An Improved VLSI Design of the ALU Based FIR Filter for Biomedical Image Filtering Application.

AIM: FIR filter is the most widely used device in DSP applications, which is also applicable to integrate with image processing approaches. The ALU based FIR structure is applicable for various devices to increase the performance. The ALU design operation includes accumulation, subtraction, shifting, multiplication and filtering. Existing methods are designed with various multipliers like Wallace tree multiplier, DADDA multiplier, Vedic multiplier and adders like carry select adder, and carry look-ahead adder. OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to reduce the area, delay and power factors since optimum VLSI circuit is employed in this paper. By these adders and multipliers, operations are independently enabling main operations in DSP. The FIR filter is designed using a MAC unit with clock regenerative comparators. INTRODUCTION: In the field of the VLSI industry, the low power, reduced time, and area-efficient designs are mostly preferred for various applications. Adders and multipliers play a vital role in VLSI circuit designs. The recent electronics industry uses a digital filter for various real-time applications. This utilizes Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, here the FIR filter is most stable than IIR filter. This FIR filter indicates the impulse signal into finite form and it is used mainly in DSP processors for getting high-speed. In these two ALU and FIR circuits, the adders and multiplier block's usage is increased, it consumes much power. METHODS: The proposed research work uses the clock-gating technique for reducing power consumption. Here the latch-based clock gating technique provides an efficient result. XOR-based logic circuit reduces the design complexity and utilizes the less area. Carry save accumulator is a digital adder used for addition. It provides the two set of output, which is partial sum and carry output. The ripple carry adder uses a full adder circuit for its operation. It propagates the carry value in the last bit. In addition, the combination of CSA and RCA utilizes less area, high speed and provides the better throughput. In multiplier block, the booth multiplier algorithm is used with XOR-based logic. Here this proposed FIR filter is designed for performing image filtration of retina image. This process improves the better visualization approach inthe medical field. RESULTS: Thus, the proposed ALU based FIR filter with a latch-based clock gating technique is designed and analyzed with various parameters. Here the modified adders and multipliers are proposed for the efficiency of the system. The modified carry save adder is proposed with combining ripple carry adder logic for improving the adders' performance. The enhanced booth multiplier is designed using add and shift method for reducing the numberof stages to calculate the result. This process is applied to perform image processing of the retina image. After designing the ALU based FIR filter structure in the VLSI environment, the image is loaded on the MATLAB as the .png format, then it is converted into a hex file, which is read from the Xilinx to perform filtering the process. Then the 'dataout' is converted into a binary file to obtain the result of the filtering process. The enhanced booth multiplier reduces the delay by reducing the number of stages to calculate the result. Here the clock gating technique is proposed with the latch-based design for reducing the dynamic and clock power consumption. The number of adder's circuit in both ALU and FIR circuits is less since it improves the overall efficiency of the system. CONCLUSION: Thus, the proposed methodology concluded that the design and analysis of ALU based FIR filter for medical image processing give the efficient result on the way of achieving the factors such as power (Static & Dynamic), Delay (Path delay) area utilization, MSE and PSNR. Here the image processing of FIR results to MSE and PSNR values, which obtained a better result than the existing VLSI based image processing works. The latch-based clock gating circuit is connected with the proposed circuit, based on the gated clock signal, it optimizes the gated circuit of the whole design since it also reduces the error and provides the efficient power report. This proposed VLSI model is simulated using Xilinx ISE 14.5 and Modelsim synthesizes it; here with the help of MATLAB, with the adaptation of the 2018a tool, the image filtering was done.

Optimization of Orange G dye adsorption by activated carbon of Thespesia populnea pods using response surface methodology.

Thespesia populnea is a large tree found in the tropical regions and coastal forests of India. Its pods were used as a raw material for the preparation of activated carbon. The prepared activated carbon was used for the adsorptive removal of Orange G dye from aqueous system. The effects of various parameters such as agitation time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM results show that 0.54 g of activated carbon was required for the maximum adsorption of Orange G dye (17.6 mg L(-1)) within a time period of 4.03 h. Adsorption data were modeled using Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of Orange G dye by activated carbon obeyed both Fruendlich and Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo-zero, first, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order reaction with regard to the intraparticle diffusion. FTIR spectral result indicated all the functional group except primary amines (3417 cm(-1)) and CN (1618 cm(-1)) were involved in the adsorption process. XRD data showed that Orange G dye adsorbed activated carbon might not induce the bulk phase changes. SEM results showed that the surface of the activated carbon was turned from dark to light color after dye adsorption.