RESUMO
We report a case of a 1-year-old girl where computed tomography (CT) angiography demonstrated presence of ill-defined heterogenous soft tissue thickening obliterating the mediastinal fat planes in right peri-hilar region and encasing the hilar right pulmonary artery and its segmental branches leading to marked narrowing with nonvisualization of the right-sided pulmonary veins. The case highlights the features of fibrosing mediastinitis as well as the role of CT angiography in the diagnosis and accurate depiction of the extent of involvement of the mediastinal vasculature and airways.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Pulmonar , Mediastinite , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Artéria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Mediastinite/diagnóstico por imagem , Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Objectives: We aimed to compare the performance of pulse-oximetry screening in detecting nonductus-dependent cyanotic congenital heart defects (CCHDs). Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, we recorded post ductal saturation of neonates (<48 h old) born at a community hospital in northern India. Subsequently, all underwent clinical examination and echocardiogram by a trained cardiologist. A saturation <95% was considered a "failed" screen. Results: Ten neonates were identified to have nonductus-dependent CCHD on echocardiogram, five of whom had passed pulse-oximetry screen. This translated to a sensitivity of 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.7%-76.3%) and a positive predictive value of 0.08 (95% CI 0.03-0.2), both of which were significantly less compared to that in ductus-dependent congenital heart defect. Conclusions: Up to half of the nonductus-dependent CCHD may be missed if screened only using pulse oximetry. Parents should not be reassured regarding the absence of CCHD only based on a "pass" in pulse-oximetry screening.
RESUMO
We report a case of a 2-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot-pulmonary atresia where CT angiography additionally demonstrated the presence of superior sinus venosus defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Our case highlights the role of CT angiography in the preoperative evaluation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot in identifying such uncommon anomalies, which would help avoid postoperative complications and re-exploration in these patients.
Assuntos
Comunicação Interatrial , Veias Pulmonares , Síndrome de Cimitarra , Tetralogia de Fallot , Pré-Escolar , Comunicação Interatrial/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Veias Pulmonares/anormalidades , Veias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Síndrome de Cimitarra/complicações , Síndrome de Cimitarra/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Cimitarra/cirurgia , Tetralogia de Fallot/complicações , Tetralogia de Fallot/diagnóstico por imagem , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgiaRESUMO
We report a case of a 3-month-old boy transposition of great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis where computed tomography (CT) angiography detected a "levoatriocardinal vein" connecting the left superior pulmonary vein and the left brachiocephalic vein with a preserved normal connection between the left superior pulmonary vein and left atrium. This case highlights the hemodynamic implications of a "levoatriocardinal vein" as well as the role of CT angiography in detecting such associated cardiovascular anomalies in patients with complex congenital heart defects.
Assuntos
Comunicação Interventricular , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar , Veias Pulmonares , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos , Átrios do Coração , Comunicação Interventricular/complicações , Comunicação Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Comunicação Interventricular/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar/complicações , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Veias Pulmonares/anormalidades , Veias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos/complicações , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos/cirurgiaRESUMO
We report a case of a 1-year-old boy with double outlet right ventricle where computed tomography (CT) angiography incidentally demonstrated the separate origin of the left external and internal carotid arteries directly from the left-sided aortic arch with absence of a left common carotid artery. The case highlights the underlying embryological hypothesis as well as the importance of CT angiography in identifying anomalies of the aortic arch and arch vessels in the setting of complex congenital heart defects.
Assuntos
Aorta Torácica , Dupla Via de Saída do Ventrículo Direito , Aorta Torácica/anormalidades , Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico por imagem , Aorta Torácica/cirurgia , Artérias Carótidas , Artéria Carótida Interna/anormalidades , Artéria Carótida Interna/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Dupla Via de Saída do Ventrículo Direito/diagnóstico por imagem , Dupla Via de Saída do Ventrículo Direito/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: On the basis of previously published accounts, coupled with our own experience, we have assessed the surgical approaches to patients with isomeric atrial appendages. METHODS: We reviewed pertinent published studies on surgical treatment of individuals with isomeric atrial appendages, with the pertinent surgical details provided by most of the manuscripts. RESULTS: Half of patients with right isomerism, and two-thirds of those with left isomerism have bilateral superior caval veins. Azygos extension of the inferior caval vein is reported in three-quarters of those with left isomerism. The coronary sinus is universally absent in right isomerism, along with totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and is absent in two-fifths of those with left isomerism. Univentricular atrioventricular connections are expected in up to three-quarters of those with right isomerism. Atrioventricular septal defect is reported in up to four-fifths, more frequently in right isomerism, with such patients typically having discordant ventriculoatrial connections or double outlet right ventricle. Reported mortalities extend to 85% for those with right, and 50% for those with left isomerism. In right isomerism, mortality is up to 54% for systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunting, up to 75% for univentricular repair, and up to 95% for repair of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection itself. No more than one-quarter had undergone Fontan completion, with reported mortalities of 21%. CONCLUSION: Early surgical results are satisfactory in patients with left isomerism, but disappointing for those with right. Recent advances in cardiac and liver transplantation may offer improved survival.
Assuntos
Apêndice Atrial , Síndrome de Heterotaxia , Veias Pulmonares , Apêndice Atrial/cirurgia , Síndrome de Heterotaxia/cirurgia , Humanos , Isomerismo , Veias Pulmonares/anormalidades , Veia Cava Superior/anormalidadesRESUMO
We present a case of a 2-month-old boy with supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection where computed tomography angiography demonstrated an extremely tortuous course of the vertical vein before its drainage into the left brachiocephalic vein.
Assuntos
Veias Pulmonares , Síndrome de Cimitarra , Angiografia , Veias Braquiocefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Braquiocefálicas/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Veias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Síndrome de Cimitarra/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Cimitarra/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The phenotypic features and morphogenesis of the 'sinus venosus defect' remain controversial. The phenotypic features are anomalous systemic connections of 1 or more pulmonary veins that retain their left atrial connection, usually associated with a biatrial connection of the superior caval vein. Cases with these features, however, have not always been described as sinus venosus defects. METHODS: We reviewed the findings documented in the literature from 11 patients with a biatrial connection of the superior caval vein, most reported following an autopsy examination. We compared these findings with the anatomical details of 50 patients undergoing surgical correction in our centre, paying particular attention to the override of the superior caval vein. RESULTS: In only two-thirds of those undergoing surgery did the superior caval vein override the rims of the oval fossa, with the degree of override >50% in only 2 individuals. It is only these latter 2 cases that are directly comparable to the reported cases of biatrial connection of the superior caval vein. CONCLUSIONS: Our comparisons provide new insights into the developmental background and phenotypic features of the superior sinus venosus defect. The defects exist because of the anomalous systemic connection of the pulmonary veins that retain their left atrial connections but not always in association with a biatrial connection of the superior caval vein. In extreme cases, nonetheless, they can underscore the connection of the caval vein to the morphologically left atrium, frequently described previously as a 'biatrial connection'. The sinus venosus defect is better considered a venovenous malformation than a septal defect.
Assuntos
Comunicação Interatrial , Veias Pulmonares , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , Comunicação Interatrial/cirurgia , Humanos , Veias Pulmonares/anormalidades , Veias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Veia Cava Superior/cirurgiaRESUMO
Aortopulmonary window (APW) seen in association with anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is extremely uncommon. When faced with this combination, ALCAPA usually goes undetected since most of the clinical and echocardiographic features of ALCAPA, including ventricular dysfunction are absent due to co-existent pulmonary hypertension. Herein we report a 5-month-old child with a large APW in whom a preoperative computed tomography angiogram facilitated the diagnosis of ALCAPA. The case is described for its rarity and the challenges faced during management. Also, it is extremely crucial that this coronary anomaly is identified and corrected during surgery, since failure to do so results in unforeseen postoperative ventricular dysfunction.
Assuntos
Defeito do Septo Aortopulmonar , Síndrome de Bland-White-Garland , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários , Disfunção Ventricular , Defeito do Septo Aortopulmonar/complicações , Defeito do Septo Aortopulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Defeito do Septo Aortopulmonar/cirurgia , Síndrome de Bland-White-Garland/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Bland-White-Garland/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários/complicações , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Artéria Pulmonar/anormalidades , Artéria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Pulmonar/cirurgiaRESUMO
Double chambered right ventricle is a rare cardiac defect characterised by an obstructive hypertrophied muscle bundle in the right ventricle. The common associated lesions are ventricular septal defect followed by sub-aortic membrane. We report a child who had coarctation of aorta in association with double chambered right ventricle. This case is being reported for its rarity and challenges in management.
Assuntos
Coartação Aórtica , Comunicação Interventricular , Aorta , Coartação Aórtica/complicações , Coartação Aórtica/diagnóstico , Criança , Comunicação Interventricular/complicações , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , HumanosRESUMO
Diphtheria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the disease is seen infrequently in the postvaccination era, sporadic cases continue to occur. Cardiac involvement, in the form of myocarditis, is the most serious manifestation of diphtheria and is the most common cause of mortality in these patients. The features of diphtheritic myocarditis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have not been reported previously. In this brief report, we describe the cardiac MRI and histopathologic features on endomyocardial biopsy of a patient with acute heart failure who was later diagnosed to be a case of diphtheritic myocarditis.
RESUMO
We describe a 3-month-old infant with transposition of great arteries and restrictive foramen ovale who presented with severe cyanosis. Child had a large thrombus causing near-total occlusion of the inferior caval vein. An emergency atrial septoplasty was performed via internal jugular venous access. The case emphasises the technical challenges faced while performing this procedure through jugular approach and plausible solutions to overcome these challenges.
Assuntos
Forame Oval , Situs Inversus , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Veias Jugulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Jugulares/cirurgia , Transposição dos Grandes Vasos/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ruptured interventricular septal aneurysms are rare. We present a case of an interventricular membranous septal aneurysm in a 7-year-old boy who presented with features of congestive heart failure, 2 years after undergoing a patch closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect and tricuspid valve repair. Material and methods and results: Transthoracic echocardiography suggested the presence of an aneurysm that has ruptured into the right ventricle (RV), however, the precise origin of the aneurysm could not be identified on echocardiography. Subsequently, a computed tomography (CT) angiography was done which revealed that the aneurysm was originating from the membranous interventricular septum with evidence of rupture into the RV inflow. DISCUSSION: Due to its close proximity to the aortic annulus, an aneurysm of the membranous interventricular septum may be confused with a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, especially if the former is associated with aortic regurgitation. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of CT in the precise differentiation of these two abnormalities.
Assuntos
Aneurisma Aórtico , Comunicação Interventricular , Seio Aórtico , Septo Interventricular , Criança , Ecocardiografia , Comunicação Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Comunicação Interventricular/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetectores , Septo Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Septo Interventricular/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although the retroaortic left brachiocephalic vein in isolation is of no clinical importance, its recognition in the setting of associated lesions is important. We sought to address issues concerning the influence of isomerism, the establishment of diagnosis, and its importance in various surgical and interventional procedures. METHODS: A total of 80 published clinical and necropsy studies in the setting of a retroaortic left brachiocephalic vein described 250 patients. Clinical presentation, radiographic, ultrasonographic findings, contrast echocardiography, computed-tomographic angiocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiocardiography provided the diagnostic information prior to considering the surgical approach to the associated cardiac anomalies. RESULTS: Among 250 reported cases, three-quarters had associated congenitally malformed hearts. Of these 189 patients, all but seven had usual atrial arrangement. Right isomerism was reported in five patients and two patients having left isomerism. Almost two-thirds had tetralogy of Fallot or its variants, over four-fifths had malformations involving the outflow tract, two-thirds had a right aortic arch with two patients having a cervical aortic arch, and onepatient had double aortic arch. Various innovative individualized surgical procedures were employed with an overall perioperative mortality of 3.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the retroaortic left brachiocephalic vein is asymptomatic, its recognition during clinical investigation should raise the possibility of an association with other malformations, especially right aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, and anomalies of the outflow tracts. We submit that an increased appreciation of this venous anomaly may facilitate surgical planning, endovascular procedures, placement of central venous lines, and transvenous pacemakers.
Assuntos
Comunicação Interventricular , Síndrome de Heterotaxia , Veias Braquiocefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Braquiocefálicas/cirurgia , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The morphological variations when one, or both, of the atrial chambers is subdivided, are many and varied. We sought to address clinical presentations, potentially misdiagnosed cases, diagnostic modalities, surgical approaches, and outcomes of this "family" of uncommon lesions. METHODS: A total of 193 published investigations were synthesized. Diagnostic information was provided by clinical presentation, and multimodality imaging studies. RESULTS: Almost three-quarters of patients with divided atrial chambers present during infancy with severe pulmonary hypertension and cardiac failure. Associated cardiac and extra-cardiac defects are present in between half and nine-tenths of cases. Acquired division of the left atrium has been reported after the Fontan operation, orthotopic cardiac transplantation, and complicated aortic valvar infective endocarditis. Surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass remains the definitive treatment. Balloon dilation may be considered in anatomically compatible variants in the setting of cardiac failure and pregnancy as a bridge todefinitive treatment. Overall, mortality has been cited between nil to 29%. Presentation during infancy, associated congenital anomalies, pulmonary hypertension, and surgery in the previous era, have been the reported causes of death. The operative survivors have long-term favourable outcomes, with near normal cardiac dimensions and low risk of recurrence. While asymptomatic patients with division of the right atrium do not need treatment, surgical resection of the dividing partition under cardiopulmonary bypass is recommended in symptomatic patients with complex anatomy, the spinnaker malformation, or associated cardiac anomalies. Balloon dilation may be considered in uncomplicated patients with less obstructive lesions. Hybrid intervention and endoscopic robotic correction also have been performed. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of the dividing shelf allows the survivors to regain near normal dimensions with a low risk of recurrence. We submit that an increased appreciation of the anatomic background to division of the atrial chambers will contribute to improved surgical management.
Assuntos
Coração Triatriado , Técnica de Fontan , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , HumanosRESUMO
We report a case of a 6-month-old girl with double outlet right ventricle where a right aortic arch with an abnormally posterior brachio-bicephalic trunk on the left side closely resembled an incomplete double-aortic-arch with distal left arch atresia on computed tomography (CT) angiography. The case highlights the role of preoperative CT angiography in demonstrating aortic arch and arch vessel anatomy in patients with complex congenital heart diseases.