INDIVIDUAL ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE ANTEROPOSTERIOR LATERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE FACIAL SKULL IN MATURE ADULTS.

Despite the significance of anatomical variability in various specialties, there is currently limited research dedicated to this topic. Most studies focus on the brain, with only a small number examining the human skull, primarily in relation to anatomical variability in childhood. AIM: Therefore, the aim of our work is to determine the individual anatomical variability of the lateral dimensions of the facial section of the adult human skull. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 115 skulls of mature individuals, comprising 35 dry bone specimens from the anatomy museum collection and 80 results from human head CT scans without bone tissue pathologies. To detail the craniometric characteristics of the lateral surface of the facial section of the skull, polygons (polygons) were constructed with dividing of the facial section of the skull is into the orbital-frontal, nasal, and maxillary. The facial profilegram of the skull was formed as a set of predetermined dimensions between facial profile points, presenting a continuous line passing through points gl-n-rhi-ns-pr-id-pg, reflecting the shape, dimensions, and position of the cranial profile of mature adults regardless of sex or cranial type. RESULTS: It was established that the longitudinal anteroposterior dimensions of the facial skull exhibit a certain range of variability in mature individuals depending on gender. For instance, the distance between the points gl-po (glabella-porion) reaches its maximum values in individuals with a brachycranial skull shape, ranging from 107 mm to 130 mm in men and from 104 mm to 128 mm in women. In individuals with a mesocranial skull shape, this parameter gradually decreases to 109-126 mm in men and 107-124 mm in women. A similar decrease is observed in those with a dolichocranial skull shape, where the range is 109-121 mm in men and 109-120 mm in women. The distance between n-po (nasion-porion) in brachycranial and mesocranial individuals remains within 96-123 mm and 102-123 mm, regardless of gender, indicating that this parameter is relatively stable. However, in dolichocranial individuals, this distance decreases to 104-115 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Individual anatomical variability of the anteroposterior lateral dimensions of the facial skeleton in mature individuals has been determined. A more in-depth analysis of the existing range of individual variability in the profile configuration of the facial skull was conducted using sagittal polygons. It was found that the polygons gl-po-n, n-po-rhi, and rhi-po-ns relate to the structure of the bony profile of the orbital-temporal and nasal regions of the facial skull, reflecting the upper, combined orbital-nasal section of the head.

ORGANOMETRIC CHANGES IN THYMUS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL.

The scientific interest in the influence of xenobiotics on the human body is due to the fact that immune organs are characterized by a pronounced response to the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Recently, the immunological impairment, as a manifestation of reactions to ecopathogenic conditions, suggests a major pathogenesis role in the development of cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as diffuse diseases of connective tissue. Objectives - experiment was designed to elucidate the organometric changes in thymus of male rats due to impact of propylene glycol. 40 WAG matured male rats were divided randomly into two groups. The first group served as a control and constituted 8 animals. The second group of 32 rats, 8 rodents in each, were treated via gavage by aqueous solutions of propylene glycol in doze 1/10 LD50 in conversion to 26,38 g/kg during 7, 15, 30, 45 days. All animals were sacrificed on the term defined by experimental design. Thymus specimens were dissected out, and linear dimensions (length, width, height) using digital caliper were measured, along with mass and volume of the thymus. Limits of the thymus morphometric indices' variability in intact and experimental groups were calculated. The research indicates that exposure to propylene glycol caused marked organometric changes in rats' thymus. However, more pronounced changes were observed on 7th and 30th days. Were established the following limits of variability indices oscillations: IndHL of the experimental group thymus ranged from min=12.57 to max=47.54, the mean value was from 24.67 to 28.02; IndHW of the experimental group thymus ranged from min=11.96 to max=88.73, the mean value was from 36.78 to 41.41; IndT of the experimental group ranged from min = 38.17 to max=141.3, the mean value was from 71.1 to 86.52. The study of the morphometric parameters of the thymus in the experimental group of rats has established a significant reduction of all parameters and their deviation from the parameters of the control group, that shows active reaction of thymus on induced xenobiotic.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF XENOBIOTICS.

Nowadays scientific achievements in various areas of lives have caused the creation of more and more «foreign body substances¼ known as xenobiotics. As it is widely accepted that human health is a product of both genetics and the environment; and premise that also holds true for the immune system with unclear morphogenetic aspect, so we selected the purpose of our work as detection of ultrastructural changes in the spleen and thymus under the influence of tryglycidyl ether of polyoxypropylenetriol (TEPPT) and propylene glycol (PP). Subacute experiment has been performed on the matured male rat's with administration of 1/10 LD50 and 1/100 LD50 of TEPPT and PP during 7 days, 15 days, 30 days and 45 days. Obtained materials of spleen and thymus have been investigated with ultramicroscopic and histological examination. Detection of cellular density has been performed. On the base of obtained results we can conclude that structure of spleen and thymus is susceptible to influence of TEPPT and PP. Ultrastructural changes in those organs of the immune system are characterized by margination of chromatin in nuclei, appearance of pronounced invaginations of karyolemma till fragmentation of nuclei; condensed, wrinkled cytoplasm, dilatation of mitochondria, vacuolization of cytoplasm. Such changes are manifestation of hydropic dystrophy and apoptosis development with resulting in reducing of cellular density in 45 days more pronounced under TEPPT influence with 1/10 LD50 dose: in mantle zone of spleen follicle from 171.1±4.1to 123.7±10.8 cells/104 µm2, in marginal zone of spleen follicle from 104.6±3.8 to 79.4±9.7, in cortical zone of thymus from 180.1±3.9 to 128.3±9.1, in medullar zone of thymus from 137.4±3.7 to 98.6±8.3.

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THE SPLEEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LAPROXIDES.

Rapid technology growth and its implementation in all spheres of the people's lives dictates the necessity for thorough study of the influence of different chemicals on human's health. This study was undertaken to elucidate the structural changes that occur in the matured rats' spleen experimentally induced by selected xenobiotic, so, purpose of our work was detection of microscopic peculiarities of the spleen under the influence of laproxides. In subacute experiment were uncovered organometric alterations of the matured male rat's spleen after the administration of 1/10 LD50 of polyether-tryglycidyl ether of polyoxypropylene triol (TEPPT). The study was performed on 72 outbreed WAG male matured rats with the weight 200±10g. Histological slides were studied with performing morphometric and statistical methods. We revealed changes of morphologiс data in comparison to control data which shows reactivity of the spleen in response to the induced xenobiotic. The received and analyzed data demonstrate the morphological changes of the spleen, specifically changes of the linear dimensions and weight of the spleen due to the influence of the TEPPT. The spleen is very sensitive to the effects of xenobiotics, in particular, TEPPT that is even reflected in its grossly (weight and linear dimensions) and histological features (reliable changes of the of the white pulp area of the spleen from 17.87±1.04% to 27.37±1.71%, diameter of lymphatic follicles from 426.59±11.18 µm to 382.31±11.73 µm, width of the mantle zone from 45.73±1.08 µm to 37.18±2.29 µm, width of the marginal zone from 81.32±1.79 µm to 74.63±2.08 µm, width of the periarterial zone from 88.73±2.69 µm to 97.24±2.61 µm).

[Emoxipin in reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in dogs: effects on infarct size and plasma creatine kinase activity]. / Emoksipin pri reperfuzii ishemicheskogo miokarda u sobak: vliianie na razmer infarkta i kreatinkinaznuiu aktivnost' plazmy krovi.

The effects of synthetic antioxidant emoxypine on infarct size and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was studied on open-chest anesthetized dogs with 180-min myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. Emoxypine (10 and 40 mg/kg) was injected intravenously, beginning since 120th min of coronary artery occlusion. Emoxypine (10 mg/kg) resulted in infarct size limitation and reduction in plasma CK activity. An increase in dose of emoxypine to 40 mg/kg largely attenuated its protective effect on infarct size. CK activity during post-ischemic reperfusion was even higher in emoxypine (40 mg/kg) group compared with control. Augmented CK leakage from irreversibly injured myocardium to plasma under these experimental conditions may be owing to preservation of microvascular integrity and improving of drainage of infarcted tissue exerted by emoxypine.

[Effectiveness of synthetic opioid peptide dalargin in acute myocardial infarction]. / Effektivnost' sinteticheskogo opioidnogo peptida dalargina pri ostrom infarkte miokarda.

The synthetic opioid peptide dalargin was examined for its potency in 86 patients with primary transmural myocardial infarction. The agent was shown to contribute to a decrease in initially elevated plasma cortisol levels and an increase in beta-endorphine and leucine-enkephaline concentrations. Myocardial contractility became normal by reducing the hyperfunction of its intact segments. This was evidenced by antistressor effects of the drug. However, no substantial effect was found on the clinical course of the disease, evolution of myocardial infarction, plasma CPK MB. The left ventricular contractility showed severe depression.

[Peace-time thoraco-abdominal injuries]. / Torakoabdomina'lnye raneniia mirnogo vremeni.

The article discusses the diagnosis of thoracoabdominal wound (TAW) in 190 patients and the results of their operative treatment, information given in a questionnaire by 70 patients and out-patient examination of 19 of them in the late-term period. The clinical abdominal symptomatology is encountered 7 times more frequently in TAW than in and in combination with the X-ray signs allowing the diagnosis to be made in 21.58% of cases with TAW. Contrast study of the wound canal, thoracoscopy, and diagnostic pneumoperitoneum make it possible to establish or reject the diagnosis of TAW in all patients examined. Thoracotomy in the 7th intercostal space or at a lower level with transdiaphragmatic laparotomy allows for correction of the injuries in the chest and abdomen in 92.30% of patients. The mortality rate was 2.63%.

[Errors in the diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in closed thoracic injuries]. / Oshibki diagnostiki travmaticheskikh gryzh diafragmy pri zakrytykh povrezhdeniiakh grudi.

An analysis of 48 patients with traumatic hernias of the diaphragm is given. The authors consider in detail their errors in diagnosis in acute period of trauma and later. Recommendations are given for the prevention of late erroneous diagnosis of diaphragm hernias.

[Effect of dibunol and isoptin on the creatine kinase and myoglobin content of the blood serum in dogs undergoing postischemic coronary reperfusion]. / Vliianie dibunola i izoptina na soderzhanie kreatinkinazy i mioglobina v syvorotke krovi sobak pri postishemicheskoi koronarnoi reperfuzii.

The effect of an antioxidant dibunol and calcium antagonist verapamil on postperfusion release of myoglobin (Mb) and MB-creatine kinase (MB-CK) has been assessed in 30 dogs with experimental coronary occlusive myocardial infarction. It has been shown that reperfusion after 3-hour ischemia does not only accelerate the release of intracellular proteins, but also leads to pronounced myoglobinemia and blood enzymes. In postischemic blood flow recovery with combined dibunol and verapamil preliminary injections, an almost threefold decrease in MB-CK and Mb blood content, as compared to "reperfusion" indexes, was observed by the 10th minute of reperfusion.

[Characteristics of the surgical treatment of children in a pediatric thoracic department]. / Osobennosti khirurgicheskogo lecheniia detei v detskom torakal'nom otdelenii.

On the basis of their experiences with the treatment of 1306 children the authors discuss problems of diagnostics and treatment of different congenital and acquired diseases of the lungs and esophagus.

[Reoperations on the lungs in children]. / Povtornye operatsii na legkikh u detei.

On the basis of an experience with 24 reoperations on the lungs in children at late terms, indications have been developed for such operations and for their volume. A rational complex of treatment in the period of preoperative management was determined. Technical and tactical errors occupied the main place in the structure of causes resulting in reoperations. Recovery was achieved in all the 24 patients.

[Therapeutic possibilities of using phosphocreatine in complicated myocardial infarct]. / Terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti primeneniia fosfokreatina pri oslozhnennom infarkte miokarda.

A total of 40 patients with complicated myocardial infarction (MI), with life threatening arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. II-IV degree after Walk's classification, with a concomitant pathology were investigated. Phosphocreatine (PC) therapy (i. v. infusions for 3 days at a total dose of 144 g) made a positive effect on a course of disease. A degree of clinical symptoms of heart failure lessened in 26 patients, disturbed cardiac rhythm got stable in 23 patients. A PC positively inotropic effect was observed. The comparison of the results of PC therapy with those of 173 MI patients on routine therapy showed heart contractility preserved at a higher level and the improvement of gas exchange. A conclusion was made of a favorable effect of the drug on a course of complicated MI.

[Diagnosis and treatment of benign tumors and cysts of the mediastinum]. / Diagnostika i lechenie dobrokachestvennykh opukholei i kist sredosteniia.

The experience of treatment of 253 cases of benign tumors and cysts of the mediastinum is summarized. Complex X-ray and endoscopic examination was used for diagnosis. Due to application of thoracoscopy, topical and morphologic diagnosis was improved. Surgery was the main method of treatment. Radical operations were carried out in 98.9% and in 6.3% they involved resection of the rib, lung, pericardium, the membranous part of the trachea and bronchus, esophageal diverticulum or removal of diaphragmatic hernia. The complicated and life-threatening nature of the procedure is mirrored in the postoperative lethality rate (1.57%) and pattern of complications and requires a strict observance of the suggested principles of surgery.

[Rate of development and the size of the necrotic focus in patients with myocardial infarct treated by intracoronary thrombolysis]. / Skorost' formirovaniia i velichina ochaga nekroza u bol'nykh infarktom miokarda pri provedenii vnutrikoronarnogo trombolizisa.

Streptokinase intracoronary thrombolytic therapy (ITT) was given to 68 of 135 patients with large-focal myocardial infarction (MI) admitted to hospital within 6 hours of the attack. Coronary flow was recovered in 31 MI patients. The size of the necrotic focus was assessed on the basis of precordial cartograms from 35 ECG leads and serial measurements of MB CPK activity. ITT achieving successful thrombolysis is conducive to rapid formation and accelerated repair of the necrotic focus in MI patients. The recovery of coronary circulation after 3 hours of infarction was accompanied by the reperfusion syndrome, i. e. rapid necrotization of the ischemized region, a considerable release of MB CPK into the circulation, complex cardiac rhythm and conductivity disorders, and signs of transient heart failure.