Effectiveness of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation to Enhance Upper Extremity Recovery after Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: To first investigate the effectiveness of modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (mCIMT) in low-functioning patients with stroke (PwS). Second, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), applied on intermittent days, in addition to the mCIMT in PwS. DESIGN: Randomized, sham-controlled, single-blinded study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen PwS (age 66.3 ± 9.2 years (mean ± SD); 53% female) who were in the first 1-12 months after the incident were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: PwS were divided into 3 groups: 1) mCIMT alone, 2) mCIMT + sham iTBS, and 3) mCIMT + iTBS. Each group received fifteen sessions of mCIMT (1 hour/session, 3 sessions/week). iTBS was applied with 600-pulses on impaired M1 prior to mCIMT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Upper extremity (UE) impairment was assessed with the Fugl-Meyer Test (FMT-UE), while the motor function was evaluated with the Wolf-Motor Function Test (WMFT). Motor Activity Log-28 (MAL-28) was used to evaluate the amount of use (AUS) and how well (HWS) the impaired UE movements. RESULTS: With-in-group analysis revealed that all groups had statistically significant improvements based on the FMT-UE and MAL-28 (p<0.05). However, the performance time and arm strength variables of WMFT were only increased in the mCIMT + iTBS group (p<0.05). The only between-group difference was observed in the intracortical facilitation in favor of the mCIMT + iTBS group (p<0.05). The effect size of iTBS was f=0.18. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mCIMT with and without the application of iTBS has increased the UE motor function in low-functioning PwS. iTBS applied on intermittent days may have additional benefits as an adjunct therapy for facilitating cortical excitability, increasing the speed and strength of the impaired UE as well as decreasing disability.

Functional neural networks stratify Parkinson's disease patients across the spectrum of cognitive impairment.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a significant non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) that often precedes the emergence of motor symptoms by several years. Patients with PD hypothetically progress from stages without CI (PD-normal cognition [NC]) to stages with Mild CI (PD-MCI) and PD dementia (PDD). CI symptoms in PD are linked to different brain regions and neural pathways, in addition to being the result of dysfunctional subcortical regions. However, it is still unknown how functional dysregulation correlates to progression during the CI. Neuroimaging techniques hold promise in discriminating CI stages of PD and further contribute to the biomarker formation of CI in PD. In this study, we explore disparities in the clinical assessments and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) among three CI stages of PD. METHODS: We enrolled 88 patients with PD and 26 healthy controls (HC) for a cross sectional clinical study and performed intra- and inter-network FC analysis in conjunction with comprehensive clinical cognitive assessment. RESULTS: Our findings underscore the significance of several neural networks, namely, the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), dorsal attention network, and visual network (VN) and their inter-intra-network FC in differentiating between PD-MCI and PDD. Additionally, our results showed the importance of sensory motor network, VN, DMN, and salience network (SN) in the discriminating PD-NC from PDD. Finally, in comparison to HC, we found DMN, FPN, VN, and SN as pivotal networks for further differential diagnosis of CI stages of PD. CONCLUSION: We propose that resting-state networks (RSN) can be a discriminating factor in distinguishing the CI stages of PD and progressing from PD-NC to MCI or PDD. The integration of clinical and neuroimaging data may enhance the early detection of PD in clinical settings and potentially prevent the disease from advancing to more severe stages.

Priming constraint-induced movement therapy with intermittent theta burst stimulation to enhance upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The treatments based on motor control and motor learning principles have gained popularity in the last 20 years, as well as non-invasive brain stimulations that enhance neuroplastic changes after stroke. However, the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in addition to evidence-based, intensive neurorehabilitation approaches such as modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) is yet to be investigated. AIM: We aim to establish a protocol for a randomized controlled study investigating the efficiency of mCIMT primed with iTBS after stroke. METHODS: In this randomized controlled, single-blind study, patients with stroke (N = 17) will be divided into 3 groups: (a) mCIMT + real iTBS, (b) mCIMT + sham iTBS, and (c) mCIMT alone. 600-pulse iTBS will be delivered to the primary motor cortex on the ipsilesional hemisphere, and then, patients will receive mCIMT for 1 h/session, 3 sessions/week for 5 weeks. Upper extremity recovery will be assessed with Fugl-Meyer Test-Upper Extremity and Wolf Motor Function Test. Electrophysiological assessments, such as Motor-Evoked Potentials, Resting Motor Threshold, Short-Intracortical Inhibition, and Intracortical Facilitation, will also be included. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a protocol of an ongoing intervention study investigating the effectiveness of iTBS on ipsilesional M1 prior to the mCIMT in patients with stroke is proposed. This will be the first study to research priming mCIMT with iTBS and it may have the potential to reveal the true effect of the iTBS when it is added to the high-quality neurorehabilitation approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: NCT05308667.

The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and aerobic exercise on cognition, balance and functional brain networks in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and aerobic exercises (AE) in addition to the pharmacological therapy (PT) in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Twenty-seven patients with AD aged ≥ 60 years were included in the study and divided into 3 groups (rTMS, AE and control). All groups received PT. rTMS group (n = 10) received 20 Hz rTMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) bilaterally and AE group (n = 9) received the structured moderate-intensity AE for 5 consecutive days/week over 2 weeks. Control group (n = 8) only received PT. Cognition, balance, mobility, quality of life (QoL), and resting state functional brain activity were evaluated one week before and one week after the interventions. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT05102045). Significant improvements were found in executive functions, behavior, and QoL in the rTMS group, in balance and mobility in the AE group, and in the visual memory and behavior in the control group (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the behavior in favor of the rTMS group, and balance in favor of the AE group (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in activation on middle temporal gyrus, intra calcarine, central opercular cortex, superior parietal lobule, and paracingulate cortex in Default Mode Network (DMN) in the rTMS group (p < 0.05). High-frequency rTMS over bilateral dlPFC may improve executive functions and behavior and lead to increased activation in DMN, structured moderate-intensity AE may improve balance and mobility, and PT may improve memory and behaviour compared to pretreatment in AD.

A structural and resting-state functional connectivity investigation of the pulvinar in elderly individuals and Alzheimer's disease patients.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), structural and functional changes in the brain may give rise to disruption of specific cognitive functions. The aim of this study is to investigate the functional connectivity alterations in the pulvinar's subdivisions and total pulvinar voxel-based morphometry (VBM) changes in individuals with AD and healthy controls. A seed-based functional connectivity analysis was applied to the anterior, inferior, lateral, and medial pulvinar in each hemisphere. Furthermore, VBM analysis was carried out to compare gray matter (GM) volume differences in the pulvinar and thalamus between the two groups. Connectivity analysis revealed that the pulvinar subdivisions had decreased connectivity in individuals with AD. In addition, the pulvinar and thalamus in each hemisphere were significantly smaller in the AD group. The pulvinar may have a role in AD-related cognitive impairments and the intrinsic connectivity network changes and GM loss in pulvinar subdivisions suggest the cognitive deterioration occurring in those with AD. HIGHLIGHTS: The pulvinar may play a role in pathophysiology of cognitive impairments in those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Decreased structural volume and functional connectivity were found in patients with AD. The inferior pulvinar is functionally the most affected subdivision by AD compared to the others.

Enhancement of motor skill acquisition by intermittent theta burst stimulation: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on motor skill acquisition of healthy subjects when applied on alternate days to ensure high adherence to treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy participants (40-54 years) were included in the study. The control group (CG) (60% female) only received motor training (i.e., finger tapping task-FTTa), whereas the experimental group (EG) (100% female) received iTBS in addition to the motor training (every other day for 5 sessions). Cortical excitability measurements were taken with TMS. The correct sequences of the finger tapping test (FTTe) were recorded for behavioral analysis. RESULTS: While SICI was increased by 0.03 in EG, ICF was increased by 0.18 between pre-and post-treatment. On the other hand, CG had a lower ICF difference (MD: 0.05) and a higher SICI difference (MD: 0.21). There was no difference between EG and CG in FTTe at the end of the intervention (p > 0.05 for all variables), except for the increased number of correct sequences within the EG (p = 0.018). There was a significant difference in FTTa between EG and CG, in favor of EG (p = 0.042). The effect size was 0.62. CONCLUSION: Although no difference was found in terms of cortical excitability and FTTe between the EG and CG at the end of the alternate-day treatment, it seemed like iTBS increased cortical facilitation further than CG. Furthermore, the number of correct sequences in FTTe and FTTa was significantly increased in EG, showing that intermittent iTBS might improve motor learning and performance.

Differentiation of claustrum resting-state functional connectivity in healthy aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

The claustrum is a sheet-like of telencephalic gray matter structure whose function is poorly understood. The claustrum is considered a multimodal computing network due to its reciprocal connections with almost all cortical areas as well as subcortical structures. Although the claustrum has been involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, specific changes in connections of the claustrum remain unclear in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Resting-state fMRI and T1-weighted structural 3D images from healthy elderly (n = 15), AD (n = 16), and PD (n = 12) subjects were analyzed. Seed-based FC analysis was performed using CONN FC toolbox and T1-weighted images were analyzed with the Computational Anatomy Toolbox for voxel-based morphometry analysis. While we observed a decreased FC between the left claustrum and sensorimotor cortex, auditory association cortex, and cortical regions associated with social cognition in PD compared with the healthy control group (HC), no significant difference was found in alterations in the FC of both claustrum comparing the HC and AD groups. In the AD group, high FC of claustrum with regions of sensorimotor cortex and cortical regions related to cognitive control, including cingulate gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and insular cortex were demonstrated. In addition, the structural results show significantly decreased volume in bilateral claustrum in AD and PD compared with HC. There were no significant differences in the claustrum volumes between PD and AD groups so the FC may offer more precise findings in distinguishing changes for claustrum in AD and PD.

Abnormal Cross Frequency Coupling of Brain Electroencephalographic Oscillations Related to Visual Oddball Task in Parkinson's Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by degeneration in dopaminergic neurons. During the disease course, most of PD patients develop mild cognitive impairment (PDMCI) and dementia, especially affecting frontal executive functions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PDMCI patients may be characterized by abnormal neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms coupling frontal and posterior cortical areas during cognitive information processing. To test this hypothesis, event-related EEG oscillations (EROs) during counting visual target (rare) stimuli in an oddball task were recorded in healthy controls (HC; N = 51), cognitively unimpaired PD patients (N = 48), and PDMCI patients (N = 53). Hilbert transform served to estimate instantaneous phase and amplitude of EROs from delta to gamma frequency bands, while modulation index computed ERO phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) at electrode pairs. As compared to the HC and PD groups, the PDMCI group was characterized by (1) more posterior topography of the delta-theta PAC and (2) reversed delta-low frequency alpha PAC direction, ie, posterior-to-anterior rather than anterior-to-posterior. These results suggest that during cognitive demands, PDMCI patients are characterized by abnormal neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms mainly led by delta frequencies underpinning functional connectivity from frontal to parietal cortical areas.

Effect of upper limb focal muscle vibration on cortical activity: A systematic review with a focus on primary motor cortex.

This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of upper extremity focal muscle vibration (FMV) on cortical activity. A systematic literature search was conducted for articles published in English in the SCOPUS, PEDro, PUBMED, REHABDATA, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Eighteen studies (6 controlled and 12 experimental studies) were included in the systematic review. A total of 264 individuals (20 to 68 years) participated in the studies. The outcome of this review showed that FMV might have contradictory effects on cortical areas: (a) Reduction of cortical activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1), (b) no changes in the cortical activity of M1, and (c) increased cortical activity of M1 and S1. These effects may depend on different factors such as frequency and amplitude of FMV, vibration exposure time, and muscle status. However, no single factor can definitely be accounted for the variance.

Clinical evaluation and resting state fMRI analysis of virtual reality based training in Parkinson's disease through a randomized controlled trial.

There are few studies investigating the short-term effects of Virtual Reality based Exergaming (EG) on motor and cognition simultaneously and pursue the brain functional activity changes after these interventions in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic therapeutic effects of Virtual Reality based EG on motor and cognitive symptoms in PD and its possible effects on neuroplasticity. Eligible patients with the diagnosis of PD were randomly assigned to one of the two study groups: (1) an experimental EG group, (2) an active control Exercise Therapy (ET) group. All patients participated in a 4-week exercise program consisting of 12 treatment sessions. Every session lasted 60 min. Participants underwent a motor evaluation, extensive neuropsychological assessment battery and rs-fMRI before and after the interventions. Thirty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the EG and ET groups. After the dropouts, 23 patients completed the assessments and interventions (11 in EG, 13 in ET). Within group analysis showed significant improvements in both groups. Between group comparisons considering the interaction of group × time effect, showed superiority of EG in terms of general cognition, delayed visual recall memory and Boston Naming Test. These results were consistent in the within-group and between-group analysis. Finally, rs-fMRI analysis showed increased activity in the precuneus region in the time × group interaction in the favor of EG group. EG can be an effective alternative in terms of motor and cognitive outcomes in patients with PD. Compared to ET, EG may affect brain functional connectivity and can have beneficial effects on patients' cognitive functions and motor symptoms. Whenever possible, using EG and ET in combination, may have the better effects on patients daily living and patients can benefit from the advantages of both interventions.

Effectiveness of Anodal otDCS Following with Anodal tDCS Rather than tDCS Alone for Increasing of Relative Power of Intrinsic Matched EEG Bands in Rat Brains.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to determine whether (1) evidence is available of interactions between anodal tDCS and oscillated tDCS stimulation patterns to increase the power of endogenous brain oscillations and (2) the frequency matching the applied anodal otDCS's frequency and the brain's dominant intrinsic frequency influence power shifting during stimulation pattern sessions by both anodal DCS and anodal oscillated DCS. METHOD: Rats received different anodal tDCS and otDCS stimulation patterns using 8.5 Hz and 13 Hz state-related dominant intrinsic frequencies of anodal otDCS. The rats were divided into groups with specific stimulation patterns: group A: tDCS-otDCS (8.5 Hz)-otDCS (13 Hz); group B: otDCS (8.5 Hz)-tDCS-otDCS (13 Hz); group C: otDCS (13 Hz)-tDCS-otDCS (8.5 Hz). Acute relative power changes (i.e., following 10 min stimulation sessions) in six frequency bands-delta (1.5-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha-1 (7-10 Hz), alpha-2 (10-12 Hz), beta-1 (12-15 Hz) and beta-2 (15-20 Hz)-were compared using three factors and repeated ANOVA measurement. RESULTS: For each stimulation, tDCS increased theta power band and, above bands alpha and beta, a drop in delta power was observed. Anodal otDCS had a mild increasing power effect in both matched intrinsic and delta bands. In group pattern stimulations, increased power of endogenous frequencies matched exogenous otDCS frequencies-8.5 Hz or 13 Hz-with more potent effects in upper bands. The power was markedly more potent with the otDCS-tDCS stimulation pattern than the tDCS-otDCS pattern. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings suggest that the otDCS-tDCS pattern stimulation increased the power in matched intrinsic oscillations and, significantly, in the above bands in an ascending order. We provide evidence for the successful corporation between otDCS (as frequency-matched guidance) and tDCS (as a power generator) rather than tDCS alone when stimulating a desired brain intrinsic band (herein, tES specificity).

Left lateral parietal rTMS improves cognition and modulates resting brain connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Possible role of BDNF and oxidative stress.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique which is increasingly used for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although rTMS has been shown to modify Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress levels in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, there is still no study evaluating the relationship between memory performance, BDNF, oxidative stress, and resting brain connectivity following rTMS in Alzheimer's patients. Furthermore, there are increasing clinical data showing that the stimulation of strategic brain regions may lead to more robust improvements in memory functions compared to conventional rTMS. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible disease-modifying effects of rTMS on the lateral parietal cortex in AD patients who have the highest connectivity with the hippocampus. To fill the mentioned research gaps, we have evaluated the relationships between resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), cognitive scores, blood BDNF levels, and total oxidative/antioxidant status to explain the therapeutic and potential disease-modifying effects of rTMS which has been applied at 20 Hz frequencies for two weeks. Our results showed significantly increased visual recognition memory functions and clock drawing test scores which were associated with elevated peripheral BDNF levels, and decreased oxidant status after two weeks of left lateral parietal TMS stimulation. Clinically our findings suggest that the left parietal region targeted rTMS application leads to significant improvement in familiarity-based cognition associated with the network connections between the left parietal region and the hippocampus.

Topological network mechanisms of clinical response to antidepressant treatment in drug-naive major depressive disorder.

AIM: There is rapidly increasing evidence that remission of MDD is associated with substantial changes in functional brain connectivity. These New data have provided a holistic view on the mechanism of antidepressants on multiple levels that goes beyond their conventional effects on neurotransmitters. METHOD: The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University (10840098-604.01.01-E.65129) and followed the Helsinki Declaration principles. In our study, we have evaluated the effect of six weeks of treatment with antidepressants (escitalopram and duloxetine), and tested the underlying brain functional connectivity through a Graph analysis approach in a well-defined first-episode, drug-naive, and non-comorbid population with MDD. RESULTS: Beyond indicating that there was a significant correlation between the antidepressant response and topological characteristics of the brain, our results suggested that global rather than regional network alterations may be implicated in the antidepressant effect. CONCLUSION: Despite the small-sample size and non-controlled study design, our study provides important and relevant clinical data regarding the underlying mechanisms of the antidepressants on topological dynamics in the human brain.

Neuronavigated rTMS inhibition of right pars triangularis anterior in stuttering: Differential effects on reading and speaking.

Functional neuroimaging studies show an overactivation of speech and language related homologous areas of the right hemisphere in persons who stutter. In this study, we inhibited Broca's homologues using 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and assessed its effects on stuttering severity. The investigated cortical areas included pars opercularis (BA44), anterior and posterior pars triangularis (BA45), mouth area on the primary motor cortex (BA4). We collected reading and speaking samples before and after rTMS sessions and calculated the percentage of syllables stuttered. Only right anterior pars triangularis stimulation induced significant changes in speech fluency. Notably, the effects were differential for reading and speaking conditions. Overall, our results provide supportive evidence that right anterior BA45 may be a critical region for stuttering. The observed differential effects following the inhibition of right anterior BA45 merits further study of contributions of this region on different language domains in persons who stutter.

Resting-state fMRI analysis in apathetic Alzheimer's disease.

PURPOSE: Diagnosis of comorbid psychiatric conditions are a significant determinant for the prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Apathy, which is a behavioral executive dysfunction, frequently accompanies Alzheimer's disease (AD) and leads to higher daily functional loss. We assume that frontal lobe hypofunction in apathetic AD patients are more apparent than the AD patients without apathy. This study aims to address the neuroanatomical correlates of apathy in the early stage of AD using task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Patients (n=20) were recruited from the Neurology and Psychiatry Departments of Istanbul University, Istanbul School of Medicine whose first referrals were 6- to 12-month history of progressive cognitive decline. Patients with clinical dementia rating 0.5 and 1 were included in the study. The patient group was divided into two subgroups as apathetic and non-apathetic AD according to their psychiatric examination and assessment scores. A healthy control group was also included (n=10). All subjects underwent structural and functional MRI. The resting-state condition was recorded eyes open for 5 minutes. RESULTS: The difference between the three groups came up in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) at the trend level (P = 0.056). Apathetic AD group showed the most constricted activation area at pgACC. CONCLUSION: The region in and around anterior default mode network (pgACC) seems to mediate motivation to initiate behavior, and this function appears to weaken as the apathy becomes more severe in AD.

Lower prepulse inhibition in clinical high-risk groups but not in familial risk groups for psychosis compared with healthy controls.

AIM: Although the lower level of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is well known in schizophrenia, the onset of this difference is not clear. The aim of the present study was to compare PPI in individuals with clinical and familial high risk for psychosis, and healthy controls. METHODS: We studied PPI in individuals within three groups: ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR, n = 29), familial high risk for psychosis (FHR, n = 24) and healthy controls (HC, n = 28). The FHR group was chosen among siblings of patients with schizophrenia, whereas UHR was defined based on the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS). We collected clinical data using the BPRS-E, SANS and SAPS when individuals with UHR were antipsychotic-naïve. A cognitive battery that assessed attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, verbal learning and memory domains was applied to all participants. RESULTS: PPI was lower in the UHR group compared with both the FHR and HC groups. Those with a positive family history for schizophrenia had lower PPI than others in the UHR group. There was no difference in PPI between the FHR and HC groups. We found no relationship between PPI and cognitive performance in the three groups. Startle reactivity was not different among the three groups. Positive and negative symptoms were not related to PPI and startle reactivity in the UHR group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that clinical and familial high-risk groups for psychosis have different patterns of PPI.

Corticomuscular coherence in acute and chronic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Motor recovery after stroke is attributed to neuronal plasticity, however not all post-stroke neuronal changes relate to regaining fine motor control. Corticomuscular coherence (CMC) is a measure allowing to trace neuronal reorganizations which are functionally relevant for motor recovery. Contrary to previous studies which were performed only in chronic stage, we measured CMC in patients with stroke at both acute and chronic stroke stages. METHODS: For the detection of CMC we used multichannel EEG and EMG recordings along with an optimization algorithm for the detection of corticomuscular interactions. RESULTS: In acute stroke, the CMC amplitude was larger on the unaffected side compared to the affected side and also larger compared to the unaffected side in the chronic period. Additionally, CMC peak frequencies on both sides decreased in the acute compared to the chronic period and to control subjects. In chronic stage, there were no inter-hemispheric or group differences in CMC amplitude or frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in CMC parameters in acute stroke could result from a temporary decrease in inhibition, which normalizes in the course of recovery. As all patients showed very good motor recovery, the modulation of CMC amplitude and frequency over time might thus reflect the process of motor recovery. SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate for the first time the dynamical changes of corticomuscular interaction both at acute and chronic stage of stroke.

It is not all about phase: amplitude dynamics in corticomuscular interactions.

Corticomuscular interactions are studied mostly with EEG/EMG coherence, which, however, does not allow quantification of amplitude dynamics of sensorimotor oscillations. Here, we investigated the amplitude dynamics of sensorimotor EEG beta oscillations during an isometric task and their relation to corticomuscular coherence (CMC). We used amplitude envelopes of beta oscillations, derived from multichannel EEG and EMG recordings, as a measure of local cortical and spinal-cord synchronization. In general, we showed that the amplitude of cortical beta oscillations can influence CMC in two ways. First, we showed that the signal-to-noise ratio of pre-stimulus beta oscillations affects CMC. Second, we demonstrated that the attenuation of beta oscillations upon imperative stimulus correlated with the CMC strength. Attenuation of cortical beta oscillations was previously hypothesized to reflect increased motor cortex excitability. Consequently, this correlation might indicate that high cortical excitability, produced by imperative stimulus, facilitates the recruitment of neuronal networks responsible for establishing reliable corticospinal control manifested in larger CMC. Critically, we demonstrated that the amplitude envelopes of beta oscillations in EEG and EMG are positively correlated on time scales ranging from 50 to 1000 ms. Such correlations indicate that the amplitude of cortical beta oscillations might relate to the rhythmic spiking output of both corticospinal neurons and their spinal targets. Compared to CMC, however, amplitude-envelope correlations were detected in fewer cases, which might relate to a higher susceptibility of these correlations to signal-to-noise ratio. We conclude that EEG beta oscillations, originating from the sensorimotor cortex, can transmit not only their phase but also amplitude dynamics through the spinal motoneurons down to peripheral effectors.

Simultaneous EEG/fMRI analysis of the resonance phenomena in steady-state visual evoked responses.

The stability of the steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) across trials and subjects makes them a suitable tool for the investigation of the visual system. The reproducible pattern of the frequency characteristics of SSVEPs shows a global amplitude maximum around 10 Hz and additional local maxima around 20 and 40 Hz, which have been argued to represent resonant behavior of damped neuronal oscillators. Simultaneous electroencephalogram/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG/fMRI) measurement allows testing of the resonance hypothesis about the frequency-selective increases in SSVEP amplitudes in human subjects, because the total synaptic activity that is represented in the fMRI-Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (fMRI-BOLD) response would not increase but get synchronized at the resonance frequency. For this purpose, 40 healthy volunteers were visually stimulated with flickering light at systematically varying frequencies between 6 and 46 Hz, and the correlations between SSVEP amplitudes and the BOLD responses were computed. The SSVEP frequency characteristics of all subjects showed 3 frequency ranges with an amplitude maximum in each of them, which roughly correspond to alpha, beta and gamma bands of the EEG. The correlation maps between BOLD responses and SSVEP amplitude changes across the different stimulation frequencies within each frequency band showed no significant correlation in the alpha range, while significant correlations were obtained in the primary visual area for the beta and gamma bands. This non-linear relationship between the surface recorded SSVEP amplitudes and the BOLD responses of the visual cortex at stimulation frequencies around the alpha band supports the view that a resonance at the tuning frequency of the thalamo-cortical alpha oscillator in the visual system is responsible for the global amplitude maximum of the SSVEP around 10 Hz. Information gained from the SSVEP/fMRI analyses in the present study might be extrapolated to the EEG/fMRI analysis of the transient event-related potentials (ERPs) in terms of expecting more reliable and consistent correlations between EEG and fMRI responses, when the analyses are carried out on evoked or induced oscillations (spectral perturbations) in separate frequency bands instead of the time-domain ERP peaks.

Effect of complete stimulus predictability on P3 and N2 components: an electroencephalographic study.

In everyday life one may encounter both unpredictable and self-initiated, hence anticipated, events. Here, we analyzed the effects of self-initiated auditory stimulus presentation on P3 and N2 components in an oddball paradigm. If the stimulus sequence was fully self-determined, both components were attenuated in comparison with computer-controlled representation. In contrast, both components were increased when only the stimulus onset was self-initiated, yet the forthcoming stimulus type was unknown. We hypothesize that predictive forward models offer an unifying explanation for the modulation of both P3 and N2 through: (a) attenuation of neuronal responses to anticipated stimuli contingent on one's own motor action and (b) enhancement of responses in case of incongruity between an anticipated action effect and the actual perceptual consequences.