Should surgeons repair symptomatic, clinically occult, radiologically evident, inguinal hernias? A case-control study of patient-reported outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Patients who present with symptomatic, clinically occult, radiologically evident (SCORE) inguinal hernia represent diagnostic and therapeutic challenge with a wide differential diagnosis of groin pain. Often, diagnosis leads to surgical intervention despite the lack of evidence supporting this practice. This study evaluates patient-reported outcomes following surgical or conservative management of SCORE inguinal hernia. METHODS: Single-centre retrospective review of radiology database and general surgery outpatient booking system between 2017 and 2018 to identify SCORE hernia patients. Notes review to identify surgical and conservative management groups. Patient-reported outcomes determined using the validated EuraHS-QOL tool. Surveys sent to patients via post with follow-up telephone conversations between October 2019 and June 2020. Replies from the conservative and operative cohorts were compared. RESULTS: Total of 76 patients identified. 63 (83%) replies received and analysed (10 did not answer, 2 declined, 1 deceased). 32 in the surgical cohort and 31 in conservative management cohort. No statistically significant difference was there between cohorts in age, BMI, ASA, Charlson Comorbidity Index. No statistically significant difference was there in pain at the site of hernia (p = 0.535); restrictions of activities (p = 0.406); cosmetic discomfort (p = 0.289) in patient-reported outcomes between surgical and conservative cohorts. CONCLUSION: There is no difference in pain, restriction to function or cosmesis in symptomatic clinically occult, radiologically evident inguinal hernia patients following either surgical or conservative management. A clear definition and further studies are essential to deliver better care for this population of patients.

Secondary colonic stent insertion in acute large bowel obstruction following primary stent failure.

INTRODUCTION: Colonic stent insertion has been shown to be an effective treatment for patients with acute large bowel obstruction, either as a bridge to surgery or as definitive treatment. However, little is known of the role of secondary stent insertion following primary stent failure in patients considered inappropriate or high risk for emergency surgery. METHODS: Fourteen patients presenting with acute large bowel obstruction who had previously been treated with colonic stent insertion were studied. All underwent attempted placement of a secondary stent. RESULTS: Technical deployment of the stent was accomplished in 12 patients (86%) but only 9 (64%) achieved clinical decompression. Successful deployment and clinical decompression of a secondary stent was associated with older age (p=0.038). Sex, pathology, site of obstruction, duration of efficacy of initial stent and cause of primary failure were unrelated to outcome. No procedure related morbidity or mortality was noted following repeated intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary colonic stent insertion appears an effective, safe treatment in the majority of patients presenting with acute large bowel obstruction following failure of a primary stent.

Decision-making in Colorectal Cancer Tumor Board meetings: results of a prospective observational assessment.

BACKGROUND: The management of colorectal cancer increasingly involves multidisciplinary tumor boards. In cases where these occur, the quality can be variable. Despite this, there are no uniform measures to evaluate them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of colorectal cancer tumor boards, via real-time prospective observation. METHODS: An observational tool, termed Colorectal Multidisciplinary Team Metric for Observation of Decision-Making (cMDT-MODe), was used to assess decision-making in 267 cases. The presentation of case history, radiological and pathological information, as well as contributions to decision making of the various team members were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. Interobserver agreement was assessed using intraclasscorrelation coefficients. RESULTS: Tumor board meetings lasted 76 min, were attended by approximately 16 specialists each, and reviewed an average of 24 cancer cases (3 min per case review). Regarding the quality of presented information to the team, case history information was rated the highest (mean 4.57), followed by radiological information (mean 4.22) and pathological information (mean 3.81). Regarding each team-member's contribution to discussion, surgeons were scored the highest (mean 4.81), followed by radiologists (mean 4.41) and meeting chairs (mean 4.13)--all team members except the board coordinators were scored highly. Overall scoring reliability was good (0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The cMDT-MODe instrument can be reliably used to prospectively assess decision making in the multidisciplinary management of colorectal patients. By systematically quantifying the quality of a colorectal cancer tumor board, we can identify areas for improving practice so as to optimize decision making for cancer care.

Fistulotomy in the tertiary setting can achieve high rates of fistula cure with an acceptable risk of deterioration in continence.

INTRODUCTION: Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of anal fistulas. Low fistulas are often laid open, but higher fistulas present a more difficult problem. Patient choice centres on a compromise between risk of recurrence and risk of impairment of continence. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of fistulotomy at a tertiary referral centre, in particular the additional risk of impairment of continence following fistulotomy of the often recurrent, multiply-operated patients seen. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery under the senior author (RKSP) for an anal fistula during the study period (2005-2006) were identified, and a thorough review of the patients' clinical records was undertaken. Demographic, fistula anatomy, treatment and follow-up data were obtained. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients underwent either fistulotomy (50), insertion of permanent loose (drainage) seton (28) or EUA with or without drainage of abscess. Mean length of follow up was 11 months (SD 14.22). In the fistulotomy group, we found an overall success rate of 93 %. Secondary extensions were associated with failure to achieve cure (P = 0.008). Nine patients (20 %) suffered deterioration in continence after surgery. A longer time to referral was associated with impaired final continence. In the group referred from a surgeon in secondary care, 91 % of patients were cured, and continence impairment (mostly minor) rose from 32 % at referral to 40 % after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that it is safe and reasonable to offer fistulotomy to appropriate patients despite previous surgery and within the tertiary setting. By so doing, a very high rate of healing can be achieved in patients who have previously failed. The additional risk of impairment of continence is around one in five, and in the majority will represent only minor incontinence.

For many high anal fistulas, lay open is still a good option.

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment for high/complex anal fistulas is uncertain. We have studied one surgeon's results over a ten-year period, concentrating on high fistulas. METHODS: Demographic, fistula anatomy and treatment data were recorded for all patients undergoing surgery for anal fistula. Outcome data were recorded for patients who had been followed up for a minimum of 4 weeks. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty patients were studied. Outcome data were available for 52 low and 84 high fistulas. Fistulotomy was performed for 50 low and 48 high fistulas, with closure rates of 98 and 96%, respectively. There was fistula recurrence in two patients with high fistulas. Symptoms of sphincter disturbance were similar after lay open of low and high fistulas. Treatment of a high fistula by drainage seton had a lower rate of inadvertent passage of flatus but a similar rate of minor soiling compared with fistulotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Lay open of low and high anal fistulas is effective and associated with a similar, predictable rate of minor sphincter disturbance, amounting to a third to one quarter of patients with mild leakage of flatus and mucus. Patients with high fistulas can be cured, but when a surgeon is in doubt, a second opinion at an expert centre should be sought before definitive intervention.

Effect of mutations on the detection of translational signals based on a communications theory approach.

Gene and regulatory sequence identification is the first step in the functional annotation of any genome. Identification and annotation of such elements in the genome is a fundamental challenge in genomics and computational biology. Since regulatory elements are often short and variable, their identification and discovery using computational algorithms is difficult. However, significant advances have been made in the computational methods for modeling and detection of DNA regulatory elements. This paper proposes a novel use of techniques and principles from communications engineering and coding theory for modeling, identification and analysis of genomic regulatory elements and biological sequences. The last 13 bases sequence in the 16S rRNA molecule was used as a test sequence and was detected using the proposed models. Results show that the proposed models are not only able to identify this regulatory element (RE) in the mRNA sequence, but also can help identify coding from noncoding regions. The models described in this work where used to study the effect of mutations in the last 13 bases sequence of the 16S rRNA molecule. The obtained results showed total agreement with published investigations on mutations which further certify the biological relevance of the proposed models.

A novel gene detection method based on period-3 property.

Processing of biomolecular sequences using communication theory techniques provides powerful approaches for solving highly relevant problems in bioinformatics by properly mapping character strings into numerical sequences. We provide an optimized procedure for predicting protein-coding regions in DNA sequences based on the period-3 property of coding region. We present a digital correlating and filtering approach in the process of predicting these regions, and find out their locations by using the magnitude of the output sequence. These approaches result in improved computational techniques for the solution of useful problems in genomic information science and technology.

Calcified pleural plaque mimicking a traumatic pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax is a common presentation to the emergency department, arising from traumatic and non-traumatic aetiologies. Diagnosis of non-tension pneumothorax is by a visible lung edge on chest radiography together with the absence of lung markings more peripherally. The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) system recommends tube thoracostomy as the definitive treatment for traumatic pneumothorax. The case is described of a patient who presented following thoracic trauma with an unusual finding on chest radiography that led to diagnostic confusion by mimicking a pneumothorax.

Ritual circumcision: no longer a problem for health services in the British Isles.

INTRODUCTION: Primary care trust (PCT) funding of a ritual circumcision service has recently been withdrawn from our unit, raising concerns that this may result in greater morbidity from community circumcision. The aims of this study were to document our circumcision practice before and after the withdrawal of PCT funding and to determine its effect on the morbidity from circumcision. In addition, we wanted to survey all paediatric surgical centres in the British Isles to ascertain how many still offer a ritual circumcision service. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our circumcision practice for 1 year prior to the removal of UK Government funding, and then performed a prospective audit of our practice for the 12 months following funding withdrawal. An e-mail survey was also performed of all paediatric surgical units to determine the ritual circumcision service provision throughout the British Isles. RESULTS: A total of 213 boys underwent circumcision during the 12 months prior to the withdrawal of funding, of which 106 cases (50%) were ritual circumcisions. After funding withdrawal, 99 boys underwent circumcision, of which 98 cases (99%) were for medical reasons. A similar number of boys were re-admitted after a hospital circumcision during the two review periods (5 versus 4 patients), whereas the number admitted following a community circumcision rose after funding withdrawal (6 versus 11 patients). Only a third of British paediatric surgical centres offer a ritual circumcision service, and a significant pro- portion of these were either providing the service without PCT funding, or were reconsidering their decision to continue. CONCLUSIONS: PCT funding withdrawal for ritual circumcision had an impact on our unit's procedural case volume. This represented a cost saving to the trust, despite a higher rate of admissions for postoperative complications. There is an inequality in healthcare provision throughout the British Isles for ritual circumcision, and we feel it is vital to offer support and training to medical and non-medical practitioners who are being asked to perform a greater number of circumcisions in the community.

The surgical management of aortic root vessel anomalies presenting in adults.

Anomalies of the aortic root vessels may present in adults and are common incidental findings during standard vascular imaging. Knowledge of their presentation and management is important for surgeons dealing with vascular pathology within these anomalous vessels. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and a review of the current opinion performed on the embryology, clinical features, and surgical treatment of aortic root vessel anomalies, with particular emphasis on their management in adults. A classification system for aortic arch anomalies based on arch configuration is presented: (1) double aortic arch, (2) right aortic arch, (3) left aortic arch with abnormal branching, and (4) interrupted aortic arch. Anomalies of the aortic root vessels may be classified based on their presence or absence, their anomalous size or course, or their atypical origin, bifurcation, or subsequent branching pattern. A symptomatic aberrant right subclavian artery may be encountered by vascular surgeons, and a right supraclavicular approach would appear the most appropriate method of repair. Knowledge of aortic arch and root vessel anomalies is important for any clinician dealing with cardiothoracic, head and neck, or intracranial pathology. Vascular surgeons may encounter these anomalies during routine practice and may need to deal with their clinical sequelae.

Kikuchi's disease: an important cause of cervical lymphadenopathy.

Kikuchi's disease is a form of necrotising lymphadenitis typically presenting in young women with lymphadenopathy. A case of Kikuchi's disease is reported in order to highlight the diagnostic confusion that is often associated with the condition. The possibility of the disease should be taken into account in any patient presenting with unexplained lymphadenopathy, and consideration of the diagnosis is particularly important before the introduction of potentially inappropriate drug therapy.

Common peroneal nerve injury as a complication of short saphenous vein surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury following short saphenous vein surgery (SSV) in a UK district general hospital, and establish possible risk factors, and preventative strategies to minimize the risk of nerve injury following this type of surgery. METHODS: Retrospective review of all cases of SSV surgery performed in a single institution during the period January 2002-October 2004. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients underwent SSV surgery during the review period. Three patients (4.7%) developed a CPN injury postoperatively. One patient recovered fully after 24 h, whereas the other two patients' symptoms recovered within six months. All three patients had a saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) located high above the popliteal skin crease. CONCLUSIONS: CPN injury during SSV surgery occurs with an appreciable frequency. In view of this, there is a need for a revised approach to the management of SSV disease, possibly incorporating less-invasive techniques such as endovenous closure.

Tumour angiogenesis: the relevance to surgeons.

INTRODUCTION: Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels, and is a key feature of malignant tumours. Surgeons involved in the management of patients with malignant disease need to be aware of angiogenic mechanisms and their surgical implications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A literature search was used to review recent developments in our understanding of the factors and processes involved in tumour angiogenesis, and how these will impact on the care of patients with malignant disease encountered by surgeons. RESULTS: Angiogenesis is fundamental to all stages of the malignant process, and involves a complex interaction between mediators secreted by tumour cells and host cells. Intense investigation continues into therapies targeting components of the angiogenic cascade. Imaging modalities capable of measuring the angiogenic activity of a tumour are also being studied in order to predict prognosis and select suitable patients for anti-angiogenic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: As the use of these anti-angiogenic therapies becomes more wide-spread, they may have implications on the healing rates of cutaneous wounds and intracorporeal anastomoses.

The impact of surgically induced ischaemia on protein levels in patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery.

The goal of targeted therapy has driven a search for markers of prognosis and response to adjuvant therapy. The surgical resection of a solid tumour induces tissue ischaemia and acidosis, both potent mediators of gene expression. This study investigated the impact of colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery on prognostic and predictive marker levels. Tumour expression of thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, cyclin A, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), carbonic anhydrase-9, hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) proteins was determined before and after rectal cancer surgery. Spectral imaging of tissue sections stained by immunohistochemistry provided quantitative data. Surgery altered thymidylate synthase protein expression (P=0.02), and this correlated with the change in the proliferation marker cyclin A. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, VEGF, and GLUT-1 proteins was also different following surgery. Colorectal cancer surgery significantly impacts on intratumoral gene expression, suggesting archival specimens may not accurately reflect in situ marker levels. Although rectal cancer was the studied model, the results may be applicable to any solid tumour undergoing extirpation in which molecular markers have been proposed to guide patient therapy.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is a poor measure of rectal cancer angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive measurement of rectal cancer angiogenesis and hypoxia. METHODS: Fifteen patients with rectal adenocarcinoma underwent preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI. Microvessel density (CD31 level), and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) 9 were measured immunohistochemically in histological tumour sections from 12 patients. Serum VEGF levels were also measured in 14 patients. Correlations between quantitative imaging indices and immunohistochemical variables were examined. RESULTS: There was good correlation between circulating VEGF and CD31 expression (r(S) = 0.88, P < 0.001). CD31 expression did not correlate with any dynamic MRI parameter, except transfer constant, with which it correlated inversely (r(S) = -0.65, P = 0.022). Tissue and circulating VEGF levels did not correlate, and neither correlated with any tumour DCE MRI parameter. No relationship was seen between BOLD MRI and CA-9 expression. CONCLUSION: The negative correlation between transfer constant (reflecting tumour blood flow and microvessel permeability) with CD31 expression is paradoxical. DCE MRI methods for assessing tissue vascularity correlate poorly with histological markers of angiogenesis and hypoxia, suggesting that DCE MRI does not simply reflect static histological vascular properties in patients with rectal cancer.

The effect of surgically induced ischaemia on gene expression in a colorectal cancer xenograft model.

Delays in tissue fixation following tumour vascular clamping and extirpation may adversely affect subsequent protein and mRNA analysis. This study investigated the effect of surgically induced ischaemia in a xenograft model of a colorectal cancer on the expression of a range of prognostic, predictive, and hypoxic markers, with a particular emphasis on thymidylate synthase. Vascular occlusion of human tumour xenografts by D-shaped metal clamps permitted defined periods of tumour ischaemia. Alterations in protein expression were measured by immunohistochemistry and spectral imaging, and changes in mRNA were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Thymidylate synthase expression decreased following vascular occlusion, and this correlated with cyclin A expression. A similar reduction in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase was also seen. There were significant changes in the expression of several hypoxic markers, with carbonic anhydrase-9 showing the greatest response. Gene transcriptional levels were also noted to change following tumour clamping. In this xenograft model, surgically induced tumour ischaemia considerably altered the gene expression profiles of several prognostic and hypoxic markers, suggesting that the degree of tumour ischaemia should be minimised prior to tissue fixation.

Spontaneously arising superficial temporal artery aneurysms: a report of two cases and review of the literature.

The majority of superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysms are due to trauma and are, in reality, false aneurysms. However, true STA aneurysms are extremely rare. Here, we present two cases of spontaneous superficial temporal artery aneurysms arising without any previous history of trauma.