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To improve arthroplasty care quality, the EndoCert initiative focuses on structural, processual, and surgeon-related quality assurance. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a surgeon's case load in certified centers on quality of care, distinguished by different types of surgeons. Data from the annual reports of EndoCert certified centers for the years 2017 to 2021 were analyzed. The study revealed reduced numbers of cases, while the number of surgeons remained constant. Since 2020, the decrease in the average case load per surgeons has become more pronounced. There were also differences between senior (sECrs) and EndoCert-registered surgeons (ECrs). Before the 2020 pandemic, over half of surgeons exceeded minimum annual case requirements, while, afterwards, this number declined, especially for the ECrs. Affiliated surgeons, who are also sECrs or ECrs, performed predominantly lower numbers of arthroplasties. However, a higher percentage of affiliated surgeons in a center correlated with faster surgeries and lower mortality rates. High numbers of arthroplasties per center or surgeon were not necessarily associated with better quality indicators, especially in the knee. While the comprehensive quality standards may offset volume effects, EndoCert should reconsider minimum volume regulations based on surgeon, but also on each joint.
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BACKGROUND: Proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) are common injuries that can lead to significant functional impairment. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and complications associated with the use of the Targon PH+ (Fa. Aesculap, Germany) intramedullary nail for the treatment of PHFs. METHODS: A subgroup consisting of 70 patients with a mean follow-up of 4.91 years out of 479 patients who underwent treatment with the Targon PH+ intramedullary nail for PHFs at a single center between 2014 and 2021 were included. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed using validated German versions of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L). Radiographic assessment was performed using pre- and postoperative imaging. RESULTS: Among the 70 patients of the subgroup who completed follow-up, 21.4% experienced complications, including major complications in 15.7% of cases, all of which were revised (revision rate of 15.7%). Anatomical reduction was achieved in 48,5% of cases. The mean DASH, ASES, and OSS scores were 25.4 ± 22.0, 76.2 ± 21.1, and 38.8 ± 10.3, respectively. Significant correlations were observed among the PROMs, indicating their convergent validity. Additionally, a significant correlation of all used PROMs and patient well-being (HRQoL) was observed. Severe complications and revisions were associated with significantly lower ASES scores (-11.1%, p = 0.013). There was a tendency for PROM scores to slightly decline with increasing fracture complexity, although this trend did not reach statistical significance. Our findings indicate that patients over the age of 65 years tend to exhibit lower scores in PROMs and HRQoL measures. CONCLUSION: The use of the Targon PH+ intramedullary nail for the treatment of PHFs resulted in satisfactory clinical outcomes and acceptable complication and revision rates. The PROMs and HRQoL measures indicated varying levels of disability and symptoms, with major complications, revision surgery, and age negatively impacting shoulder function after midterm follow-up.
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Septic arthritis of the shoulder is an urgent medical emergency that often occurs in elderly patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Retrospectively, 56 patients aged ≥60 years, treated for primary septic monoarthritis of the shoulder at a maximum care hospital between 1 July 2001, and 30 July 2022, were included in this study. The primary aim of the study was analyzing survival rates and different bacteria in these patients. For statistical analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival probability and the log-rank test was used to compare a survival probability of 5 years. The mean patient age was 78.7 years and a mean follow-up time of 3011.8 days. The mean survival of the entire study population was 920.3 days or 2.5 years. Significantly impaired 5-year survival was found only with increasing age and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (PS) classification scores. Eight different types of bacteria were detected in the synovial fluid cultures. A total of 42 of 48 overall pathogens was Gram-positive and 6 were Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was identified as the most frequent variant. We conclude that the mean survival is significantly shortened within the first 5 years with increasing age and ASA PS classification.
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BACKGROUND: Non-unions after intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures are a significant problem. Treatment options such as augmenting with plates or exchange nailing have been proposed. The ideal treatment remains controversial. METHODS: Augmentative plating using a 4.5 mm LCP or a 3.2 mm LCP leaving the nail in situ was tested biomechanically and compared to exchange intramedullary nailing in a SawboneTM model of a femoral shaft non-union. RESULTS: The difference of fracture gap motion in axial testing was small. In rotational testing, the exchange nail allowed for the largest amount of motion. The 4.5 mm augmentative plate was the most stable construct in all loading conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentative plating using a 4.5 mm LCP plate while leaving the nail in situ is biomechanically superior to exchange intramedullary nailing. A small fragment 3.2 mm LCP is undersized and does not reduce fracture motion sufficiently in a femoral shaft non-union.
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(1) Background: Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is an overuse condition of the knee extensor mechanism characterized by ventral knee pain at the lower pole of the patella and limited functionality. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, a group of patients with PT (n = 41) was compared with a control group (n = 50) in terms of patient-related data and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics. (3) Results: Patellar height was higher in the PT patient group and there was a significant difference in Caton-Deschamps index (CD) compared to the control group (p = 0.021). Patients with PT showed a lower patella-patellar tendon angle (PPTA) (p = 0.011). The patellar tendon thickness (PTT) in the proximal (PTTprox), middle (PTTmid) and distal (PTTdistal) part of the tendon was significantly thickened (p < 0.001). Increased signal intensity in MRI was detected in symptomatic tendons over 6 months compared to a duration of less than 6 months (p = 0.025). A significant relationship between the PTTprox and an increased signal intensity was observed (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Patients with PT showed a significant difference in the patellar height and PPTA. With persistence of symptoms over 6 months, MRI seems suitable to detect the morphologic tendon changes and further identify patients suitable for surgical procedures.
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BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of the finger often leads to global hand-function detriment. Different techniques for the arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint have been described that all lead to union in a reasonable percentage of patients and period of time. This biomechanical study aims to analyze and compare the primary stability of different techniques of arthrodesis to render postoperative immobilization unnecessary. METHODS: Arthrodeses of 40° of composite cylinders were tested with different techniques in four-point bending for stability in extension as well as flexion. RESULTS: In extension, the compression screw and the compression wires showed the highest stability-whereas in flexion, plate fusion was superior. Tension band, cerclage or compression screw fusion showed the best compromise in flexion/extension stability. CONCLUSIONS: Fusion techniques that apply compression to the fusion show superior stability. Cerclage, tension band and compression screws might be able to provide enough stability to withstand the forces exerted during unencumbered activities of daily living. Arthrodesis with plates should be limited to patients with special indications and require immobilization during consolidation.
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(1) Quadriceps tendon rupture (QTR) is a rare pathology, usually occurring in elderly patients with comorbidities, requiring surgical therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze rupture patterns and concomitant injuries using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures. (2) In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 113 patients with QTR were screened and rupture patterns/concomitant injuries (n = 33) were analyzed via MRI. Clinical outcome was assessed in 45 patients using the International Knee Documentation (IKDC) and Lysholm score with a mean follow-up of 7.2 (±5.0) years. (3) The evaluation of preoperative MRIs showed multiple ruptures of subtendons in 67% with concomitant knee injuries in 45%. The most common associated pathology detected using MRI was pre-existing tendinosis (31.2%). Surgical refixation demonstrated good results with a mean post-operative IKDC score of 73.1 (±14.1) and mean Lysholm score of 84.2 (±16.1). Patient characteristics and individual radiologic rupture patterns did not significantly affect the clinical outcome of patients. (4) Acute QTRs are complex injuries with common involvement of multiple subtendons. MRI imaging can be useful for achieving an accurate diagnosis as pre-existing tendinosis as well as concomitant injuries are common, and might be useful for providing an individual surgical strategy and improving outcomes.
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Background: Malnutrition might lead to a worse outcome in hip fractures of older patients. The purpose of this study is to analyze different indicators of malnutrition that lead to worse outcomes. Methods: 252 patients of a geriatric trauma unit were analyzed prospectively. Different demographic, as well as data on the trauma and whether osteoporosis prophylaxis or anticoagulation was present, were recorded. The nutritional status with respect to laboratory parameters as well as nutritional risk score was also analyzed. Results: The main finding of this study is that a poor nutritional status is statistically significantly associated with higher mortality as well as worse independence (p < 0.05). A postoperatively prescribed osteoporosis prophylaxis is protective of mortality and independence (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Malnutrition of geriatric patients increases the risk for death, worse mobility, and independence after hip fractures. Osteoporosis prophylaxis prescribed during an inpatient stay enables patients to retain their independence. The nutritional status of geriatric patients with hip fractures should be obtained and provisions made.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the current practice regarding the prevalence and sequence of x-ray and CT scan in diagnostic algorithms for multiple injured patients. METHODS: All primarily treated patients with ISS ≥ 9 were selected from the TraumaRegister DGU® (years 2008-2015; n = 109,257). Four subgroups of diagnostic algorithm were defined: CT only (group C; n = 63,763), CT before x-ray (group CX; n = 3711), x-ray followed by CT (group XC; n = 33,590), and x-ray only (group X, n = 8193). We analysed the type and sequence of diagnostic procedures and their association with hospital mortality and length-of-stay in the emergency room (ER-LOS). RESULTS: Predominant strategies were CT only (58.4%) and x-ray followed by CT (30.7%). Overall mortality was between 10 and 12% in all subgroups involving CT, and 6.6% in the x-ray only group. Expected mortality was within the 95% confidence of observed mortality except for the CX group (observed 10.0%; CI95 8.9-11.0; expected 11.1%). Mean / median length of stay in the emergency room was shortest in the CT only subgroup: (60 / 50 min). Prior x-ray diagnostic resulted in additional 3 min (group XC). The use of additional x-ray diagnostic decreased from 51.6% (in 2008) to 35.4% (in 2015). CONCLUSIONS: ER-LOS is significantly affected by diagnostic pathway. CT scan alone accelerates ER-LOS, which however was not associated with lower mortality rates. Performing completive x-ray examinations after an initial CT scan seems not to deteriorate mortality rates.
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Traumatismo Múltiplo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Humanos , Raios X , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Sistema de Registros , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Tempo de Internação , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/terapiaRESUMO
Knee injuries are one of the most common injuries. Falls during the immobilization period can deteriorate the postoperative outcome. The risk factors causing falls after initial injury and the question of whether a rigid orthosis serves as a protective factor remain unclear. The primary aim of the study was to record the fall rate in the first six weeks after arthroscopic intervention. The secondary aim was to assess the influences of risk factors and protective factors on these fall ratios. Different scores were examined and compared in the groups 'fall event' and 'no fall'. Data from 51 patients (39 males, 12 females) with a mean age of 31.2 years (19-57 years) were collected. A total of 20 patients suffered at least one fall event within the observation period. A total of 18 of 23 fall events happened within the first three weeks postoperatively. The Extra Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire (XSMFA) showed a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.02). People with multiple injuries to the knee joint were more likely to suffer fall events. Conclusively, patients with limited knee functions appeared to fall more frequently within the first three weeks postoperatively. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to protect the postoperative outcome. Physical therapy and patient behavioural training should be practiced perioperatively in patients at risk.
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Background: Operative management of proximal humeral fractures is still challenging. While antegrade nailing has become a valid option in fracture fixation, risk factors for adverse events, and failure have not been sufficiently clarified. Methods: All patients of a single trauma center undergoing surgery for proximal humeral fractures with the Targon PH+ nail between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. This included complications, revisions, and failures. Pre- and postoperative radiographic imaging were assessed regarding fracture's complexity, anatomic reduction, reconstruction of the medial hinge, metaphyseal head extension, and fixation of the implant in the calcar region. Follow-up was at a minimum of 12 months. Results: A total number of 130 patients with a mean age of 74.5 years (range 63−94, SD ± 8.2) are included in this study. Two- and three-part fractures were found in 58 patients, while 14 patients showed four-part fractures. Overall, a complication rate of 34.2% and an implant failure rate of 15.4% was found. Four-part fractures showed a significantly higher complication rate than two- and three-part fractures. Four-part fractures also showed significantly higher revisions (p = 0.005) and implant failures (p = 0.008). The nonsufficient anatomical reduction was found to be a risk factor for complications (p < 0.0001), implant failures (p < 0.0001), and later humeral head osteonecrosis (p < 0.0001). Insufficiently reconstructed medial hinges (p = 0.002) and a metaphyseal head extension of under 8 mm (p = 0.005) were also demonstrated as risk factors for osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Conclusions: Four-part fractures in an elderly population show high complication, revision, and implant-failure rates. Therefore, demonstrated radiologic risk factors should be evaluated for improvements. Anatomical reduction and fixation near the calcar proved to be vital for successful antegrade nailing of complex fractures. To prevent osteonecrosis of the humeral head, reconstruction of the medial hinge and metaphyseal head extension should be evaluated.
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Septic arthritis is common in older adults and can be related to joint surgery or hematogenous distribution. To date, the risk factors affecting survival are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of existing implants, positive synovial microbiological culture results, and the American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status (ASA) classification on the short- and mid-term survival of older patients with primary septic gonarthritis. This retrospective study included 133 older adults >60 years who underwent surgery for primary septic gonarthritis. Data were collected from medical records and public obituaries. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate the probability of survival, as well as log-rank tests to measure and compare survival rates over one- and five-year periods. The mean age was 74.9 years (SD ± 9.2), and the 5-year follow-up rate was 74.3% (the mean follow-up was 3000.5 days; SD ± 1771.6). Mean survival was significantly different in patients with implants and without implants (p = 0.015), and between ASA II, ASA III, and ASA IV (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the survival of patients with or without a positive synovial microbiological culture (p = 0.08). Older adults with septic monoarthritis and pre-existing medical implants showed impaired survival. The ASA classification prior to surgery for primary septic monoarthritis can be helpful in identifying patients with poorer mid-term outcomes.
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BACKGROUND: Foot and ankle injuries are a common but underestimated problem in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury incidence rates (IIRs), patterns, and injury mechanism are missing. PURPOSE: The primary aims were to evaluate the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries and the exposure-adjusted IIR of elite taekwondo athletes during matches while training (ie, sparring) and in competitions. The secondary aims were to evaluate injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were assessed prospectively for foot and ankle injuries over 4 years (between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019). Data were collected regarding number and type of injuries, anatomic location, and total exposure time during training and competition for each athlete. Injury mechanism and dominant foot were assessed via personal interview. Time loss from sport was analyzed retrospectively. The injury prevalence and IIR were calculated. Correlation between mechanism and injury type, location, and dominant foot was evaluated. Time loss according to location and injury type was assessed. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to test for differences in sex, age, and taekwondo experience and for comparison of injury location and type, injury mechanism, and side dominance, respectively. Training and competition IIRs and prevalence were calculated with 95% CIs (for Poisson rates). RESULTS: From an initial 107 athletes, 79 (73.8%) were included in the final data set. Of these athletes, 38 were injured (n = 112 injuries) for a prevalence of 48.1% (95% CI, 43%-52%). The overall IIR of the ankle joint was 13.14 injuries per 1000 athletes (95% CI, 1.5-25.9) and was significantly higher during competition versus training (P < .001). Ankle joint injuries were most common (n = 71; 63%). Significantly more noncontact versus contact ankle ligament injuries (n = 46; 83%) occurred (P < .001). The forefoot (n = 18; 66%) was mainly affected by contact injuries (P < .001). Time loss was the highest for midfoot fractures (mean ± SD, 23.0 ± 0.6 days; range, 23-24 days). CONCLUSION: Noncontact ligamentous ankle injuries were most common, with a higher incidence during competition. Improvement of strength, endurance, and postural stability under strain is recommended for prevention.
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BACKGROUND: Hand and wrist injuries are a common but underestimated issue in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury risk, patterns, and mechanism are missing. PURPOSE: To evaluate (1) the fight time exposure-adjusted injury incidence rate (IIR) and clinical incidence and (2) injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss in taekwondo. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were investigated prospectively for hand and wrist injuries during training and competition over 5 years. The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System Version 10 was used to classify injury type, and analysis of the anatomic injury site was performed. The mechanism of injury was classified as due to either striking or blocking techniques. RESULTS: From a total of 107 athletes, 79 athletes (73.8%) with a total exposure time of 8495 hours were included in the final data set. During the study period, 75 injuries of the hand and wrist region were recorded despite the athletes using protective hand gear. The IIR was 13.9 (95% CI, 10.5-17.5) and was significantly higher during competition. The clinical incidence as an indicator for risk of injury was 60.7% (95% CI, 50.9-70.5). Finger rays were the most affected location (68%), and fractures (43%) and joint ligament injuries (35%) were the most common type of injury. Significantly more injuries were found on the dominant hand side (P < .001). Comparison of injury mechanisms demonstrated significantly more injuries at the finger rays deriving from blocking techniques (P = .0104). The mean time loss for all hand and wrist injuries was 15.7 ± 13.5 days (range, 3-45 days) and was highest for distal radial fractures, with a mean of 39.7 ± 4.8 days (range, 32-45 days). CONCLUSION: There was a significantly higher IIR for acute hand and wrist injuries in elite taekwondo athletes during competition, which resulted in considerable time loss, especially when fractures or dislocations occurred. Significantly more injuries to the finger rays were found during blocking despite the use of protective hand gear. Improvement of tactical skills and blocking techniques during training and improved protective gear appear to be essential for injury prevention.
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BACKGROUND: Muscle injuries frequently occur in sports involving explosive movement patterns, and they can cause considerable downtime. There is a lack of detailed data on muscle injuries in Olympic elite Taekwondo. METHODS: All injuries sustained by 76 elite Taekwondo athletes from a national Olympic training centre during training and competition were prospectively recorded over a period of five years. Data on muscle injuries, including location and time elapsed until return-to-training, were extracted from medical records. Injuries were diagnosed by means of MRI and were classified according to the British Athletes Muscle Injury System. The relationship between MRI classification subgroups and time elapsed until return-to-training was assessed. RESULTS: Mean age of athletes was 22.5â±â3.2 (16-27) years with an average Taekwondo experience of 12.1â±â4.0 (7-20) years. Hamstring muscles were most commonly injured (48.4â%), followed by quadriceps muscles (32.3â%) and calf muscles (9.6â%). The analysis of MRI injury subgroups showed grade 1 (32.2â%) and grade 2 (41.9â%) injuries in most cases. A positive correlation was found between injury groups and return-to-training (râ=â0.56). The comparison between different injury groups and time elapsed until return-to-training also revealed significant differences (pâ<â0.0001). CONCLUSION: Hamstring muscles are the most injured muscles in Taekwondo besides the quadriceps femoris muscle. Most injuries were mild to moderate (grade 1-2). The time needed for return-to-training increased significantly with the severity of injuries diagnosed by MRI.
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Traumatismos em Atletas , Músculos Isquiossurais , Artes Marciais , Adulto , Atletas , Músculos Isquiossurais/lesões , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare results of osteochondral fractures (OCF) after first-time lateral patella dislocation, when either refixation or debridement was performed in a mid- to long-term follow-up and to analyze redislocation and reintervention rates. DESIGN: Fifty-three consecutive patients with OCF were included in this retrospective comparative study. Indication for refixation was presence of subchondral bone at the fragment. Thirty-six OCF were located at the patellar surface, and 17 at the lateral condyle of the distal femur. Refixation was performed in 28 patients while 25 patients underwent removal and debridement. Mean follow-up was 8.9 years (±4.4, range 2.0-16.7 years). For assessment of clinical outcome, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Lysholm score were used. Redislocation rate and further surgical interventions within follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: All clinical scores in the refixation group yielded significantly better results at mid- to long term follow-up (IKDC P < 0.001, KOOS P = 0.006, Lysholm P = 0.001). Significantly more surgical reinterventions were necessary after debridement (48% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.001). The overall redislocation rate in cases with medial reefing as single stabilizing procedure was 43.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Refixation of OCF after lateral patella dislocation shows improved clinical outcome at mid- to long-term follow-up compared with debridement. Therefore, effort to try fragment refixation is recommended. Redislocation rate is high without proper restoration of patellofemoral instability.
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Patela , Luxação Patelar , Desbridamento , Fêmur , Humanos , Patela/cirurgia , Luxação Patelar/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Implant specific complications and outcome for the use of proximal humeral nails in different fracture types are not well described. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of adverse effects and outcome of patients treated with the new Targon PH+ implant for proximal humeral fractures in a geriatric population. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients from a single institution was retrospectively evaluated. Adverse events (AE) were assessed from patients' files and during follow-up examination. Current pain level was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The disability score of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) as well as the Constant-Murley score were assessed. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by questionnaire. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients with a mean age of 72.0 ± 10.0 years were included with a follow-up of 2.2 years. Five patients showed twopart fractures (10%), 24 threepart fractures (50%) and 20 fourpart fractures (40%). Additional shaft fracture occurred in twelve cases (24%). Implant-related AE were recorded in six cases (12%). Pain under strain was moderate with a mean of 27.6 ± 27.1 mm. DASH score showed a mean of 25.9 ± 24.9. Constant score of the affected shoulder was 57 ± 23.8 with a mean difference of 16 points compared to reference shoulder. No significant differences in AE, VAS, DASH or Constant score could be found according to fracture groups. Most patients were satisfied with the surgical outcome (84%). CONCLUSIONS: The Targon PH+ nail demonstrated good functional results and low adverse events in geriatric patients. Additional studies including less experienced centres are required to further evaluate the possible benefits of this implant.
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Fixação Intramedular de Fraturas , Fraturas do Ombro , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Unhas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas do Ombro/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication in the field of arthroplasty. Despite the rising number of primary joint replacements, no unified therapeutic standard has been established for the treatment of PJI yet. METHODS: A survey on the principles of treatment of PJI in Germany was conducted. A total of 515 EndoProthetikZentren (EPZ) were included, resulting in a response rate of 100%. RESULTS: For early infections 97.6% of the centers use prosthesis-preserving procedures (DAIR). A one-stage exchange was implemented by less than 50% of the centers. If implemented, this treatment entails a prior selection of patients for a successful treatment. The two-stage exchange is performed in all centers, and most centers proceed with the implantation of a cemented spacer between stages. 75% of the centers proceed with a center-based concept for the treatment of PJI. CONCLUSION: The aim of a uniform PJI standard at the centers has not yet been fully achieved. Further improvements within the certification were initiated. The most relevant treatment options in Germany are displayed. The two-stage revision with a cemented spacer is the most widely implemented treatment. This exposition of principles could help for the further development of standardized treatment guidelines and definitions.
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Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Desbridamento , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/diagnóstico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/epidemiologia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/terapia , Reoperação , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: American football is known for its high risk of injury, especially in the professional field. Although the number of players in the German football league (GFL) has risen in recent years, data concerning the injury rates of German amateur players in American football are scarce. OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the injury rates in league games and training sessions in amateur football according to playing positions and body region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Injuries of 123 American football players in a club playing in the second GFL (first and second team) were prospectively recorded over a period of 4 seasons (2014-2018). A complete history of injuries was obtained from 72 players. The injuries were classified using the Orchard sports injury classification system 10.1 (OSICS 10.1). The injury rates were calculated per 1000 athlete exposures (AE) for training as well as for league games with respect to the playing position and for each body region. RESULTS: Overall 142 injuries were recorded. On average there were 35.5 injuries per season and 1.9 injuries per player. Of the injuries 54.7% occurred during training and 46.1% during games. The risk of injury was significantly increased during league games (15.6⯱ 16.3) compared to training (3.1⯱ 2.7, pâ¯< 0.0001). While wide receivers and cornerbacks had the highest overall injury rates, running backs had the highest injury risk during games (pâ¯= 0.046). Injuries to knees (27.3%) and shoulders (20.1%) were the most frequent. The shoulder was the body region injured most frequently during games (pâ¯= 0.002). Regarding the injury pattern, distorsions (30.9%) and contusions (22.5%) occurred more often compared to fractures (12.6%) and dislocations (16.1%). Concussion only contributed to 2.9% of the injuries. CONCLUSION: American football is a contact sport with high injury rates even in the German amateur field, especially during league games. Regarding body regions, shoulders and knees were predominantly affected while regarding the playing position, wide receivers and cornerbacks were particularly jeopardized. Therefore, a continuous close medical supervision during games and an intensive position-specific training seem to be necessary even in the amateur field in order to reduce the injury rate.