[Oxidized fibrinogen and its relationship with hemostasis disturbances and endothelial dysfunction during coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction].

The highest oxidative modification of fibrinogen was found in acute myocardial infarction (MI) men and it was 1.26 and 1.56 times higher in comparison with coronary heart disease (CHD) men with anamnesis of MI and with men without CHD, respectively. Increased oxidized fibrinogen level correlated with increased levels of plasma lipid peroxidation products, Willebrand factor, fibrin degradation products, accelerated leukocyte-platelet aggregation and decreased level of plasma NO metabolites. Associations of oxidized fibrinogen with MI and typical parameters of thrombosis and hypercoagulatory hemostasis disturbances and endothelial function were revealed.

Relationship between oxidized fibrinogen and hemostasis disturbances and endothelial dysfunction in myocardial infarction.

Oxidative modification of fibrinogen in acute myocardial infarction increased 1.3-fold compared to that in CHD and 1.5-fold surpassed that in the control without CHD. Elevated content of oxidized fibrinogen correlated with increased levels of LPO products, von Willebrand factor, and fibrin degradation products, with accelerated leukocyte and platelet aggregation, and reduced content of NO metabolites in the plasma. Independent associations of oxidized fibrinogen with myocardial infarction and typical thrombogenic and hypercoagulation hemostasis disorders and endothelial dysfunctions were revealed.

[Prevalence of electrocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension in a sample of male population of Novosibirsk]. / Rasprostranennost' élektrokardiograficheskikh pokazatelei legochnoi gipertenzii v muzhskoi populiatsii.

Prevalence of ECG signs of right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension was assessed in a representative sample (n=715) of nonorganized male population (age 25-64 years) of Novosibirsk studied within a framework of WHO MONICA project. Other methods of investigation included Rose questionnaire, anthropometry, ECG interpreted with Minnesota code, and echocardiography. Echocardiography data were used as reference for determination of sensitivity and specificity of ECG-criteria of pulmonary hypertension.

The effect of compressed speech on the ability of right-hemisphere-damaged patients to use context.

The ability of RHD patients to use context under conditions of increased processing demands was examined. Subjects monitored for words in auditorily presented sentences of three context types-normal, semantically anomalous, and random, at three rates of speech normal, 70% compressed (Experiment 1) and 60% compressed (Experiment 2). Effects of semantics and syntax were found for the RHD and normal groups under the normal rate of speech condition. Using compressed rates of speech, the effect of syntax disappeared, but the effect of semantics remained. Importantly, and contrary to expectations, the RHD group was similar to normals in continuing to demonstrate an effect of semantic context under conditions of increased processing demands. Results are discussed relative to contemporary theories of laterality, based on studies with normals, that suggest that the involvement of the left versus right hemisphere in context use may depend upon the type of contextual information being processed.

Contextual influences on phonetic identification in aphasia: the effects of speaking rate and semantic bias.

Two experiments examined the influence of context on stop-consonant voicing identification in fluent and nonfluent aphasic patients and normal controls. Listeners were required to label the initial stop in a target word varying along a voice onset time (VOT) continuum as either voiced or voiceless ([b]/[p] or [d]/[t]). Target stimuli were presented in sentence contexts in which the rate of speech of the sentence context (Experiment 1) or the semantic bias of the context (Experiment 2) was manipulated. The results revealed that all subject groups were sensitive to the contextual influences, although the extent of the context effects varied somewhat across groups and across experiments. In addition, a number of patients in both the fluent and nonfluent aphasic groups could not consistently identify even endpoint stimuli, confirming phonetic categorization impairments previously shown in such individuals. Results are discussed with respect to the potential reliance by aphasic patients on higher level context to compensate for phonetic perception deficits.

Production of stress retraction by left- and right-hemisphere-damaged patients.

An acoustic-perceptual investigation of a phonological phenomenon in which stress is retracted in double-stressed words (e.g., thirTEEN vs THIRteen MEN) was undertaken to identify the locus of functional impairments in speech prosody. Subjects included left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) and right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) patients and nonneurological controls. They were instructed to read sentences containing double-stressed target words in the presence of a clause boundary or its absence. Whereas all three groups of subjects were capable of manipulating the acoustic parameters that signal a shift in stress, there were some differences between the performance of the patient groups and that of the normal controls. Further, stress production deficits were more severe in LHD aphasic patients than in RHD patients. LHD speakers exhibited deficits in the control of both temporal and F0 cues. Their F0 disturbance appears to be secondary to a primary deficit in temporal control at the phase or sentence level, as an increased number of continuation rises found for the LHD patients seemed to arise from lengthy pauses within sentences. Findings are highlighted to address the nature of breakdown in speech prosody and the competing views of prosodic lateralization.

Context use by right-hemisphere-damaged individuals under a compressed speech condition.

The effect of increased processing demands on context use by RHD individuals was examined using a word-monitoring task. Subjects were required to monitor for a target word in sentences that were either normal, semantically anomalous, or both syntactically and semantically anomalous. Stimuli were presented at two rates of speech--normal and compressed to 70% of normal. Contrary to expectations, the RHD group performed similar to normals in demonstrating an effect of context at both rates of speech. Results are discussed relative to recent studies of normal brain functioning that suggest that the involvement of the LH versus the RH in context use depends upon the type of contextual information being processed.

Speech timing subsequent to brain damage: effects of utterance length and complexity.

Acoustic analyses of syllable durations were conducted in order to address several hypotheses concerning deficits in the control of speech timing subsequent to focal brain damage. Groups of nonfluent and fluent aphasics, right-hemisphere-damaged patients, and normal controls produced monosyllabic root syllables in medial and final position in the context of short and long sentences and syntactically simple and complex sentences. Durations of the target syllable as a proportion of the utterance were compared across contexts and groups. Somewhat surprisingly, the results revealed relatively normal temporal patterns in all subject groups, with the main exception emerging for the nonfluent aphasic patients who failed to demonstrate normal phrase-final lengthening effects. Implications of the findings for theories of temporal control in brain-damaged patients are considered.

The influence of neighborhood density on phonetic categorization in aphasia.

The present study examined the contribution of lexically based sources of information to acoustic-phonetic processing in fluent and nonfluent aphasic subjects and age-matched normals. To this end, two phonetic identification experiments were conducted which required subjects to label syllable-initial bilabial stop consonants varying along a VOT continuum as either /b/ or /p/. Factors that were controlled included the lexical status (word/nonword) and neighborhood density values corresponding to the two possible syllable interpretations in each set of stimuli. Findings indicated that all subject groups were influenced by both lexical status and neighborhood density in making phonetic categorizations. Results are discussed with respect to theories of acoustic-phonetic perception and lexical access in normal and aphasic populations.

Automatic versus strategic effects of phonology and orthography on auditory lexical access in brain-damaged patients as a function of inter-stimulus interval.

The influence of both phonological and orthographic information on auditory lexical access was examined in left- and right-hemisphere-damaged individuals using a lexical decision paradigm. Subjects were presented with prime-target pairs that were either phonologically related (tooth-youth), orthographically related (touch-couch), both phonologically and orthographically related (blood-flood), or unrelated (bill-tent), at two inter-stimulus intervals (ISI)--100 ms and 750 ms--to tap more automatic versus more strategic processing. All groups demonstrated effects of orthography at both ISIs (facilitory at 100 ms ISI and inhibitory at 750 ms ISI), supporting the findings by Leonard and Baum (1997) that effects of orthography emerge independent of site of brain damage and suggesting that orthographic effects in auditory word recognition tend to be largely strategic. A facilitory effect of phonology was also found for all groups at both ISIs. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of lexical activation in brain-damaged individuals.

On-line evidence for context use by right-brain-damaged patients.

The ability of right-brain-damaged (RBD) patients to use on-line contextual information in a word-monitoring task was examined. Subjects were required to monitor for target words in the contexts of both normal and semantically anomalous sentences. Similar to previous studies with normals (e.g., Marslen;Wilson & Tyler, 1980), the semantic integrity of the context was influential in the word-recognition process. Importantly, the RDB patients performed similarly to normals in showing context effects. These results were interpreted as substantiating the findings of Leonard, Waters, and Caplan (1997a, 1997b) that RBD patients do not present with a specific deficit in the use of contextual information. The results are discussed in terms of proposals that suggest that an impaired ability to use contextual information by RBD patients may be a function of increased processing demands.

Anticipatory coarticulation in aphasia: effects of utterance complexity.

The magnitude and extent of anticipatory coarticulation were examined in groups of fluent and nonfluent aphasic patients and normal control subjects. One- and two-syllable target utterances were elicited at slow and fast rates of speech with or without a consonant intervening between the target consonant and vowel, and with or without a preceding schwa, to manipulate utterance complexity. Acoustic analyses (F2 and centroid frequencies) revealed that both groups of aphasic patients exhibited relatively normal patterns of anticipatory coarticulation. However, small but significant differences among the groups emerged in certain conditions. Surprisingly, increased utterance complexity was not found to reduce coarticulatory effects to a greater degree in the nonfluent relative to the fluent aphasic group. Perceptual tests largely confirmed the acoustic analyses.

The role of fundamental frequency and duration in the perception of linguistic stress by individuals with brain damage.

Two tests of the ability of individuals with left-hemisphere damage (LHD) and right-hemisphere damage (RHD) and non-brain-damaged participants to identify phonemic and emphatic stress contrasts were undertaken. From a set of naturally produced base stimuli, two additional stimulus sets were derived. In one, fundamental frequency (F0) cues to stress were neutralized, whereas in the other duration cues were effectively neutralized. Results demonstrated that individuals with LHD were unable to identify phonemic stress contrasts with better-than-chance accuracy; individuals with RHD performed worse than normal participants but significantly better than the patients with LHD--particularly with the original full-cue stimuli. All groups performed better on the emphatic stress subtest, with the scores of only the patients with LHD at chance level for the F0-neutralized stimuli. The findings are considered in relation to hypotheses concerning the hemispheric lateralization of prosodic processing, particularly with respect to a hypothesis that posits differential lateralization for specific acoustic parameters.

Phonological, semantic, and mediated priming in aphasia.

An auditory lexical decision task was conducted to examine rhyme, semantic, and mediated priming in nonfluent and fluent aphasic patients and normal controls. Overall, monosyllabic word targets were responded to faster when preceded by rhyming word and nonword primes than unrelated primes. Similarly, semantically related primes facilitated lexical decisions to word targets. No evidence of mediated priming emerged. Results for individual subjects suggest differences in patterns across the subject groups. Implications of the findings for the integrity of lexical access in aphasic patients are considered.

Unilateral brain damage, prosodic comprehension deficits, and the acoustic cues to prosody.

Stimuli from two previously presented comprehension tasks of affective and linguistic prosody (Pell & Baum, 1997) were analyzed acoustically and subjected to several discriminant function analyses, following Van Lancker and Sidtis (1992). An analysis of the errors made on these tasks by left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) and right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) subjects examined whether each clinical group relied on specific (and potentially different) acoustic features in comprehending prosodic stimuli (Van Lancker & Sidtis, 1992). Analyses also indicated whether the brain-damaged patients tested in Pell and Baum (1997) exhibited perceptual impairments in the processing of intonation. Acoustic analyses of the utterances reaffirmed the importance of F0 cues in signaling affective and linguistic prosody. Analyses of subjects' affective misclassifications did not suggest that LHD and RHD patients were biased by different sets of the acoustic features to prosody in judging their meaning, in contrast to Van Lancker and Sidtis (1992). However, qualitative differences were noted in the ability of LHD and RHD patients to identify linguistic prosody, indicating that LHD subjects may be specifically impaired in decoding linguistically defined categorical features of prosodic patterns.

The ability to perceive and comprehend intonation in linguistic and affective contexts by brain-damaged adults.

Receptive tasks of linguistic and affective prosody were administered to 9 right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD), 10 left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD), and 10 age-matched control (NC) subjects. Two tasks measured subjects' ability to discriminate utterances based solely on prosodic cues, and six tasks required subjects to identify linguistic or affective intonational meanings. Identification tasks manipulated the degree to which the auditory stimuli were structured linguistically, presenting speech-filtered, nonsensical, and semantically well-formed utterances in different tasks. Neither patient group was impaired relative to normals in discriminating prosodic patterns or recognizing affective tone conveyed suprasegmentally, suggesting that neither the LHD nor the RHD patients displayed a receptive disturbance for emotional prosody. The LHD group, however, was differentially impaired on linguistic rather than emotional tasks and performed significantly worse than the NC group on linguistic tasks even when semantic information biased the target response.

Compensation for jaw fixation by aphasic patients.

The ability to compensate for fixation of the jaw by a bite block was investigated in 6 nonfluent aphasics, 6 fluent aphasics, and 10 normal control subjects. Acoustic analyses of the vowels [i u a ae] and fricatives [s s] revealed substantial but incomplete compensation for the perturbation in all three subject groups. Perceptual identification scores and quality ratings by naive and phonetically trained listeners indicated poorer identification of the high vowels [i u] under compensatory conditions relative to normal production. Of particular interest was the fact that all three groups of subjects exhibited similar patterns of results. The findings suggest that any deficit in speech motor programming demonstrated by the nonfluent aphasic patients did not affect compensatory abilities. Results are discussed with respect to normal speech adaptation skills and the nature of articulatory breakdown in nonfluent aphasia.

The development of speech adaptation to an artificial palate.

An investigation of adaptation to palatal modification in [s] production was conducted using acoustic and perceptual analyses. The experiment assessed whether adaptation would occur subsequent to a brief period of intensive, target-specific practice. Productions of [sa] were elicited at five time intervals, 15 min apart, with an artificial palate in place. Between measurement intervals, subjects read [s]-laden passages to promote adaptation. Results revealed improvement in both acoustic and perceptual measures at the final time interval relative to the initial measurement period. Interestingly, the data also suggested changes to normal (unperturbed) articulation patterns during the same interval. Results are discussed in relation to the development of speech adaptation to a structural modification of the oral cavity.