Evaluation of Etiological Causes and Factors Affect Length of Hospitalization in Neonates Hospitalized with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the risk factors by examining the sociodemographic characteristics of infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), to determine the factors that affect the duration of hospitalization, and to determine the underlying microbial factors and evaluate them in the light of the literature. Methods: This study evaluated the data of newborns hospitalized with LTRI between 01 October 2022 and 31 March 2023. Demographic characteristics of the patients detected viral agents, duration of hospitalization and risk factors were recorded in the study form. Babies divided viral LRTI and non-viral LRTI, and then compared with each other. Additionally, the facts that might affect the duration of hospitalization were investigated. Results: The study included 57 babies. Viral agent was detected in 50.9% of the babies, the most frequently viral agent was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (48.2%). Other viral factors, in order of frequency; Adenovirus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A and B. There is no demographic difference between the viral agent positive and negative groups. The patients were evaluated according to length of hospitalization, it was seen that the hospital stay was longer in babies who were found to be viral positive and needed oxygen therapy (p=0.02, p=0.03, respectively). The male gender ratio was higher in the group with longer hospital stays, but this difference was not statistically significant. Although the rate of exclusive breastfeeding was higher in the group with a short hospitalization period, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: RSV is currently the most frequently detected viral agent in lower respiratory tract infections in newborns. The hospital stay of babies diagnosed with RSV is longer than those with non-RSV viral agents. So struggling with RSV is important in preventing lower respiratory tract infections in newborns. It is necessary to develop a vaccine or immunoglobulin application against RSV infection not only for preterm babies but also for all newborn babies.

Secondary Gains of Strategies to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Has the Frequency of Healthcare-Associated Infections Decreased?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and distribution of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during COVID-19 infection. METHODS: We compared all cases hospitalized in the NICU and diagnosed with HAIs between 1 March - 1 September 2019 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and 1 March - 1 September 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 957 babies, 427 babies in the pre-COVID-19 period and 530 babies during the COVID-19 pandemic. HAIs were determined in 47 patients (60 attacks) and 39 patients (44 attacks) in the pre-COVID-19 period and during the COVID-19 period, respectively. HAIs incidence density (per1000 hospitalization days) was found 5.43 in pre-COVID-19 period and 4.87 in COVID-19 period. During the COVID-19 period, there was a significant decrease in the HAI incidence density and bloodstream infection (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 infection prevention strategies helped reduce the frequency of HAIs especially in bloodstream infection in NICU.

Role of Postnatal Corticosteroids in the Treatment or Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

As the frequency of viable low birth weight preterm babies increases, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), one of the most important morbidities in these babies, also increases. Using postnatal steroids to reduce the development of BPD has not been fully enlightened. Besides all prevention strategies for reducing the development of BPD, it is known that steroid therapy used in the 1st week of life could induce negative neuromotor development according to current data. It may be recommended to administer low-dose dexamethasone between 8 and 49 days in infants dependent on mechanical ventilators in the postnatal period. It is seen that the use of hydrocortisone in the early period does not cause negative neuromotor development, but it cannot prevent the development of BPD as much as dexamethasone. All intensive care units must have their steroid protocol for BPD and use steroids in cases when the BPD development scale score is >60-65% and should have a goal of trying to keep the cumulative dose at the lowest level.

COVID-19 Management in Newborn Babies in the Light of Recent Data: Breastfeeding, Rooming-in and Clinical Symptoms.

COVID-19 infection proceeds to spread rapidly, it has affected approximately 22 million people and resulted in 770.000 deaths worldwide so far (18 August 2020). The effect of COVID-19 infection on newborn babies still remains unclear. There is limited data regarding the effect of the virus in fetal life and among neonates after birth. Due to insufficient data, an ideal management method or treatment and follow-up guideline for disease in newborn babies cannot be established. In the recent three studies with the highest number of cases, it is reported that mothers who had COVID-19 infection in the last trimester, can breastfeed their babies if they comply with the appropriate hygiene and transmission prevention rules. It is also reported that pregnant women who got infected during pregnancy, have higher rates of maternal mortality, preterm birth frequency and cesarean delivery. Moreover it is asserted that vertical transmisson of the virus is possible and the babies who have community-acquired COVID-19 infection after birth often have symptoms of fever, hypoxemia, cough, tachypnea, less frequently feeding difficulty, retraction, ral, nasal congestion and exanthema. Topics as; its transmission via vaginal secretions during vaginal delivery, presence of the virus in breast milk and whether it has a teratogenic effect in intrauterine period, have not been fully explained. In this study, it is aimed to review the studies on newborn babies with COVID-19 infection and to compile the epidemic data, clinical findings, diagnosis and current information recommended for treatment. Although there is a limited number of published data on babies of mothers who had COVID-19 infection in the last period of pregnancy and babies who had infection in the neonatal period, the effects of the virus on the fetus in the early period of pregnancy and the long-term problems of newborn babies remain unknown.