratio [OR] 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.68), higher MFV (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05), and LR (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.44-2.85) were associated with vasospasm and DCI. Area under the curve (AUC) for predicting vasospasm was 0.70 (95% CI 0.58-0.82) for HI, 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.94) for maximal MFV, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.94) for LR. The optimal cutoff value for HI was 1.2. Combining HI <1.2 with MFV improved positive predictive value without altering the AUC value. CONCLUSIONS: Lower HI was associated with a higher likelihood of vasospasm and DCI. HI <1.2 may serve as a useful TCD parameter to indicate vasospasm and DCI when elevated MFV is observed, or when transtemporal windows are inadequate.

Cardiac patterns for differentiation of neurogenic stunned myocardium in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage versus acute ischemic stroke.

AIMS: Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) has heterogeneous presentations for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We sought to better define NSM and differences between AIS and SAH by evaluating individual left ventricular (LV) functional patterns by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). METHODS: We evaluated consecutive patients with SAH and AIS. Via STE, LV longitudinal strain (LS) values of basal, mid, and apical segments were averaged and compared. Different multivariable logistic regression models were created by defining stroke subtype (SAH or AIS) and functional outcome as dependent variables. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four patients with SAH and AIS were identified. Univariable analyses using the chi-squared test and independent samples t-test identified demographic variables and global and regional LS segments with significant differences. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, when comparing AIS to SAH, AIS was associated with older age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.13, p = 0.01), poor clinical condition on admission (OR 7.74, 95% CI 2.33-25.71, p < 0.001), decreased likelihood of elevated admission serum troponin (OR .09, 95% CI .02-.35, p < 0.001), and worse LS basal segments (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In patients with neurogenic stunned myocardium, significantly impaired LV contraction by LS basal segments was found in patients with AIS but not with SAH. Individual LV segments in our combined SAH and AIS population were also not associated with clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that strain echocardiography may identify subtle forms of NSM and help differentiate the NSM pathophysiology in SAH and AIS.

Early management of isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients in a hospital without neurosurgical capabilities: a consensus and clinical recommendations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES).

BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients should be primarily admitted to a hub trauma center (hospital with neurosurgical capabilities) to allow immediate delivery of appropriate care in a specialized environment. Sometimes, severe TBI patients are admitted to a spoke hospital (hospital without neurosurgical capabilities), and scarce data are available regarding the optimal management of severe isolated TBI patients who do not have immediate access to neurosurgical care. METHODS: A multidisciplinary consensus panel composed of 41 physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of TBI patients with different specializations (anesthesia/intensive care, neurocritical care, acute care surgery, neurosurgery and neuroradiology) was established. The consensus was endorsed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 28 statements were proposed and discussed. Consensus was reached on 22 strong recommendations and 3 weak recommendations. In three cases, where consensus was not reached, no recommendation was provided. CONCLUSIONS: This consensus provides practical recommendations to support clinician's decision making in the management of isolated severe TBI patients in centers without neurosurgical capabilities and during transfer to a hub center.

Neurosurgical Mission to Ukraine.

Ukrainian health care before 2021 was like that in comparable middle-income countries. The conflict with Russia over the last 8 months has added significant burden to the already resource-constrained system. We describe the current neurosurgical situation in Ukraine as well as remote and in-person efforts to provide needed assistance to Ukrainian neurosurgical colleagues.

Awake transradial middle meningeal artery embolization and twist drill craniostomy for chronic subdural hematomas in the elderly: case series and technical note.

BACKGROUND: Due to prohibitive perioperative risk factors, optimal treatment for chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) in the elderly remains unclear. Minimally invasive techniques are a viable option and include bedside subdural evacuation port system (SEPS), as well as prevention of recurrence with middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization. We present a case series of elderly patients undergoing combined transradial MMA embolization and bed-side craniostomy as primary treatment for cSDH. METHODS: Patients 70 years and older from 2019 to 2020 that underwent single setting, awake transradial MMA embolization with concurrent SEPS placement under local anesthesia were included. Those with prior treatments, interventions performed under general anesthesia, or with less than 60-day follow-up were excluded. Descriptive analyses of baseline characteristics, radiologic parameters, comorbidities, and outcome measures were completed. RESULTS: Twenty elderly patients (mean age of 81.0 years) with multiple comorbidities underwent 28 MMA embolization+SEPS procedures as primary treatment for cSDH. Mean cSDH thickness was 1.8cm±0.6 cm with 7.3±3.9 mm midline shift. All patients tolerated the procedure well. 1/20 (5.0%) patients died within 30 days of the procedure. A majority of patients were discharged to home (12/20; 60.0%). There was an average of 3.6-month follow-up and one patient (5.0%) developed recurrence in the follow-up period requiring further intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In select elderly patients with high perioperative risk factors, primary treatment of cSDH using awake transradial MMA embolization+SEPS placement is a minimally invasive, feasible, and safe option. Further comparative studies are warranted to evaluate efficacy of the treatment.

Posterior communicating artery infundibulum with oculomotor nerve palsy treated with microvascular decompression: a case report and 2-dimensional technical operative video.

Oculomotor nerve palsies are typically associated with posterior communicating artery (PcommA) aneurysms. We report a rare case of an oculomotor nerve palsy caused by a PcommA infundibular dilatation. Although there are cases of infundibular dilatations causing cranial nerve palsies, only reports of three involving the PcommA exists. We review these reported cases in the literature and discuss their treatments as well as other non-aneurysmal compressive etiologies that may cause oculomotor nerve palsies. We present the case of a 53-year-old female with transient oculomotor nerve palsy that was initially diagnosed with a PcommA aneurysm. She underwent a craniotomy with plans of microsurgical clipping; however, the dilatation was identified correctly as an infundibulum intraoperatively. The operation was completed as a microvascular decompression and her oculomotor nerve palsy has not returned at the 1-year follow-up. We provide a detailed microsurgical report and video detailing the operative technique and relevant anatomy for this operation. Although rare and not as life-threatening as aneurysms, infundibular dilatations as a cause of oculomotor nerve palsy should remain as a differential diagnosis. Given the difference in natural history and treatment of these two entities, it is important to diagnose and treat them appropriately. Multimodal imaging such as thin-sliced computed tomography angiogram (CTA) and 3-dimensional (3D) rotational angiography can aid in diagnosis.

The Era of Onyx Embolization: A Systematic and Literature Review of Preoperative Embolization Before Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations.

INTRODUCTION: The current treatment paradigm for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) focuses on reducing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage using various therapeutic means including embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and microsurgical resection. To improve AVM obliteration rates with SRS, pre-radiosurgical embolization has been trialed in a number of studies to reduce the volume of the AVM nidus prior to radiosurgery. This study aimed to review the efficacy of pre-radiosurgical embolization in the pre-Onyx era compared to the current Onyx era. METHODS: A systematic review was performed using PubMed to identify studies with 20 or more AVM patients, embolization material, and obliteration rates for both embolization + stereotactic radiosurgery (E+SRS) and SRS-only groups. RESULTS: Seventeen articles consisting of 1133 eligible patients were included in this study. A total of 914 (80.7%) patients underwent embolization prior to SRS. Onyx was used as the embolysate in 340 (37.2%) patients in the E+SRS cohorts. Mean obliteration rate for the embolized cohort was 46.9% versus 46.5% in the SRS-only cohort. When comparing obliteration rates based on embolysate material, obliteration rate was 42.1% with Onyx+SRS and 50.0% in the non-Onyx embolysate + SRS cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Onyx (ethylene vinyl-alcohol copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and suspended in micronized tantalum powder) has been increasingly used for the embolization of intracranial AVMs with increased success regarding its ease of use from a technical standpoint and performs similarly to other embolysate materials.

Rationale and Methods for Updated Guidelines for the Management of Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury.

Penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) affects civilian and military populations resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. No up-to-date and evidence-based guidelines exist to assist modern medical and surgical management of these complex injuries. A preliminary literature search revealed a need for updated guidelines, supported by the Brain Trauma Foundation. Methodologists experienced in TBI guidelines were recruited to support project development alongside two cochairs and a diverse steering committee. An expert multi-disciplinary workgroup was established and vetted to inform key clinical questions, to perform an evidence review and the development of recommendations relevant to pTBI. The methodological approach for the project was finalized. The development of up-to-date evidence- and consensus-based clinical care guidelines and algorithms for pTBI will provide critical guidance to care providers in the pre-hospital and emergent, medical, and surgical settings.

De Novo dural arteriovenous fistulas after endovascular treatment: Case illustration and literature review.

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVF) account for nearly 10-15% of all arteriovenous malformations. Although the majority of dAVF are effectively cured after endovascular intervention, there are cases of dAVFs that may recur after radiographic cure. We present the case of a 69-year-old female with de novo formation of three dAVFs in different anatomic locations after successive endovascular treatments. The patient's initial dAVF was identified in the right posterior frontal convexity region and obliterated with transarterial and transvenous embolization. The patient returned eight years later due to left-sided pulsatile tinnitus and a new dAVF in the left greater sphenoid wing region was seen on angiography. This was treated with transvenous embolization with complete resolution. One year later, she developed left sided pulsatile tinnitus again and was found to have a left carotid-cavernous dAVF. This is the first case report to our knowledge of the formation of three de novo dAVFs over multiple years in distinct anatomical locations. We also review the literature regarding de novo dAVFs after endovascular treatment which includes 16 cases. De novo dAVF formation is likely due to numerous factors including changes in venous flow and aberrant vascular development. It is important to further understand the relationship between endovascular treatment and recurrent dAVF formation to prevent subsequent malformations.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy and cranioplasty using subcutaneously preserved autologous bone flaps versus synthetic implants: perioperative outcomes and cost analysis.

OBJECTIVE: It has not been well-elucidated whether there are advantages to preserving bone flaps in abdominal subcutaneous (SQ) tissue after decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC), compared to discarding bone flaps. The authors aimed to compare perioperative outcomes and costs for patients undergoing autologous cranioplasty (AC) after DHC with the bone flap preserved in abdominal SQ tissue, and for patients undergoing synthetic cranioplasty (SC). METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing DHC procedures between January 2017 and July 2021 at two tertiary care institutions. Patients were divided into two groups: those with flaps preserved in SQ tissue (SQ group), and those with the flap discarded (discarded group). Additional analysis was performed between patients undergoing AC versus SC. Primary end points included postoperative and surgical site complications. Secondary endpoints included operative costs, length of stay, and blood loss. RESULTS: A total of 248 patients who underwent DHC were included in the study, with 155 patients (62.5%) in the SQ group and 93 (37.5%) in the discarded group. Patients in the discarded group were more likely to have a diagnosis of severe TBI (57.0%), while the most prevalent diagnosis in the SQ group was malignant stroke (35.5%, p < 0.05). There were 8 (5.2%) abdominal surgical site infections and 9 (5.8%) abdominal hematomas. The AC group had a significantly higher reoperation rate (23.2% vs 12.9%, p = 0.046), with 11% attributable to abdominal reoperations. The average cost of a reoperation for an abdominal complication was $40,408.75 ± $2273. When comparing the AC group to the SC group after cranioplasty, there were no significant differences in complications or surgical site infections. There were 6 cases of significant bone resorption requiring cement supplementation or discarding of the bone flap. Increased mean operative charges were found for the SC group compared to the AC group ($72,362 vs $59,726, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Autologous bone flaps may offer a cost-effective option compared to synthetic flaps. However, when preserved in abdominal SQ tissue, they pose the risk of resorption over time as well as abdominal surgical site complications with increased reoperation rates. Further studies and methodologies such as cryopreservation of the bone flap may be beneficial to reduce costs and eliminate complications associated with abdominal SQ storage.

Middle meningeal artery embolization with subdural evacuating port system for primary management of chronic subdural hematomas.

Optimal treatment for chronic subdural hematomas remains controversial and perioperative risks and comorbidities may affect management strategies. Minimally invasive procedures are emerging as alternatives to the standard operative treatments. We evaluate our experience with middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization combined with Subdural Evacuating Port System (SEPS) placement as a first-line treatment for patients with cSDH. A single institution retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing intervention. Patients were stratified by treatment with MMA embolization and SEPS placement, MMA embolization and surgery, SEPS placement only, and surgery only for cSDH from 2017 to 2020, and cohorts were compared against each other. Patients treated with MMA/SEPS were more likely to be older, be on anticoagulation, have significant comorbidities, have shorter length of stay, and less likely to have symptomatic recurrence compared to SEPS only cohort. Thus, MMA/SEPS appears to be a safe and equally effective minimally invasive treatment for cSDH patients with significant comorbidities who are poor surgical candidates.

Early Fevers and Elevated Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio are Associated with Repeat Endovascular Interventions for Cerebral Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) may develop refractory arterial cerebral vasospasm requiring multiple endovascular interventions. The aim of our study is to evaluate variables associated with need for repeat endovascular treatments in refractory vasospasm and to identify differences in outcomes following one versus multiple treatments. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients treated for aSAH between 2017 and 2020 at two tertiary care centers. We included patients who underwent treatment (intraarterial infusion of vasodilatory agents or mechanical angioplasty) for radiographically diagnosed vasospasm in our analysis. Patients were divided into those who underwent single treatment versus those who underwent multiple endovascular treatments for vasospasm. RESULTS: Of the total 418 patients with aSAH, 151 (45.9%) underwent endovascular intervention for vasospasm. Of 151 patients, 95 (62.9%) underwent a single treatment and 56 (37.1%) underwent two or more treatments. Patients were more likely to undergo multiple endovascular treatments if they had a Hunt-Hess score > 2 (odds ratio [OR] 5.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.82-15.84]; p = 0.003), a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio > 8.0 (OR 3.19 [95% CI 1.40-7.62]; p = 0.028), and more than two fevers within the first 5 days of admission (OR 7.03 [95% CI 2.68-20.94]; p < 0.001). Patients with multiple treatments had poorer outcomes, including increased length of stay, delayed cerebral ischemia, in-hospital complications, and higher modified Rankin scores at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: A Hunt-Hess score > 2, a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio > 8.0, and early fevers may be predictive of need for multiple endovascular interventions in refractory cerebral vasospasm after aSAH. These patients have poorer functional outcomes at discharge and higher rates of in-hospital complications.

Treatment of In-Stent Stenosis Following Flow Diversion of Intracranial Aneurysms with Cilostazol and Clopidogrel.

In-stent stenosis is a feared complication of flow diversion treatment for cerebral aneurysms. We present 2 cases of patients treated with pipeline flow diversion for unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Initial perioperative dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisted of standard aspirin plus clopidogrel. At 6-month follow-up cerebral angiography, the patients were noted to have developed significant in-stent stenosis (63% and 53%). The patients were treated with cilostazol and clopidogrel for at least 6 months. Subsequent angiography at 1-year post-treatment showed significant improvement of the in-stent stenosis from 63% to 34% and 53% to 21%. The role of cilostazol as treatment of intracranial in-stent stenosis has not been previously described. Cilostazol's vasodilatory effect and suppression of vascular smooth muscle proliferation provides ideal benefits in this setting. Cilostazol plus clopidogrel may be a safe and effective alternative to standard DAPT for treatment of in-stent stenosis following flow diversion and warrants further consideration and investigation.