Reducing Capillary Leak Syndrome Mortality in Extremely Premature Infants: A Pilot Investigation.

Neonatal capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare, but life-threatening condition following neonatal sepsis or inflammatory injury. The objective of this study was to describe a standardized treatment approach for CLS that improves mortality and neonatal outcomes. A retrospective cohort study of 10 infants born at 22 to 26 weeks of gestation who developed CLS following a significant inflammatory insult was performed. Time to diagnosis and treatment approaches over 2 epochs were recorded and described. In epoch 2, with increased clinical awareness of CLS and implementation of a standardized treatment approach, there was a non-statistically significant decrease in the time to treatment with a significant decrease in mortality. An early targeted treatment approach for neonatal CLS can decrease mortality rates in this highly morbid condition.

Renal complications in patients with predominantly antibody deficiency in the United States Immune Deficiency Network (USIDNET).

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have reported that renal insufficiency occurs in a small percentage of patients with predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD) and in about 2% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to understand and evaluate the prevalence and type of renal complications in patients with PAD in the United States Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) cohort. We hypothesized that there is an association between certain renal complications and severity of immunophenotype in patients with PAD. METHODS: We performed a query of patients with PAD from the USIDNET cohort with renal complications. Patients with documented renal disease such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephrolithiasis, nephritis, and renal failure syndrome were included. We compared immunophenotype, flow cytometry findings, and immunoglobulin levels of patients with PAD accompanied by renal complications with those of the total USIDNET cohort of patients with PAD. RESULTS: We determined that 140 of 2071 patients with PAD (6.8%) had renal complications. Of these 140 patients, 50 (35.7%) had CKD, 46 (32.9%) had nephrolithiasis, 18 (12.9 %) had nephritis, and 50 (35.7%) had other renal complications. Compared with the total USIDNET cohort of patients with PAD, patients with CKD had lower absolute lymphocyte counts, CD3+ T-cell counts, CD4+ T-cell counts, CD19+ B-cell counts, CD20+ B-cell counts, and CD27+IgD- B-cell counts (P < .05 for all). Patients with nephritis had lower absolute lymphocyte counts, CD19+ B-cell counts, CD27+ B-cell counts, and IgE levels (P < .05 for all) than patients with PAD without renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: We determined that 6.8% of the USIDNET cohort of patients with PAD had a documented renal complication. Compared with the overall cohort of patients with PAD, those patients with nephritis and CKD had a more severe immunophenotype.

Disseminated fungal infection in a patient receiving zanubrutinib.

We report a case of fatal disseminated aspergillosis in the setting of administration of zanubrutinib, a second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor thought to have a lower rate of immunosuppression-related side effects.

AUTOIMMUNE RETINOPATHY MIMICKING HERITABLE RETINAL DEGENERATION IN A PATIENT WITH COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNE DEFICIENCY.

PURPOSE: 1) To describe a case of autoimmune retinopathy mimicking heritable photoreceptor degeneration in a patient with common variable immune deficiency and 2) to investigate the humoral and cell-mediated branches of the immune system in this patient to better understand the mechanism of immune-mediated photoreceptor damage in this disease. METHODS: Retrospective chart review with evaluation of multimodal imaging, genotype analysis, and investigation of circulating autoantibodies and T-cell response to retinal antigens. RESULTS: A 40-year-old woman with bilateral, progressive vision loss was referred for evaluation of a possible inherited retinal degeneration. She was found to have asymmetric peripheral visual field constriction, cystoid macular edema, vitreous cells, and bone spicule-like pigmentary changes in both eyes. An extensive workup for underlying infectious or inflammatory causes was unrevealing, and molecular analysis for heritable retinal degeneration failed to identify a plausible disease-causing genotype. Screening for antiretinal antibodies showed the presence of multiple antiretinal antibodies, consistent with a diagnosis of autoimmune retinopathy. Immunologic workup demonstrated markedly decreased levels of serum IgA and IgG, consistent with common variable immune deficiency. T-cells isolated from the patient showed increased proliferation when stimulated with human retinal proteins, supporting a role for both cell- and humoral-mediated autoimmunity. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous immunoglobin therapy slowed the progression of disease and resulted in preservation of her central vision. CONCLUSION: Autoimmune retinopathy can be seen in common variable immune deficiency and has clinical findings similar to heritable photoreceptor degeneration. Both the humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in the pathophysiology. Immune modulatory therapy has stabilized the disease course in this patient and may play an important role in the management of autoimmune retinopathy.

Evaluation of staging criteria for disposition and airway intervention in emergency department angioedema patients.

AIM: Angioedema is a nonpitting edema that can lead to death secondary to airway obstruction. Previously, a staging system based on localization of the angioedema was proposed for risk stratification of likelihood of need for admission or airway intervention. This study aims to evaluate a staging system based on angioedema localization as a method of predicting need for admission or airway intervention. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of angioedema cases that presented to an academic emergency department (ED) from August 1, 2006, to January 31, 2018. Data were collected on location of swelling, treatment setting, and medical and procedural interventions. Cases were categorized by modified Ishoo criteria, defined as follows: 1, lips, face, periorbital, extremities, total body/diffuse swelling; 2, soft palate, posterior pharynx; 3, tongue; 4, larynx. Predictive probability of disposition by stage was then compared. RESULTS: A total of 320 patients were included in this study (median age, 44 years; 54.4% female). Stage 4 was more likely to require intensive care unit care without (probability 17%) and with (67%) airway intervention compared with stage 1 without (2.5%) and with (0.1%) airway intervention. Conversely, stage 1 was more likely to be treated in ED and discharged (85%) compared with stage 4 (0%). Stage 4 was also more likely to require airway intervention (67%) compared with other stages (1, 0.1%; 2, 8.6%; 3, 16%). CONCLUSION: Higher-stage patients were more likely to require higher levels of care and airway intervention. Thus, the staging system appears to be a valid method of predicting risk among ED angioedema patients.

Targeted Alpha-Particle Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Induces Cooperative Inhibition on Tumor Growth of Malignant Melanoma.

Radiotherapy can facilitate the immune recognition of immunologically "cold" tumors and enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in melanoma. Systemic administration of receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy has the potential to selectively deliver radionuclides to multiple tumors throughout the body in metastatic settings. By triggering immunologic cell death and increasing the immune susceptibility of surviving tumor cells in these locations, targeted radionuclide therapies may overcome resistance to ICIs and render immunologically "cold" tumors throughout the body responsive to ICIs and immunologically "hot". Here, we show the anti-tumor cooperation of targeted α-particle radionuclide therapy (α-TRT) and ICIs in preclinical models of melanoma. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-targeted radiopeptide [212Pb]VMT01 was employed to deliver α-radiation to melanoma tumors in mice. A single injection of 4.1 MBq [212Pb]VMT01 significantly slowed the tumor growth of B16-F10 melanoma and the combination of [212Pb]VMT01 and ICIs induced a cooperative anti-tumor effect leading to 43% complete tumor response with no sign of malignancy on autopsy. Animals with complete response developed anti-tumor immunity to reject further tumor inoculations. This therapeutic cooperation was completely abolished in RAG1 KO mice, which are deficient in T-cell maturation. In addition, the anti-tumor cooperation was compromised when fractionated [212Pb]VMT01 was used in the combination. We also demonstrated that [212Pb]VMT01 induced immunogenic cell death in tumor vaccination assays and in vitro exposure to [212Pb]VMT01 sensitized immunotolerant melanoma to ICIs treatment in vivo. Enhanced tumor infiltrating CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes were observed following injection of 1.4 MBq [212Pb]VMT01. Overall, we demonstrated anti-tumor cooperation between α-TRT and ICIs in melanoma that is mediated by tumor specific immunity.

A 31-Year-Old Man With Angina Pectoris Resulting From Large Vessel Vasculitis.

We present the case of an apparently healthy 31-year-old man with malignant progression of coronary artery disease and recurrent angina resulting from suspected large vessel vasculitis. This case highlights the importance of considering vasculitis in patients without atherosclerotic risk factors, using a multidisciplinary team approach, and suppressing inflammation before coronary revascularization to improve outcomes. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).

Human Antibody Responses Following Vaccinia Immunization Using Protein Microarrays and Correlation With Cell-Mediated Immunity and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding immunological correlates of protection for the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) smallpox vaccine. METHODS: A total of 523 vaccinia-naive subjects were randomized to receive 2 vaccine doses, as lyophilized MVA given subcutaneously, liquid MVA given subcutaneously (liquid-SC group), or liquid MVA given intradermally (liquid-ID group) 28 days apart. For a subset of subjects, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), interferon-γ release enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), and protein microarray antibody-binding assays were conducted. Protein microarray responses were assessed for correlations with plaque reduction neutralization titer (PRNT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ADCC, and ELISPOT results. RESULTS: MVA elicited significant microarray antibody responses to 15 of 224 antigens, mostly virion membrane proteins, at day 28 or 42, particularly WR113/D8L and WR101H3L. In the liquid-SC group, responses to 9 antigens, including WR113/D8L and WR101/H3L, correlated with PRNT results. Three were correlated in the liquid-ID group. No significant correlations were observed with ELISPOT responses. In the liquid-ID group, WR052/F13L, a membrane glycoprotein, correlated with ADCC responses. CONCLUSIONS: MVA elicited antibodies to 15 vaccinia strain antigens representing virion membrane. Antibody responses to 2 proteins strongly increased and significantly correlated with increases in PRNT. Responses to these proteins are potential correlates of protection and may serve as immunogens for future vaccine development. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00914732.