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Salmonella isolated from dairy farms has a significant effect on animal health and productivity. Different serogroups of Salmonella affect both human and bovine cattle causing illness in both reservoirs. Dairy cows and calves can be silent Salmonella shedders, increasing the possibility of dispensing Salmonella within the farm. The aim of this study was to determine the genomic characteristics of Salmonella isolates from dairy farms and to detect the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. A total of 377 samples were collected in a cross-sectional study from calves, periparturient cow feces, and maternity beds in 55 dairy farms from the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tlaxcala, and Zacatecas. Twenty Salmonella isolates were selected as representative strains for whole genome sequencing. The serological classification of the strains was able to assign groups to only 12 isolates, but with only 5 of those being consistent with the genomic serotyping. The most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Montevideo followed by Salmonella Meleagridis. All isolates presented the chromosomal aac(6')-Iaa gene that confers resistance to aminoglycosides. The antibiotic resistance genes qnrB19, qnrA1, sul2, aph(6)-Id, aph(3)-ld, dfrA1, tetA, tetC, flor2, sul1_15, mph(A), aadA2, blaCARB, and qacE were identified. Ten pathogenicity islands were identified, and the most prevalent plasmid was Col(pHAD28). The main source of Salmonella enterica is the maternity areas, where periparturient shedders are contaminants and perpetuate the pathogen within the dairy in manure, sand, and concrete surfaces. This study demonstrated the necessity of implementing One Health control actions to diminish the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant and virulent pathogens including Salmonella.
RESUMO
Introducción: La seguridad alimentaria es uno de los objetivos principales a lograr por parte de las autoridades en Ecuador. Se describe que la inseguridad alimentaria es un elemento facilitador de estados displacenteros en la población que generan elevados niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la seguridad alimentaria y los niveles de ansiedad en productores de quinua de la provincia Chimborazo. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación básica, con diseño no experimental, de campo, transversal y descriptivo que incluyó como población de estudio a los 410 productores de quínoa del cantón Colta en la provincia Chimborazo, Ecuador. La muestra quedó conformada por 210 agricultores. Se utilizó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria para determinar la seguridad alimentaria y la escala de ansiedad de Hamilton para identificar los niveles de ansiedad. Resultados: Se obtuvo un promedio de edad de 56,67 años, predominaron las agricultoras femeninas (60,95 por ciento) y la no referencia de nivel de instrucción (46,19 por ciento). El 56,67por ciento de los agricultores mostró inseguridad alimentaria predominando el nivel ligero (73,95 por ciento). La ansiedad fue identificada en el 45,24 por ciento de los agricultores con predominio de la ansiedad ligera (82,11 por ciento). La ansiedad estuvo presente en el 57,98 por ciento de los agricultores con inseguridad alimentaria y en el 28,57 por ciento de los que presentaron seguridad alimentaria. Conclusiones: Se identificaron elevados porcentajes de agricultores con inseguridad alimentaria y ansiedad. Esta última alcanzó mayor porcentaje en agricultores con inseguridad alimentaria(AU)
Introduction: Food security is one of the main goals to be achieved by the authorities in Ecuador. For its part, it is described that food insecurity is a facilitator of unpleasant states in the population, generating high levels of anxiety and depression. Objective: To describe the behavior of food security and anxiety levels in quinoa producers in the Chimborazo province. Methods: A basic research was carried out, with a non-experimental, field, cross-sectional and descriptive design that included as a study population the 410-quinoa producers of the Colta canton in the Chimborazo province, Ecuador. The sample was made up of 210 farmers. The Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale was used to determine food security and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale to identify anxiety levels. Results: an average age of 56.67 years was obtained, female farmers predominated (60.95 percent) and the non-reference level of education (46.19 percent). 56.67 percent of the farmers showed food insecurity, predominating the light level (73.95 percent). Anxiety was identified in 45.24 percent of the farmers with a predominance of light anxiety (82.11 percent). Anxiety was present in 57.98 percent of the farmers with food insecurity and in 28.57 percent of those with food security. Conclusions: High percentages of farmers with food insecurity and anxiety were identified. The latter reached the highest percentage in food insecure farmers(AU)
