Fertility preservation and reproductive health in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult female cancer patient.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As treatments for malignancies become increasingly successful, emphasis on quality of life in survivorship becomes important. Of equal importance is the role of gonadotoxic agents in the management of chronic medical conditions, such as nonmalignant blood disorders and rheumatologic and genetic conditions. Gonadotoxic agents have long-term effects to include ovarian insufficiency, pubertal arrest and subsequent infertility. RECENT FINDINGS: In 2004, ovarian tissue cryopreservation emerged as an investigational but viable option for prepubertal patients and those unable to undergo ovarian stimulation. In 2012, oocyte preservation became standard therapy for patients without a partner or who elected not to use donor sperm or freeze embryos. Ovarian reserve testing with antimullerian hormone to assess fertility after gonadotoxic therapy is a rapidly growing area of interest with potentially significant benefits in personalizing the approach to fertility preservation. SUMMARY: A systematic approach to fertility preservation prior to treatment in all patients receiving gonadotoxic agents optimizes care. Fertility preservation strategies can restore hormonal function and preserve reproductive potential. Future research in personalizing approach to care is critical to meeting the needs of this patient population.

Ethical quandaries in gamete-embryo cryopreservation related to oncofertility.

While cancer rates continue to increase, therapy has dramatically decreased the mortality rates. The increased efficacy of current therapies may unfortunately have profound toxic effects on gamete function in both adolescent and reproductive age groups, with infertility as an expected consequence of cancer therapy. Significant progress in the advancement of fertility preservation therapies provides realistic options for future fertility in cancer survivors. However, a number of challenging issues need to be considered when presenting fertility preservation options. This overview highlights some of these considerations including religious-cultural-ethical values, access to care and cost of services, developmental capacity and consent, and posthumous reproduction.

The incidence, attitudes and practices of the removal of pubic hair as a body modification.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, attitudes, and practices of the removal of pubic hair as a body modification. DESIGN: A voluntary, anonymous survey was conducted among adolescents and young women 12-20 years of age seen in gynecology clinics in Houston, Texas. RESULTS: There were a total of 171 adolescent participants surveyed, of whom 70.4% of reported routinely shaving or waxing their pubic hair. More traditional body modification methods were evaluated, and 3.5% reported tattoos and 57.1% reported piercings. Sexually active participants were more likely to remove pubic hair routinely. The areas of the body where the participants felt there was "too much" hair included the genital area, upper lip, and abdomen. Of total respondents, 14.7% reported feeling "pressure" from friends or family to participate in body modification such as tattooing, piercing, or removal of pubic hair. The decision to participate in body modification was mostly influenced by friends and family. CONCLUSION: Based on this study, removal of pubic hair as a body modification is common. The results of this study demonstrated that removal of pubic hair was more common in sexually active participants compared to non-sexually active participants. Therefore, providers should additionally be aware that removal of pubic hair may be a warning sign of sexual behaviors or impending sexual activity.

Fertility preservation in pediatric, adolescent and young adult female cancer patients.

Advancements in chemotherapy and radiation therapies have increased survival rates in cancer patients. Late effects of therapy, including infertility, become increasingly more important with increased survival. High dose alkylating agents, total body irradiation and radiation to the gonads have the greatest effect on fertility. Fertility preservation therapies improve the reproductive potential of adolescent and young adult cancer patients receiving cancer therapies. Gonadal shielding, ovarian transposition and embryo cryopreservation are standard fertility preserving therapies. Oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation have proven successful and the latter may be implemented under IRB approval. Gonadal suppression with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) therapy has yielded conflicting results and larger prospective trials in both adolescents and adults are necessary. A team approach involving oncology, gynecology and reproductive endocrinology and infertility provides the best outcome for patients.

Juvenile granulosa cell ovarian tumor: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile granulosa cell tumors (JGCT) are rare ovarian tumors that frequently present with precocious puberty. Presentation in infants less than a year of age is also rare. CASE: We describe a 10-month-old infant who presented with both premature thelarche and adrenarche due to JGCT. Laboratory evaluation revealed classic elevation of estradiol and inhibin B, and less classic elevation of total and free testosterone. Oophorectomy and staging resulted in a diagnosis of Stage IA JGCT. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Survival rates are >95% among patients diagnosed under 10 years of age. Tumor recurrence is rare but can occur as late as 48 months. Therefore, tumor surveillance is warranted for patients with even a Stage IA JGCT and involves monitoring serial inhibin B levels along with intermittent imaging.

Adenomyosis in the adolescent population: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: This report presents a rare cause of dysmenorrhea in the adolescent female and the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2 weighted sequence in the identification of adenomyosis. CASE: Two adolescents who presented with persistent pelvic pain in the absence of outflow tract obstruction or biopsy confirmed endometriosis had MRI-findings consistent with adenomyosis. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: In the adolescent female presenting with persistent dysmenorrhea, a diagnosis of adenomyosis is rare but should remain a possibility as one considers the differential diagnosis.

Innovations in contraception: a review.

New forms of contraception have been developed to improve the safety and tolerability of contraceptive methods without compromising efficacy. The newest developments in contraception including low and ultra-low doses of estrogen, less-androgenic 19 nor-testosterone progestins, and the nonsteroidal progestin drospirenone, the Quick Start method to improve compliance of oral contraceptives, and the contraceptive transdermal patch, the vaginal estrogen-progestin ring, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system, and the hysteroscopic transcervical sterilization techniques are discussed.