Comparative Evaluation of Two Antibiotic Pastes for Root Canal Disinfection.

Aim and objective: To compare the efficacy of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and double antibiotic paste (DAP) for root canal disinfection during revascularization of immature pulpless teeth. Materials and methods: A sample of 20 immature teeth in subjects aged 8-13 years was selected for a revascularization procedure. The teeth were randomly distributed in two groups corresponding to the medicament received-TAP group (n = 10) and DAP group (n = 10). Microbial samples were collected using dry paper points at the beginning of treatment and thereafter every 3 weeks till sterile reading was obtained. Microbial samples were then sent to the microbiological lab for identification. Results: A variety of opportunistic microbes were detected in samples obtained before placement of medicaments with no significant difference between the two medicament groups. The efficacy of TAP to eliminate microbes was lower in comparison to DAP after 3 weeks of placement of medicaments, whereas it was found to be more efficacious in comparison to DAP after 6 weeks and no significant difference (p> 0.05) was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis can achieve complete root development with regenerative endodontic technique. The use of antibiotic pastes including TAP and DAP can help achieve a successful outcome with thorough decontamination of the root canal. How to cite this article: Goswami M, Baveja CP, Bhushan U, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Two Antibiotic Pastes for Root Canal Disinfection. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-1):S12-S17.

Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two polymerase chain reactions and role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to evaluate the role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). METHODS: Seventy five children aged 2 months -12 years with community-acquired LRTIs were investigated for M. pneumoniae etiology employing paired serum samples to assay M. pneumoniae antibodies. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained for the detection of M. pneumoniae by using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and nested PCR. RESULTS: M. pneumoniae infection was positive in 24(85.71%) children aged <5 years and 4 (14.29%) â€‹≥ â€‹5-12 years and the difference was statistically insignificant (P â€‹= â€‹0.18). Difference in prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection across male and female groups was statistically insignificant (P â€‹= â€‹0.69). Clinical and radiological profiles across M. pneumoniae positive and negative cases were comparable except bronchopneumonia which was statistically significant (P â€‹= â€‹0.04). Serological evidence of M. pneumoniae infection was observed in 26(33%); PCR was positive in 9 (12%) and nested PCR in 10 (13.33%) children. Together, serology, PCR and nested PCR diagnosed M. pneumoniae infection in 28(37.33%) patients. Sensitivity of serology was 77.78%: specificity 68.18%; positive predictive value 25.00% and negative predictive value at 95.74%. CONCLUSIONS: Serological and molecular methods in combination is useful for detection of M. pneumoniae. Our data underline the role of M. pneumoniae in community-acquired LRTIs in children of all ages.

Rare case of meningitis due to an emerging pathogen Chryseobacterium indologenes.

Chryseobacterium indologenes is a non-glucose fermenting Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been found to cause a variety of infections like nosocomial pneumonia, bacteremia and wound infections usually in immunosuppressed patients and those with indwelling devices. The organism is resistant to a significant number of the commonly prescribed broad spectrum antibiotics. We report a rare case of meningitis due to C. indologenes in a patient diagnosed with medulloblastoma and hydrocephalus with an external ventricular drain in situ. The patient was successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination and external ventricular drain replacement as shown by subsequent sterile cultures.

Statistical analysis of microbiological diagnostic tests.

No study in medical science is complete without application of the statistical principles. Incorrect application of statistical tests causes incorrect interpretation of the study results obtained through hard work. Yet statistics remains one of the most neglected and loathed areas, probably due to the lack of understanding of the basic principles. In microbiology, rapid progress is being made in the field of diagnostic test, and a huge number of studies being conducted are related to the evaluation of these tests. Therefore, a good knowledge of statistical principles will aid a microbiologist to plan, conduct and interpret the result. The initial part of this review discusses the study designs, types of variables, principles of sampling, calculation of sample size, types of errors and power of the study. Subsequently, description of the performance characteristics of a diagnostic test, receiver operator characteristic curve and tests of significance are explained. Lack of a perfect gold standard test against which our test is being compared can hamper the study results; thus, it becomes essential to apply the remedial measures described here. Rapid computerisation has made statistical calculations much simpler, obviating the need for the routine researcher to rote learn the derivations and apply the complex formulae. Thus, greater focus has been laid on developing an understanding of principles. Finally, it should be kept in mind that a diagnostic test may show exemplary statistical results, yet it may not be useful in the routine laboratory or in the field; thus, its operational characteristics are as important as the statistical results.

Association of interleukin-2, -4 and -10 with dengue severity.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is an arboviral disease caused by four distinct serotypes of dengue virus. The pathogenesis of dengue is not very clearly understood. Various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the immune pathogenesis of dengue. Interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor interaction is supposed to play a protective role, while IL-4 acts as pro-inflammatory whereas IL-10 acts as anti-inflammatory cytokines. So far, not much information is available regarding the established role of these cytokines with dengue infection and severity. AIMS: our study aimed to show the association of IL-2, -4, and -10 with severity of dengue infection. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the year 2015; 150 blood samples from suspected dengue cases were confirmed for dengue and then with an equal number of healthy control samples were tested for cytokines levels (IL-2, -4, and -10) by ELISA. Severity of the dengue infection was determined on the basis of clinical manifestations based on the WHO criteria. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: for statistical analysis, SPSS version 21 (IBM, New York, United States) was used. RESULTS: Out of 150 samples, 56 samples came to be dengue positive. Thirty-eight (67.85%) cases were classified as nonsevere dengue and 18 (32.15%) were severe dengue. The serum levels of IL-4 and -10 were significantly raised in severe dengue cases as compared to nonsevere dengue cases. No significant association was observed between serum IL-2 levels and the severity of dengue. CONCLUSION: IL-4 and -10 levels can be used as marker of severe dengue and help in early preparedness to start the treatment in the line of severe dengue.

Drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS at a tertiary care hospital in northern India.

The study was done to determine the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in AIDS patients. Fifty antiretroviral drug naïve new AIDS patients with clinical evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and no previous history of tuberculosis were recruited. Baseline CD4 counts and plasma viral loads (PVL) were measured by flow cytometry and RT-PCR, respectively. Sputum samples were obtained from each patient and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and using the BACTEC 460 system (B460). Antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested in all isolates using the B460 gystem. The occurrence of MTB was found to be more common with a PVL>4 log10 copies/ml (odds ratio: 4.6). Of 15 MTB isolates, 8 (53.3%) had single drug resistance, 4 (26.7%) had multidrug resistance (MDR) and 1 (6.7%) had resistance to three drugs (non-MDR). Two isolates (13.3%) were sensitive to all the four drugs. Resistance to first line anti-tuberculosis drugs was found to be higher among AIDS patients with MTB.

Foot ulcer caused by multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a diabetic patient.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is the fourth leading type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The disease has a progressive course and the diagnosis is often made in the later stages of bone destruction. We describe a case of a foot ulcer caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with known diabetes where the diagnosis was not suspected initially. Although tuberculous foot ulcers are rare, they should be included in the differential diagnosis of unknown foot ulcers. A greater awareness of this rare clinical entity may help in commencing specific evidence-based therapy quickly and preventing undue morbidity and mortality.

Newer methods over the conventional diagnostic tests for tuberculous meningitis: do they really help?

Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is crucial as the disease outcome depends on the stage at which the treatment is initiated. The reliability of the available tests has not been established; thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the conventional diagnostic tests as compared to the newer methods. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 100 children, and analyzed for various biochemical and cytological tests. The samples were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining, Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) culture, BACTEC culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-two patients could be identified as definitive TBM based on the demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by BACTEC culture and PCR. Of these 22 cases, Z-N staining was positive in only two and L-J culture in six cases. Both the BACTEC culture and PCR had 100% agreement in the diagnosis of TBM. However, BACTEC culture could be a better diagnostic test as drug sensitivity can also be performed by this method.

Drug-resistant genital tuberculosis of the penis in a human immunodeficiency virus non-reactive individual.

The genitourinary tract is the most common site for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Penile TB is extremely rare comprising less than 1 % of all genital TB cases in males. It most commonly presents either as a superficial ulcer on the glans or around the corona. Diagnosis of penile TB is often difficult because it can mimic numerous other diseases. The association of TB with AIDS, and the increasing incidence of multiple drug resistance has further compounded the problem. The case described herein involves a patient with multidrug-resistant smear-positive penile TB that was undiagnosed initially due to the lack of clinical suspicion of TB, and once diagnosed failed to respond to first line antitubercular drugs because of multiple drug resistance.

Diagnostic utility of ELISA test using antigen A60 in suspected cases of tuberculous meningitis in paediatric age group.

The aim of the study was evaluation of the utility of ELISA test using antigen A60 for rapid diagnosis of tuberculous menigitis (TBM) in paediatric age group. ELISA test based on mycrobacterial antigen A60 (Anda biological, France) was used to estimate specific IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera and CSF of 20 suspected cases of TBM which were selected on the basis of numerous parameters and were smear negative on concentrated smear of CSF. Sera of 20 Montoux negative healthy children was taken as control by detecting IgM and IgG antibodies to A60 antigen. Response to anti-tubercular treatment was observed in all the suspected cases of TBM. This study showed that specificity for diagnosis of TBM by detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in sera was 90% and 80% respectively. Sensitivity of the test by detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in sera was 85% and 80% respectively with positive predictive value of 89.47% for IgM antibody and 80% for IgG antibody. In CSF IgM and IgG antibodies were found in 75% and 60% cases respectively. Both were positive only in 60% of cases. It is concluded from this study that 80-85% cases of TBM in paediatric age group have eigher IgM or IgG antibodies in sera whereas 60-75% have antibodies in CSF.

Bacteriological study of drinking water during epidemic of cholera in Delhi.

Sixty drinking water samples collected from various sources in different areas of Delhi during epidemic of cholera and gastroenteritis were analysed for bacteriological standards. Only 27 (45 per cent) samples were found to be satisfactory for human consumption. Remaining thirty-three (55 per cent) samples showed presence of coliform organisms with MPN value ranging from 10 to 1800+ per 100 ml. Among these positive samples, 31 (93.9 per cent) samples contained faecal coli. Twenty out of thirty (66.6 per cent) Hand pump, 9 out of 21 (42.8 per cent) Taps 2 out of 4 (50 per cent) Tube well and 2 out of 5 (40 per cent) of miscellaneous sources showed contamination with coliform organisms.