Lexicon for blood-based early detection and screening: BLOODPAC consensus document.

In the United States, 2.0 million new cancer cases and around 600,000 cancer deaths are estimated to occur in 2024. Early detection gives cancer patients the best chance for treatment success. Currently, cancer screening in the general population is recommended for a limited set of cancers; as a result, most cancer types are not regularly screened. Thus, in recent years, we have seen a wave of novel, non-invasive, single- and multi-cancer detection tests (SCD and MCD), promising detection of cancer signals prior to the onset of symptoms and/or clinical diagnosis. To accelerate the development, access, and adoption of these tests, the Blood Profiling Atlas in Cancer (BLOODPAC) Consortium, a collaborative infrastructure for developing standards and best practices, established the Early Detection & Screening (ED&S) Working Group. The early detection space is in need of consensus around definitions for SCD and MCD tests that harmonize terminology across diverse stakeholders, thereby reducing communication barriers and ultimately advancing the discipline. To this end, the ED&S Working Group compiled a lexicon of terms, chosen based on perceived importance, frequency of use, lack of clarity, and unique challenges in the context of SCD and MCD tests. This lexicon was submitted to the FDA for their feedback, which was incorporated. In this work, we present the first installment of the lexicon, consisting of 14 primary terms, that will be part of an online dictionary and provide a foundation for future projects of BLOODPAC's ED&S Working Group.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effectiveness of a Pedestrian Training Program That Teaches Children Where and How to Cross the Street Safely.

Objective: Pedestrian injury is a leading cause of injury-related mortality for children. This pilot randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of a training program to teach where and how to cross safely. Methods: Using fully immersive virtual reality technology, 142 children 7-10 years of age were recruited, with 130 completing crossing measures before (pretest) and immediately after (posttest) training. Training comprised 1.5 hr, was tailored to each child's performance over trials, and focused on either where to cross (n = 44 children completed testing) or how to cross safely (n = 43); corresponding control groups comprised 22 and 21 children, respectively. Following training, children in the intervention groups completed additional tasks to test conceptual knowledge and generalization of learning. Children in the control groups spent the same time as those in training groups but played a video game that used the same game controller but provided no training in street crossing. Results: The primary outcomes were errors in crossing at posttest, controlling for pretest error scores. Children in the intervention group made from 75% to 98% fewer errors at posttest than control children for all pedestrian safety variables related to where and how to cross safely, with effect sizes (incidence rate ratios) varying between 0.02 and 0.25. They also showed a generalization of what they had learned and applied this knowledge to novel posttraining situations. Conclusion: Training within a virtual pedestrian environment can successfully improve children's conceptual understanding and crossing behaviors for both where and how to cross streets safely.

Older Adults' Coping With the Stress Involved in the Use of Everyday Technologies.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the frequency of reported use of everyday technologies (EDT) and its associations with self-efficacy, stress appraisal, and coping strategies. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from 150 participants (aged ≥ 65 years), measuring use of EDT by means of self-report questionnaires and a computerized simulator of an automatic teller machine (ATM), and EDT-related self-efficacy, stress appraisal, and coping strategies questionnaires. RESULTS: Structured equation modeling analysis showed that EDT-related self-efficacy was related to higher use of EDT, through the mediation of EDT-related stress and coping strategies. Logistic regression showed that use of ATM simulator was predicted by self-efficacy, younger age, and female gender. IMPLICATIONS: Enhancing EDT-self efficacy is suggested to increase the use of EDT among elder adults. The use of simulators may be an efficient mean to promote EDT self-efficacy and use.

Using a Virtual Environment to Examine How Children Cross Streets: Advancing Our Understanding of How Injury Risk Arises.

PURPOSE: To examine how risk of injury can arise for child pedestrians. METHODS: Using a highly immersive virtual reality system interfaced with a 3-D movement measurement system, younger (M = 8 years) and older (M = 10 years) children's crossing behaviors were measured under conditions that introduced variation in vehicle speed, distance, and intervehicle gaps. RESULTS: Children used distance cues in deciding when to cross; there were no age or sex differences. This increased risk of injury in larger intervehicle gaps because they started late and did not monitor traffic or adjust walking speed as they crossed. In contrast, injury risk in smaller intervehicle gaps of equal risk (i.e., same time to contact) occurred because crossing behavioral adjustments (starting early, increasing walking speed while crossing) were not sufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Dependence on distance cues increases children's risk of injury as pedestrians when crossing in a variety of traffic situations.

Direct visualization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator mutations in the clinical laboratory setting.

BACKGROUND: The recommendation for population- based cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening by the American College of Medical Genetics for the 25 most prevalent mutations and 6 polymorphisms in the CF transmembrane regulatory gene has greatly increased clinical laboratory test volumes. We describe the development and technical validation of a DNA chip in a 96-well format to allow for high-throughput genotype analysis. METHODS: The CF Portrait chip contains an 8 x 8 array of capture probes and controls to detect all requisite alleles. Single-tube multiplex PCR with 15 biotin-labeled primer pairs was used to amplify sequences containing all single-nucleotide polymorphisms to be interrogated. Detection of a thin-film signal created by hybridization of multiplex PCR-amplified DNA to complementary capture probes was performed with an automated image analysis instrument, NucleoSight. Allele classification, data formatting, and uploading to a laboratory information system were fully automated. RESULTS: The described platform correctly classified all mutations and polymorphisms and can screen approximately 1300 patient samples in a 10-h shift. Final validation was performed by two separate 1000-sample comparisons with Roche CF Gold line probe strips and the Applera CF OLA, Ver 3.0. The CF Portrait Biochip made no errors during this validation, whereas the Applera assay made seven miscalls of the IVS-8 5T/7T/9T polymorphism CONCLUSIONS: The CF Portrait platform is an automated, high-throughput, DNA chip-based assay capable of accurately classifying all CF mutations in the recommended screening panel, including the IVS-8 5T/7T/9T polymorphism.