Diet shapes the metabolite profile in the intact human ileum, which affects PYY release.

The human ileum contains a high density of enteroendocrine L-cells, which release the appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in response to food intake. Recent evidence highlighted the potential role of food structures in PYY release, but the link between food structures, ileal metabolites, and appetite hormone release remains unclear owing to limited access to intact human ileum. In a randomized crossover trial (ISRCTN11327221; isrctn.com), we investigated the role of human ileum in GLP-1 and PYY release by giving healthy volunteers diets differing in fiber and food structure: high-fiber (intact or disrupted food structures) or low-fiber disrupted food structures. We used nasoenteric tubes to sample chyme from the intact distal ileum lumina of humans in the fasted state and every 60 min for 480 min postprandially. We demonstrate the highly dynamic, wide-ranging molecular environment of the ileum over time, with a substantial decrease in ileum bacterial numbers and bacterial metabolites after food intake. We also show that high-fiber diets, independent of food structure, increased PYY release compared with a low-fiber diet during 0 to 240 min postprandially. High-fiber diets also increased ileal stachyose, and a disrupted high-fiber diet increased certain ileal amino acids. Treatment of human ileal organoids with ileal fluids or an amino acid and stachyose mixture stimulated PYY expression in a similar profile to blood PYY concentrations, confirming the role of ileal metabolites in PYY release. Our study demonstrates the diet-induced changes over time in the metabolite environment of intact human ileum, which play a role in PYY release.

Perda de eletrólitos durante uma competição de duatlo terrestre no calor / Electrolyte losses during a land based duatlhon competition in the heat

Eventos esportivos prolongados, como o duatlo (6 km corrida, 26 km ciclismo e 4 km corrida) podem levar o atleta a um desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, devido a perdas elevadas de suor, em especial se realizados no calor. O presente estudo avaliou as perdas de sódio (Na+), potássio (K+) e cloreto (Cl-) durante uma competição de duatlo realizada no calor (31,2 ºC e 51 por cento de umidade relativa do ar), analisando a composição do suor e os níveis sanguíneos destes eletrólitos. Doze atletas fizeram parte deste estudo. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes e após a competição, e o suor foi coletado utilizando-se adesivos específicos. O tempo médio para completar a competição foi de 85,0 ± 6,57 min. O percentual de desidratação foi 3,0 ± 0,92 por cento. A reposição de líquidos perdidos durante a competição foi 31 ± 18,7 por cento. A taxa de sudorese foi 1,86 ± 0,56 Lòh-1. A concentração de Na+, K+ e Cl- no suor foi 71 ± 26,05 mmolòL-1, 5,43 ± 1,98 mmolòL-1 e 58,93 ± 25,99 mmolòLÕ, respectivamente. A perda total de Na+, K+ e Cl- no suor foi 132,11 ± 62,82 mmol, 10,09 ± 5,01 mmol e 109,75 ± 58,49 mmol, respectivamente. Em conclusão, os atletas não ingeriram líquido suficiente para repor o volume de fluidos perdido. Além disto, os participantes apresentaram elevada taxa de sudorese acompanhada de perdas de Na+, K+ e Cl-. Apesar disso, não ocorreram alterações nas concentrações de eletrólitos séricos.

Prolonged sports events such as duathlon (6 km running, 26 km cycling and 4 km running), may lead the athlete to a fluid and electrolyte imbalance, due to high sweat rates, especially in a hot environment. The present study evaluated sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) losses during a duathlon competition performed in the heat (31,2 ºC and 51 percent relative humidity), analyzing the sweat composition and blood levels of these electrolytes. Twelve athletes took part in this study. Blood samples were obtained pre- and post-exercise and sweat was collected using sweat patches. The average time to complete the competition was 85.0 ± 6.57 min. The percentage of dehydration was 3.0 ± 0.92 percent. The replacement of fluid losses was 31 ± 18.7 percent. The sweat rate was 1.86 ± 0.56 Lòh-1. Sweat Na+, K+, and Cl-concentrations were 71 ± 26.05 mmolòL-1, 5.43 ±1.98 mmolòL-1 and 58.93 ± 25.99 mmolòL-1, respectively. The total sweat loss of Na+, K+ and Cl- was 132.11± 62.82 mmol, 10.09 ± 5.01 mmol and 109.75 ± 58.49 mmol, respectively. In conclusion, the athletes did not drink enough liquid to replace their volume of fluid loss. Furthermore, the participants presented high sweat rate accompanied by losses of Na+, K+ and Cl-. However, serum electrolyte concentrations were not changed.