RESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates with inducible clindamycin resistance (iCR) are resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin on routine testing and inducible clindamycin resistance can only be identified by D-test. This study was aimed to detect methicillin resistance and iCR among S. aureus isolates, effectiveness of some commonly used antibiotics and correlation between methicillin resistance and iCR. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included 46 S. aureus isolates subjected to Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) to estimate MRSA and resistance to some commonly used antibiotics. D-test was employed to detect iCR. RESULTS: Eleven of the 46 (23.9%) isolates tested were MRSA. Overall, 19 (41.3%) isolates showed of iCR. Vancomycin and linezolid were found to be 100 per cent effective. A positive Karl-Pearson's coefficient of correlation (0.89) between methicillin resistance and iCR was obtained. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Detection of iCR is important for the use of clindamycin in MRSA infections. Methicillin resistance and iCR appear to be clinically unrelated.
Assuntos
Clindamicina/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritromicina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Índia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Vancomicina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The effect of confinement between two metallic layers on the melting behavior of a 13 monolayer cadmium arachidate (CdA) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayer has been studied. Temperature dependent diffraction measurements provide information about structural changes occurring in the film plane as well as in the out-of-plane direction. X-ray standing waves have been used to achieve depth selectivity in diffraction measurements. It is found that the difference in melting behavior of the surface and the bulk, which is observed in the film with free surface, disappears in the case of confined films; while the free surface transforms to hexaticlike phase via an intermediate smectic phase, confinement results in disappearance of this phase, and the sequence of transformations in the bulk and the interfacial regions becomes identical. Some anisotropy between (01 + 11¯) and (10) directions remains, with coherence along (10) direction decreasing at a faster rate. The confinement between metallic layers also significantly reduces the tilting of the chains observed at higher temperature. Further, both in the case of film with free surface and confined films, melting at the surface/interface occurs at a lower temperature as compared to the bulk.
Assuntos
Aves , Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Animais , Variação Antigênica , Humanos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Hepatitis C virus infection in diabetes mellitus is more common than in non-diabetic population. Earlier it was thought to be due to more use of needles for insulin injections and frequent blood examination which has been recently antagonised by recent studies. Hepatitis C virus infection has shown to produce insulin resistance (because of liberated cytokines) insulin secretory defect (by viral infection or auto-immune damage). Hepatitis C virus infection also leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (a probable component of insulin resistance syndrome) and increased iron increased iron storage in the body. All these factors may explain hepatitic C virus infection as an aetiology for diabetes mellitus. If future researches strongly establish this fact, antiviral or vaccines for hepatitis C virus infection should be thought of for preventing diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Hepatite C/complicações , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/fisiopatologia , Hepatite C/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus is often complicated by acute or chronic infections, as it is a secondary immune deficiency disorder. Diabetes mellitus produces immune alterations of both cellular and humoral immunity. Tuberculosis in diabetes mellitus is 2-5 times higher. Chances of recurrence with multidrug resistant bacteria are common. More cavitary lesions, less sputum positivity and with relative paucity of symptoms and signs are the features. Treatment for diabetes mellitus should be done with insulin. Every diabetic person should be screened for tuberculosis and every tuberculosis patient should also be searched for diabetes.