Shrimp peptide hydrolysate modulates the immune response in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice model.

Bioactive peptides are naturally found in various foods and were shown to have various distinct physiological as well as medicinal benefits. In this study shrimp peptide hydrolysate (SPH) was prepared to investigate its immunomodulatory effect against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced immunosuppressed mice. The SPH effect was also analyzed on murine macrophage (RAW264.7 cells). The findings show that SPH stimulates macrophages to form multiple pseudopodia, has no cytotoxic effect, and increases phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the immunosuppressed in-vivo model illustrates the improvement in various aspects, that is body weight, escalation in immune organ index, and ameliorates histopathological transformation of thymus along with the spleen. SPH enhances cell-mediated immunity by facilitating splenocyte proliferation and inhibit excessive apoptosis. Moreover, the significant outcome had been observed with the upregulation of cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) level and simultaneously downregulate certain genes include interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Additionally, SPH expedites cellular immunity by enhancing the regulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). However, these findings support the hypothesis that SPH is an effective immunomodulatory agent capable of preventing immune system hypofunction. It is necessary to investigate the detailed mechanism to rule out any unforeseen effects of SPH in future research. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chemotherapy medications, despite their dominating detrimental effects of damaging immunological organs such as the spleen and thymus, extend the treatment process as well as the destruction of the self-immune system. This study found that SPH is an effective immunomodulatory agent capable of avoiding immune organ hypofunction and improving cell mediate immunity by enhancing macrophage activation, phagocytosis, spleenocyte proliferation, suppressing apoptosis, and elevating cytokines and antibodies. As a result, SPH can be utilized as a nutritional and functional dietary supplement to boost immunological modulation in combination with chemotherapy medications in order to lessen their adverse effects.

Effects of Shrimp Peptide Hydrolysate on Intestinal Microbiota Restoration and Immune Modulation in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice.

The gut microbiota is important in regulating host metabolism, maintaining physiology, and protecting immune homeostasis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis affects the development of the gut microenvironment, as well as the onset of various external systemic diseases and metabolic syndromes. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug that suppresses the host immune system, intestinal mucosa inflammation, and dysbiosis of the intestinal flora. Immunomodulators are necessary to enhance the immune system and prevent homeostasis disbalance and cytotoxicity caused by CTX. In this study, shrimp peptide hydrolysate (SPH) was evaluated for immunomodulation, intestinal integration, and microbiota in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. It was observed that SPH would significantly restore goblet cells and intestinal mucosa integrity, modulate the immune system, and increase relative expression of mRNA and tight-junction associated proteins (Occludin, Zo-1, Claudin-1, and Mucin-2). It also improved gut flora and restored the intestinal microbiota ecological balance by removing harmful microbes of various taxonomic groups. This would also increase the immune organs index, serum levels of cytokines (IFN-ϒ, IL1ß, TNF-α, IL-6), and immunoglobin levels (IgA, IgM). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes proportion was decreased in CTX-induced mice. Finally, SPH would be recommended as a functional food source with a modulatory effect not only on intestinal microbiota, but also as a potential health-promoting immune function regulator.

Pre and post apheresis platelet CD markers evaluation using flow cytometry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of apheresis procedure on platelet's activation dependent glycoproteins' expression on their surface. METHODS: This study was conducted between June 2012 and June 2014, and comprised blood and platelet samples. Two samples were collected i.e. venous blood sample and apheresed platelet sample from the same donor. Platelet cluster of differentiation markers (41, 61, 62p and 63) were analysed within 2 hours of sample collection using flow cytometry. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 100 donors were recruited in this study. Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers' expression of 100 pre-apheresis and 100 platelet apheresis samples was compared after the completion of platelet apheresis procedure. CD 41 and 61 showed no significant difference between pre- and post-apheresis platelets; (p=0.447 and 0.712, respectively). CD 62p positivity of pre-apheresis platelets (9.57±5.88%), and post-apheresis platelets (55.57±24.59%) showed statistically highly significant difference (p<0.001). CD 63 expression of pre- and post-apheresis platelets was 14.19±11.84% and 40.77±16.08%, respectively (p=0.04). Moderate correlation existed between post-apheresis platelets' CD 62p and 63 (r=0.62).. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet CD markers 41 and 61 did not show any change in pre- and post-apheresis samples while expression of 62p and 63 increased during the apheresis.

Comparative analysis of serum iron, serum ferritin and red cell folate levels among breast fed, fortified milk and cow's milk fed infants.

OBJECTIVE: Iron and folic acid are essential nutrients needed for hematopoiesis. Infants' diet is commonly deficient in these micronutrients that lead to nutritional anemia. Aim of this study was to determine serum iron, serum ferritin and red cell folate levels among healthy breast fed, fortified milk and cow's milk fed infants. METHODS: A total of 120 infants of 4-9 months of age were enrolled in this study. It included 40 normal breast fed controls, 40 fortified milk fed (FM) and 40 cow's milk fed (CM) infants. Serum iron, serum ferritin and red cell folate concentrations were determined using colorimetric and enzyme immunoassay techniques. RESULTS: Mean serum iron, serum ferritin and red cell folate concentrations of breast fed control group were 120.9±68.4µg/dl, 109±71.7ng/ml and 1044.1±409.2ng/ml respectively. Fortified milk (FM) group showed significantly decreased serum iron (p<0.003) as compared with controls whereas serum ferritin and red cell folate values showed insignificant change (p=0.25 and p=0.85 respectively). However serum iron, serum ferritin and red cell folate were significantly decreased in cow's milk fed (CM) group as compared with control subjects (p<0.04, p<0.006, p<0.02 respectively). Comparison of these biochemical parameters between FM and CM groups showed statistically significant difference of serum ferritin and red cell folate among cow's milk group (p<0.0001 and p<0.02) whereas serum iron level showed no significant difference, a p-value being 0.38. CONCLUSION: Healthy breast fed infants do not need any supplementation and fortification of iron and folic acid. Fortified milk appears to be an acceptable alternative in the absence of breast milk whereas cow's milk is a poor source of iron and folic acid in infants.

Platelet receptors; an instrumental of platelet physiology.

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, inflammation, host defense, tumor growth and metastasis. Platelets receptors are instrumental in platelet-platelet aggregation and interaction of platelets with leukocytes, endothelial cells and coagulation factors. These receptors are also the targets for antiplatelet drugs. This review focuses on the role of platelet receptors in human physiology. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed journals using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, and the following terms (platelets, platelet receptors, CD markers, integrins, tetraspanins, transmembrane receptors, prostaglandin receptors, immunoglobulin superfamily receptors) were used.