Induction of hepatic aminolevulinate acid synthetase activity by isoflurane in a genetic model for erythropoietic protoporphyria.

Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited deficiency of ferrochelatase, the last enzyme of the heme pathway. Under general anaesthesia, some patients develop neurological dysfunction suggesting upregulation in heme biosynthesis similar to that described for acute porphyrias after xenobiotic administration. Our aim has been to evaluate whether Isoflurane induces alterations in the heme pathway in a mouse model for EPP. Administration of Isoflurane (a single dose of 2 ml/kg, i.p) to wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/Fechm1Pas) and homozygous (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas) mice, was evaluated by measuring the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) and Porphobilinogen-deaminase (PBG-D) in different tissues, as well as Heme oxygenase (HO), cytochrome P-450, CYP2E1 and glutathione levels in liver. Porphyrin precursors were measured in 24 h-urine samples. Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas mice receiving anaesthesia show enhanced ALA-S and CYP2E1 activities in the liver and increased urinary excretion of porphyrin precursors. No alterations were found in either PBG-D or HO activities. Diminished glutathione levels suggest that anaesthesia may produce oxidative stress in these animals. In conclusion, Isoflurane induces ALA-S activity and increased excretion of porphyrin precursors in EPP mice. These findings appear to confirm our previous hypothesis and indicate that Isoflurane may be an unsafe anaesthetic not only for patients with acute porphyrias but also for individuals with non acute porphyrias.

The very first description of a patient with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria in Argentina. Biochemical and molecular studies.

Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria (HEP) is the rare homozygous form of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT). It is characterized clinically by the early onset of severe skin manifestations which can be confused with Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) or with PCT when the symptoms are mild. We describe the case of a 14 year-old child with skin manifestations similar to those observed in PCT. The biochemical assays ruled out a CEP as well as they suggested the development of a HEP. Although his symptoms were not severe enough to be HEP, the enzymatic activity was dramatically reduced to a 5% of normal values and the molecular analysis revealed the presence of two already known different mutations on the patient's URO-D gene, c.703 C>T and IVS9-1. Each parent carry one of the mutations, but they were absent in the brother. This is the first Argentinean HEP case ever described which appeared in a compound heterozygous form and less residual URO-D activity but associated to a mild phenotype.

Acute porphyrias in the Argentinean population: a review.

The porphyrias are a group of inherited metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis which result from a partial deficiency in one of its seven specific enzymes, after its first and rate limiting enzyme, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. They can be classified on the basis of their clinical manifestations into cutaneous, acute and mixed disorders. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common type of hepatic acute porphyrias, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, caused by a defect in the gene which codifies for the heme enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. Its prevalence in the Argentinean population is about 1:125,000. A partial deficiency in another enzyme, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, produces variegate porphyria (VP), the second acute porphyria most frequent in the Argentinean population (1:600,000). Here, we review all the mutations we have found in 46 AIP and 9 VP unrelated Argentinean patients. To screen for mutations in symptomatic patients, we have proposed a geneticresearch strategy.

ALA and ALA hexyl ester in free and liposomal formulations for the photosensitisation of tumour organ cultures.

In spite of the wide range of tumours successfully treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy, the fact that 5-aminolevulinic acid has low lipid solubility, limits its clinical application. More lipophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid prodrugs and the use of liposomal carriers are two approaches aimed at improving 5-aminolevulinic acid transmembrane access. In this study we used both 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexyl ester in their free and encapsulated formulations to compare their corresponding endogenous synthesis of porphyrins. Employing murine tumour cultures, we found that neither the use of hexyl ester nor the entrapment of either 5-aminolevulinic acid or hexyl ester into liposomes increase the rate of tumour porphyrin synthesis. By light and electronic microscopy it was demonstrated that exposure of tumour explants to either free or liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid and subsequent illumination induces the same type of subcellular damage. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane are the structures mostly injured in the early steps of photodynamic treatment. In a later stage, cytoplasmic and nuclear disintegration are observed. By electronic microscopy the involvement of the endocytic pathway in the incorporation of liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid into the cells was shown.

The photodynamic and non-photodynamic actions of porphyrins

Porphyrias are a family of inherited diseases, each associated with a partial defect in one of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway. In six of the eight porphyrias described, the main clinical manifestation is skin photosensitivity brought about by the action of light on porphyrins, which are deposited in the upper epidermal layer of the skin. Porphyrins absorb light energy intensively in the UV region, and to a lesser extent in the long visible bands, resulting in transitions to excited electronic states. The excited porphyrin may react directly with biological structures (type I reactions) or with molecular oxygen, generating excited singlet oxygen (type II reactions). Besides this well-known photodynamic action of porphyrins, a novel light-independent effect of porphyrins has been described. Irradiation of enzymes in the presence of porphyrins mainly induces type I reactions, although type II reactions could also occur, further increasing the direct non-photodynamic effect of porphyrins on proteins and macromolecules. Conformational changes of protein structure are induced by porphyrins in the dark or under UV light, resulting in reduced enzyme activity and increased proteolytic susceptibility. The effect of porphyrins depends not only on their physico-chemical properties but also on the specific site on the protein on which they act. Porphyrin action alters the functionality of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway exacerbating the metabolic deficiencies in porphyrias. Light energy absorption by porphyrins results in the generation of oxygen reactive species, overcoming the protective cellular mechanisms and leading to molecular, cell and tissue damage, thus amplifying the porphyric picture

Modelo experimental de Porfiria Cutánea Tarda inducido por hexaclorobenceno en ratones Hairless / Experimental model of Porphyria Cutaneous Tarda by hexaclorobenceno in Hairless mice

En este trabajo se describe el efecto del HcB en ratones de la cepa hairless a fin de obtener un modelo experimental de PCT, lo que facilitaría el estudio de la fotosensibilización cutánea característica de la enfermedad y el ensayo de cremas dermatológicas. El HCB es un hidrocarburo polihalogenado que ha sido utilizado con éxito en ratones de las cepas Balb/C y C57BL. Los animales recibieron una única dosis de 200 mg HCB/Kg (vía i.p.). Dentro de los controles, un grupo no recibió ningún tratamiento y otro solo el pretratamiento con hierro. A distintos tiempos luego de comenzada la intoxicación, los animales fueron sacrificados y se determinó la relación porcentual peso hígado/peso corporal, se extrajeron y cuantificarón las porfirinas de piel, hígado, orina yheces; y se midió la actividad de la enzima Uro-D hepáica. Además se midieron los niveles de Cit-450 y LPO hepáticos y la concentración de glutation en hígado y piel, como indicadores del grado de intoxicación. Se observó en ambos sexos, un aumento del 40 por ciento en la relación porcentual peso hígado/ peso corporal tanto en los grupos intoxicados como en los control hierro. En hembras, los niveles de porfirinas aumentaron tanto en hígado como en piel, dicho aumento ocurrió luego de un descenso en los niveles de glutation. En cambio en machos , los niveles de prfirinas solo aumentarom en piel, registrándose una aumento en los niveles de glutation en ambos tejidos.

Acerca de diecisiete pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana que desarrollaron porfiria cutánea tardia / About seventeen patients with human inmunodeficiency virus,who developev Porphyria cutanea tarda

Se presentaron 17 pacientes de sexo masculino de edades entre 20 y 44 años infectadas con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV),que desarrollaron signos clínicos y bioquímicos típicos de la Porfiria cutánea tardía (PCT) entre 2 meses a 5 años despúes de ser detectada la la seropositividad para HIV. El diagnóstico de PCT fue confirmado en base a los valores elevados de porfirinas urinarias con patrón de excreción e índice de porfirinas plasmáticas características de esta porfiria. La naturaleza hereditaria de la enfermedad se estableció teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes familiaresy la disminucioón de la actividad de la uroporfirinógeno decarboxilasa eritrocitaria. Dos pacientes fueron sometidos a la terapia combinada de bajas dosis de cloriquina (2x 100 mg semanal) y S-Adenosil-L-Metionina (SAM) (15-20 mg/kg,durante 3 semanas), observándose una disminución del 50 por ciento en la excreción de porfirinas urinarias a los seis meses de iniciado el tratamiento. Los 17 casos de HIV-PCT estudiados en nuestro centro entre 1990 y 1994 constituyen el 30 por ciento del número total de casos descriptos en la literatura mundial. Dado que en todos los pacientes la porfiria desencadenó luego de detectarse el virus, se propone que el HIV,o algun factor asociado, podría actuar como agente inductor o desencadenante de la expresión sintomatológica de la PCT

Acción fotodinámica y no-fotodinámica de las porfirinas sobre la aminolevulico dehidrasa en sangre normal y de pacientes con porfiria cutanea tardia (AU) / Photodinamic action and non-photodinamic action of the porphyrins in aminolevuleico dehydrase in normal blood, and patients with porphyria cutanea tarda

Se ha investigado la acción de concentraciones variables de uroporfirina I, uroporfirinógeno I y mezclas de porfirina aisladas de plasma y orina de pacientes porfíricos sobre la actividad de la alfa-aminolevúlico dehidrasa (ALA-D) de sangre de individuos normales y pacientes con PCT, en diferentes condiciones de iluminación, a 37-C y luego de 2 horas de exposición a la porfirina. La Uro I y el Urogen I inactivan la enzima en la oscuridad, efecto dependiente de la concentración que llega al 30-60% a valore de 10 µM del tetrapirrol. El Urogen I es un inhibidor más efectivo que la Uro I. La presencia de cantidades variables de mezclas de porfirinas aisladas del plasma y orina de pacientes con PCT, en la enzima de sangre normal y porfírica, produce también una inactivación independiente y una dependiente de la luz que aumenta a concentraciones crecientes de la mezcla, a partir de un valor umbral del orden de 1 - 1,5 µM por debajo del cual, los pigmentos no ejercen ningún tipo de inhibición