Food processing according to the NOVA classification is not associated with glycemic index and glycemic load: results from an analysis of 1995 food items.

BACKGROUND: Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) comprise most calories in the United States diet. Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are measures of the quality and quantity of carbohydrates in food based on their effect on postprandial blood glucose. Diets high in UPFs and GI/GL are associated with chronic metabolic diseases but the relationship between them is unclear. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to examine the GI and GL of foods assigned to NOVA food processing groups. We hypothesized that GI and GL would be lowest in minimally processed foods (MPFs) compared to processed food (PRF) and UPF (with no difference between PRF and UPF). METHODS: GI and GL values produced by healthy individuals for 1995 food items were collated from published sources. Food items were manually coded by processing levels according to NOVA classification. In addition, as the effects of processing on glycemic potential may vary between types of foods, food items were coded into 8 groups (beans, nuts, and seeds; beverages; dairy; fats and sweets; fruit; grains; fish, meat, and poultry; and vegetables). Multilevel linear modeling was used to determine significance with an α value of 0.05. RESULTS: The effect of food processing on GI and GL was contrary to our hypothesis as means did not differ significantly across processing levels: GI-MPF: 54.1 ± 19.5, PRF: 53.2 ± 18.9, UPF: 49.3 ± 18.1 (P = 0.712); GL-MPF: 17.1 ± 10.3, PRF: 15.8 ± 12.4, UPF; 11.5 ± 7.9 (P = 0.890). Within food groups, there was no significant association between processing level and GI (P = 0.184), but GL was inversely associated with grains and vegetables (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Across analyzed foods, GI and GL do not differ between processing levels, whereas GL was lower in ultraprocessed grains and vegetables than MPF. Any potential adverse outcomes associated with UPF are unlikely to be related to effects on glycemia. This project was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF) Registries through the Center for Open Science as 10.17605/OSF.IO/PJWG9.

Acute metformin induces hyperglycemia in healthy adult mourning doves, Zenaida macroura.

Birds have the highest blood glucose among vertebrates. Several mechanisms may explain this including the lack of a functional insulin-responsive glucose transport protein, high glucagon concentrations, and reliance on lipid oxidation resulting in the production of gluconeogenic precursors. The hypothesis was that interruption of gluconeogenesis using the diabetes medication metformin would lower glucose concentrations in wild-caught birds. We captured two cohorts of adult mourning doves, Zenaida macroura, and acclimated them to captivity for two weeks. In this crossover study, cohort 1 was administered a single dose of one of the following oral treatments each week: metformin (150 or 300 mg/kg), glycogenolysis inhibitor (2.5 mg/kg 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB)), or water (50 µL). Whole blood glucose was measured using a glucometer at baseline, 30, 60, and 120 min following the oral doses. In contrast to mammals and chickens, 300 mg/kg metformin did not alter blood glucose (p > 0.05) whereas 150 mg/kg metformin increased blood glucose compared to water (p = 0.043). To examine whether 150 mg/kg metformin stimulated glycogenolysis, we co-administered 150 mg/kg metformin and 2.5 mg/kg DAB, which prevented the hyperglycemic response. Cohort 2 was administered the same treatments and the early response was examined (0, 5, 10, 15 min). Low-dose metformin increased blood glucose within 5 min (p = 0.039) whereas the high dose had no effect. DAB did not prevent the early response to metformin nor did it alter blood glucose concentrations when administered alone (p = 0.887). In conclusion, metformin increases endogenous blood glucose via glycogenolysis in healthy adult male mourning doves.

The relationship between diet, plasma glucose, and cancer prevalence across vertebrates.

Could diet and mean plasma glucose concentration (MPGluC) explain the variation in cancer prevalence across species? We collected diet, MPGluC, and neoplasia data for 160 vertebrate species from existing databases. We found that MPGluC negatively correlates with cancer and neoplasia prevalence, mostly of gastrointestinal organs. Trophic level positively correlates with cancer and neoplasia prevalence even after controlling for species MPGluC. Most species with high MPGluC (50/78 species = 64.1%) were birds. Most species in high trophic levels (42/53 species = 79.2%) were reptiles and mammals. Our results may be explained by the evolution of insulin resistance in birds which selected for loss or downregulation of genes related to insulin-mediated glucose import in cells. This led to higher MPGluC, intracellular caloric restriction, production of fewer reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines, and longer telomeres contributing to longer longevity and lower neoplasia prevalence in extant birds relative to other vertebrates.

No fry zones: How restaurant distribution and abundance influence avian communities in the Phoenix, AZ metropolitan area.

Urbanization is one of the most widespread and extreme examples of habitat alteration. As humans dominate landscapes, they introduce novel elements into environments, including artificial light, noise pollution, and anthropogenic food sources. One understudied form of anthropogenic food is refuse from restaurants, which can alter wildlife populations and, in turn, entire wildlife communities by providing a novel and stable food source. Using data from the Maricopa Association of Governments and the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) project, we investigated whether and how the distribution of restaurants influences avian communities. The research aimed to identify restaurants, and thus the associated food they may provide, as the driver of potential patterns by controlling for other influences of urbanization, including land cover and the total number of businesses. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested whether the number of restaurants within 1 km of bird monitoring locations predict avian community richness and abundance and individual species abundance and occurrence patterns. Results indicate that restaurants may decrease avian species diversity and increase overall abundance. Additionally, restaurants may be a significant predictor of the overall abundance of urban-exploiting species, including rock pigeon (Columba livia), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), and Inca dove (Columbina Inca). Understanding how birds utilize anthropogenic food sources can inform possible conservation or wildlife management practices. As this study highlights only correlations, we suggest further experimental work to address the physiological ramifications of consuming anthropogenic foods provided by restaurants and studies to quantify how frequently anthropogenic food sources are used compared to naturally occurring sources.

An urban diet differentially alters the gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles compared with a seed diet in mourning doves.

Urbanization influences food quality and availability for many avian species, with increased access to human refuse and food subsidies in built environments. In relation to such nutritional intakes and their presumed impact on microbes harbored in the intestinal tract and metabolic profiles of host physiological systems, our overall knowledge of the role of gut microbiome (GM) and metabolomic expression in the avian host lags far behind our understanding of mammals. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to examine the potential differential effect of an urban modeled versus control (i.e., bird seed) diet on the GM, the metabolic profiles of plasma, liver, adipose, kidney, and muscle tissues, and circulating endotoxin and inflammatory factors in urban-caught mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). We hypothesized that the urban diet would differently impact the profiles of the GM and tissue metabolomes and increase plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proinflammatory factors compared with animals fed a seed diet. After a 4-wk-diet period, contents of the large intestine were sequenced to profile the microbiome, metabolomic analyses were performed on plasma and tissue homogenates, and circulating LPS and inflammatory markers were assessed. The composition of the GM was significantly dissimilar between diets, with greater abundance of Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, Sanguibacteraceae, Oribacterium, and Sanguibacter and decreased circulating LPS in the urban-fed birds. These differences were largely not reflected in the surveyed metabolomes and plasma inflammatory markers. This research supports the notion that the microbial composition in urban doves is impacted by diet, though may only weakly associate with host physiology.

Effect of macronutrient and micronutrient manipulation on avian blood glucose concentration: A systematic review.

Animals with natural protections against diabetes complications may provide clues to improve human health. Birds are unique in their ability to avoid hyperglycemia-associated complications (e.g., glycation and oxidative stress) despite having naturally high blood glucose (BG) concentrations. This makes them useful models to elucidate strategies to prevent and/or treat diabetes-related complications in mammals. As diet plays a key role in BG concentration and diabetes risk, this systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of macro and micronutrient manipulation on avian BG. Three databases were searched (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) for articles that met inclusion criteria: altered at least one nutrient and measured BG in at least one avian species. The search yielded 91 articles that produced 128 datasets (i.e., one nutrient manipulation in one sample). Across all macronutrient manipulations (n = 69 datasets), 62% reported no change in BG and 23% measured an increase (p < 0.001). Within the macronutrient groups (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mixed) most datasets showed no change in BG (67%, 62%, 52%, and 86%, respectively). Across micronutrient manipulations (n = 59 datasets), 51% demonstrated no change and 41% decreased BG (p < 0.001). While manipulations that altered vitamin intake largely produced no change in BG (62%), 48% of datasets examining altered mineral intake found no change and 46% decreased BG. Chromium was the most studied micronutrient (n = 24 datasets), where 67% of datasets reported a decrease in BG. These results suggest birds are largely able to maintain blood glucose homeostasis in response to altered nutrient intake indicative of dietary flexibility.

Valuing the Diversity of Research Methods to Advance Nutrition Science.

The ASN Board of Directors appointed the Nutrition Research Task Force to develop a report on scientific methods used in nutrition science to advance discovery, interpretation, and application of knowledge in the field. The genesis of this report was growing concern about the tone of discourse among nutrition professionals and the implications of acrimony on the productive study and translation of nutrition science. Too often, honest differences of opinion are cast as conflicts instead of areas of needed collaboration. Recognition of the value (and limitations) of contributions from well-executed nutrition science derived from the various approaches used in the discipline, as well as appreciation of how their layering will yield the strongest evidence base, will provide a basis for greater productivity and impact. Greater collaborative efforts within the field of nutrition science will require an understanding that each method or approach has a place and function that should be valued and used together to create the nutrition evidence base. Precision nutrition was identified as an important emerging nutrition topic by the preponderance of task force members, and this theme was adopted for the report because it lent itself to integration of many approaches in nutrition science. Although the primary audience for this report is nutrition researchers and other nutrition professionals, a secondary aim is to develop a document useful for the various audiences that translate nutrition research, including journalists, clinicians, and policymakers. The intent is to promote accurate, transparent, verifiable evidence-based communication about nutrition science. This will facilitate reasoned interpretation and application of emerging findings and, thereby, improve understanding and trust in nutrition science and appropriate characterization, development, and adoption of recommendations.

A Four-Week Urban Diet Impairs Vasodilation but Not Nutritional Physiology in Wild-Caught Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura).

AbstractBirds living in urban areas routinely consume anthropogenic foods, but the physiological consequences of this consumption are poorly understood. To address this question, we investigated the effects of an urban diet (UD) in wild, urban-caught mourning doves in a controlled environment. Since anthropogenic foods often contain a high proportion of refined carbohydrate and fat, we predicted that UD consumption alters body mass as well as plasma and tissue metabolites and that it impairs vasodilation. To test this prediction, we compared body mass, various nutritional physiology parameters, and peripheral vasodilation of doves fed an UD (1∶1 ratio of bird seeds and french fries; [Formula: see text]) with those of doves receiving a control diet (CON, bird seed diet; [Formula: see text]) for 4 wk. At the end of the dietary manipulation period, birds were euthanized, and we dissected cranial tibial arteries to measure ex vivo vasodilation in response to acetylcholine treatment after phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction. We also collected cardiac blood as well as liver, pectoralis, and gastrocnemius muscle samples to measure nutritional metabolite concentrations. Vasodilation of tibial arteries was impaired in UD- compared to CON-fed birds ([Formula: see text]), suggesting the potential for UD consumption to alter cardiovascular function. Body mass, plasma osmolality, glucose, sodium, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid, liver glycogen and triglycerides, and muscle glycogen did not differ between groups. The results suggest that short-term consumption of a diet composed of 50% anthropogenic foods is not associated with major metabolic perturbations in urban mourning doves.

An evolutionary mismatch narrative to improve lifestyle medicine: a patient education hypothesis.

An evolutionary perspective provides a unifying explanation for the modifiable risk factors and lifestyle-based interventions for the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Non-communicable diseases develop from an evolutionary mismatch between the prior environment and modern patterns of behavior; however, it is unclear whether an evolutionary mismatch narrative could promote positive behavior change in patients. We hypothesize that educating patients about evolutionary mismatch could augment efforts to improve healthful behavior. Specifically, explaining the 'why' behind what is being recommended could promote health literacy and adherence. Furthermore, we offer suggestions of how clinicians could educate patients about evolutionary mismatch for key-lifestyle factors, diet and physical activity, as well as several specific modern diseases. We also consider how to sidestep patients' skepticism of evolutionary theory. Here, we lay the groundwork for research on how educating patients with an evolutionary mismatch narrative could impact health behaviors and improve outcomes.

A four-week high fat diet does not alter plasma glucose or metabolic physiology in wild-caught mourning doves (Zenaida macroura).

The aim of this study was to determine the metabolic effects of a four-week 60% high-fat (HF) diet on mourning doves. Plasma glucose concentrations are, on average, 1.5-2 times higher in birds than in mammals of similar body mass, but birds have innate mechanisms that protect them from high blood glucose-associated pathologies normally developed in mammals. Elucidating these mechanisms may help develop therapeutics for treatment of human diabetes-related complications. A high fat (HF) diet is commonly used in rodents to investigate metabolic disease. We hypothesized that this diet in doves would elevate plasma glucose and alter metabolic physiology compared to the control (CON) diet. Following the four-week long diets, doves were euthanized, and we collected blood, liver, pectoralis muscles, and kidney samples. Contrary to the rodent-models, HF-fed birds did not have increased plasma glucose concentrations relative to CON-fed birds. Metabolomic analyses revealed no group differences in plasma, liver, pectoralis muscle, or kidney metabolites (FDR q-value>0.05 for all). Principal component analysis score plots of metabolites showed no separation between groups, and pathway analyses revealed no significantly altered metabolic pathways between groups (191 pathways across tissues, FDR q-value>0.05). Body mass, plasma uric acid, glucose, and insulin as well as liver and pectoralis muscle glycogen and triglycerides did not differ between groups (p > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, a four-week long high fat diet did not alter plasma glucose concentrations or metabolic physiology in mourning doves, indicating that these birds have mechanisms that allow them to avoid high fat diet-induced pathologies seen in mammals.

A four-week white bread diet does not alter plasma glucose concentrations, metabolic or vascular physiology in mourning doves, Zenaida macroura.

Birds are an enigma: their plasma glucose concentration is 1.5-2 times higher than similar-sized mammals, yet they do not normally exhibit symptoms of diabetes. We hypothesized that feeding adult mourning doves a refined carbohydrate diet (white bread: WB) for four weeks would raise plasma glucose concentrations and alter metabolic pathways and endothelial function when compared to birds receiving a nutritionally-balanced diet (bird seeds: SD). Following the four-week long diets, birds were euthanized, and cardiac blood, liver, and pectoralis muscles were collected for metabolomics analyses and biochemical assays. Cranial tibial arteries were dissected to measure acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation. Contrary to the hypothesis, WB-fed birds did not have increased plasma glucose concentrations. Principle component analysis score plots suggest minimal differences between groups. However, we identified 15 changes in individual metabolite concentrations between diet groups that, although not statistically significant, are highly predictive (area under receive operating curve, AUROC>0.90; number of highly predictive metabolites: 5 of 123 in plasma, 4 of 92 in liver, and 6 of 92 in pectoralis muscle). Moreover, pathway analyses revealed no significantly altered metabolic pathways between groups. Biochemical assays revealed no significant group differences in plasma uric acid and insulin, or pectoralis muscle glycogen concentrations. However, hepatic glycogen concentration was 2.12-fold higher in the WB group than in control doves (p = .015). Diet type did not influence vasodilation. In conclusion, a four-week long white bread diet increased liver glycogen but did not alter plasma glucose concentrations, metabolic or vascular physiology in mourning doves.

No Influence of Overweight/Obesity on Exercise Lipid Oxidation: A Systematic Review.

Compared to lean counterparts, overweight/obese individuals rely less on lipid during fasting. This deficiency has been implicated in the association between overweight/obesity and blunted insulin signaling via elevated intramuscular triglycerides. However, the capacity for overweight/obese individuals to use lipid during exercise is unclear. This review was conducted to formulate a consensus regarding the influence of overweight/obesity on exercise lipid use. PubMed, ProQuest, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Articles were included if they presented original research on the influence of overweight/obesity on exercise fuel use in generally healthy sedentary adults. Articles were excluded if they assessed older adults, individuals with chronic disease, and/or exercise limitations or physically-active individuals. The search identified 1205 articles with 729 considered for inclusion after duplicate removal. Once titles, abstracts, and/or manuscripts were assessed, 24 articles were included. The preponderance of evidence from these articles indicates that overweight/obese individuals rely on lipid to a similar extent during exercise. However, conflicting findings were found in eight articles due to the outcome measure cited, participant characteristics other than overweight/obesity and characteristics of the exercise bout(s). We also identified factors other than body fatness which can influence exercise lipid oxidation that should be controlled in future research.

Probiotic Supplementation Has a Limited Effect on Circulating Immune and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: A main mechanism of action proposed for oral probiotic supplementation is immunomodulation, which is expected to impart health benefits in the host by influencing circulating immune and inflammatory factors. To date, the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation for immunomodulation in healthy adults without disease has not been evaluated in a systematic review. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on circulating immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults compared to placebo. METHODS: PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, and Cochrane databases were searched for English articles up to May 15, 2019. Additional papers were identified by checking references of relevant papers. Only randomized controlled trials studying the administration of probiotic supplements compared to placebo on immune and inflammatory markers in healthy adults (aged 18 to 65 years), without acute or chronic disease, and in generally good health were examined. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by two authors using predefined search terms and restrictions/filters. The methodologic quality of each study was appraised using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library Quality Rating Worksheet and the body of evidence was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Grade Definitions and Conclusion Grading Table. RESULTS: Eighteen articles, including 819 subjects, met eligibility criteria and were included in the present systematic review. Five articles were rated neutral in quality and 13 were rated high in quality. Eight articles reported a significant effect on immune and/or inflammatory parameters including increases in natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and decreases in proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the 18 articles extracted in this systemic review, probiotic supplementation was concluded to have a limited effect on immune and inflammatory markers in healthy adults. Overall, the evidence was heterogenous, precluding a meta-analysis, and difficult to aggregate and conclude on effect size. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO ref CRD42018110856.

Status of evolutionary medicine within the field of nutrition and dietetics: A survey of professionals and students.

LAY SUMMARY: Through an online survey of nutrition and dietetic professionals and students, we learned there is interest to incorporate evolutionary medicine into the nutrition and dietetics field and education programs. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evolutionary medicine is an emerging field that examines the evolutionary significance of modern disease to develop new preventative strategies or treatments. While many areas of interest in evolutionary medicine and public health involve diet, we currently lack an understanding of whether nutrition and dietetics professionals and students appreciate the potential of evolutionary medicine. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional online survey to measure the level of appreciation, applicability and knowledge of evolutionary medicine among nutrition and dietetics professionals and students. We then examined the relationships between support of evolutionary medicine and (i) professionals and students, (ii) US region, (iii) religious belief and (iv) existing evolutionary knowledge. RESULTS: A total of 2039 people participated: students (n = 893) and professionals (n = 1146). The majority of the participants agree they are knowledgeable on the theory of evolution (59%), an understanding of evolution can aid the nutrition and dietetics field (58%), an evolutionary perspective would be beneficial in dietetics education (51%) and it is equally important to understand both the evolutionary and direct causes of disease (71%). Significant differences in responses between professionals and students suggest students are currently learning more about evolution and are also more supportive of using an evolutionary perspective. Whereas differences in responses by US region were minimal, differences by religious belief and prior evolutionary knowledge were significant; however, all responses were either neutral or supportive at varying strengths. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: There is interest among professionals and students to incorporate evolutionary medicine into the nutrition and dietetics field and education programs.

Glucose elicits cephalic-phase insulin release in mice by activating KATP channels in taste cells.

The taste of sugar elicits cephalic-phase insulin release (CPIR), which limits the rise in blood glucose associated with meals. Little is known, however, about the gustatory mechanisms that trigger CPIR. We asked whether oral stimulation with any of the following taste stimuli elicited CPIR in mice: glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, Polycose, saccharin, sucralose, AceK, SC45647, or a nonmetabolizable sugar analog. The only taste stimuli that elicited CPIR were glucose and the glucose-containing saccharides (sucrose, maltose, Polycose). When we mixed an α-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose) with the latter three saccharides, the mice no longer exhibited CPIR. This revealed that the carbohydrates were hydrolyzed in the mouth, and that the liberated glucose triggered CPIR. We also found that increasing the intensity or duration of oral glucose stimulation caused a corresponding increase in CPIR magnitude. To identify the components of the glucose-specific taste-signaling pathway, we examined the necessity of Calhm1, P2X2+P2X3, SGLT1, and Sur1. Among these proteins, only Sur1 was necessary for CPIR. Sur1 was not necessary, however, for taste-mediated attraction to sugars. Given that Sur1 is a subunit of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) channel and that this channel functions as a part of a glucose-sensing pathway in pancreatic ß-cells, we asked whether the KATP channel serves an analogous role in taste cells. We discovered that oral stimulation with drugs known to increase (glyburide) or decrease (diazoxide) KATP signaling produced corresponding changes in glucose-stimulated CPIR. We propose that the KATP channel is part of a novel signaling pathway in taste cells that mediates glucose-induced CPIR.

Exciton relaxation in PbSe nanorods.

Measurements of the picosecond-time-scale dynamics of photoexcited electrons in PbSe nanorods are reported. The intraband (1Π â†’ 1Σ) relaxation occurs with a time constant of ~500 fs, which corresponds to a fast energy-relaxation rate of ~0.6 eV/ps. The biexciton lifetime in PbSe nanorods is significantly (3-4 times) longer than the lifetime of PbSe quantum dots with the same energy gap, roughly as expected considering the increased volume. The multiexciton lifetimes of PbSe nanorods scale as expected for a bimolecular recombination mechanism. Implications of the observed relaxations will be discussed.