Intestinal and extraintestinal neoplasms in patients with NTHL1 tumor syndrome: a systematic review.

Germline biallelic pathogenic variants (PVs) in NTHL1 have since 2015 been associated with the autosomal recessive tumor predisposition syndrome: NTHL1 tumor syndrome or NTHL1-associated polyposis. In this systematic review, we aim to systematically investigate the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of the condition including occurrence of both benign and malignant tumors. The databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched. The search was conducted the 25th of august 2021. We included patients with germline PVs, both heterozygous and homo-/compound heterozygous carriers. Twenty-one papers were selected including 47 patients with biallelic PVs in NTHL1 in 32 families. Twenty-three out of 47 patients (49%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) (mean age: 55, range: 31-73) and 12 out of 22 female patients (55%) were diagnosed with breast cancer (mean age: 49, range: 36-63). Apart from three, all patients who underwent a colonoscopy, had colonic adenomas (93%), and three patients (6%) had duodenal adenomatosis. We also identified 158 heterozygous carriers of germline PVs in NTHL1. Twenty-six out of 68 (38%) heterozygous carriers, who underwent colonoscopy, had colonic polyps or adenomas. Twenty-nine heterozygous carriers (18%) were diagnosed with CRC and 59 (49%) with breast cancer. We observed a high frequency of early onset CRC and breast cancer in patients with NTHL1 tumor syndrome. Subsequently, colorectal, breast, and endometrial cancer screening programs are recommended for NTHL1 biallelic carriers. Trial registry PROSPERO: CRD42021275159.

The incidence of extended households among middle-aged black and white women: estimates from a 15-year panel study.

PIP: Much has been written in recent years about changes in family and household structure in the US. Analyses based on census data or other cross sections indicate that fewer adults live in families, especially the nuclear family of husband, wife, and minor children. Analyses based on cross-sections also indicate the relative rarity of extended households, especially 3-generation families. In this descriptive analysis, data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women are used to compare cross-section and 15-year estimates of the incidence of various types of extended households. Black and white women are analyzed separately and the estimates for the proportion of middle-aged women living in extended households are presented by marital status. Results show large differences between single-year and 15-year estimates of the incidence of extension. Overall, between 1/4 and 1/3 of white middle-aged women lived in extended households for some time over the 15-year period, and approximately 2/3 of black women experienced this household form for at least part of their middle years. The authors conclude that, contrary to popular and academic perceptions, extended families are a relatively common form of living arrangement for adults in this country, if only for short periods of time. This may be 1 indicator of the prevalence of the modified-extended family in the US.^ieng

Earnings inequality over the work career.

One common finding in analyses of inequality is that older workers exhibit higher levels of inequality than younger workers (excluding very young workers). The common assumption has been that this is an "aging", or more specifically, experience, effect, but this has rarely been investigated. In terms of a substantive explanation of such an aging effect, only the human capital perspective presents an explicit theory of why earnings inequality increases with age. This perspective is reviewed and criticized and an alternative perspective, based on a structural approach, is presented. A "restricted cohort analysis" is undertaken with the use of PSID data on earnings and wages from the early 1970s and early 1980s. The analysis generally supports the notion that as cohorts age over the work career earnings dispersion increases, although period and cohort effects may also be present. Within-cohort inequality was decomposed using broad occupational classes, with the results showing that age differences are partly due to increasing earnings/wage differentials between occupations. Discussion centers around implications of these findings for future research on income and earnings inequality/determination and the impact of aging on these economic processes.

Retirement preparation programs: differentials in opportunity and use.

Two issues rarely addressed in the retirement planning field are (a) the proportion of older workers who participate, or have the opportunity to participate, in retirement preparation programs; and (b) socioeconomic differentials in access to such programs. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of older men were used to investigate these two issues. The data indicate that fewer than 4% of this sample of men aged 60 to 74 in 1981 had participated in a retirement preparation program. Logistic multiple regression analysis indicated that level of education, occupational status, government employment, and private pension coverage were positively related to the likelihood of participation as well as the likelihood of opportunity to participate. Conclusions from this analysis are (a) very few older men are ever exposed to retirement preparation programs and (b) those who would seem to benefit most from preparation programs, low status and low income workers, are the least likely to have access to these programs.

Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement.

Research over the past 30 years concerning the effect of retirement on personal adjustment has resulted in conflicting findings. Some studies reported a negative effect for retirement; others showed no effect at all. This study utilized the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men to test the net effect of retirement on happiness with life and to analyze an evaluation of retirement item in order to discern specific factors that cause lower satisfaction with retirement. Logistic multiple regression and ordinary least squares regression were used in the analysis. The main findings are as follows: (a) although a negative bivariate relationship exists between retirement and happiness with life, retirement has no significant net effect; (b) health factors, recent widowhood, and income have the greatest impact on happiness with life; and (c) poor health, lower income, and earlier-than-expected retirement are the main determinants of negative evaluations of retirement.