S3 guideline: Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) - Part 2: Supportive therapy of EN in the acute and post-acute stages.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are rare, predominantly drug-induced, acute life-threatening diseases of skin and mucosae. SJS and TEN are nowadays considered as variants of one disease entity with varying degrees of severity called epidermal necrolysis (EN). EN is associated with high morbidity and mortality and constitutes a major disease burden for affected patients. The guideline "Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis)" was developed under systematic consideration of existing scientific literature and in a formal consensus process according to regulations issued by the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) to establish an evidence-based framework to support clinical decision-making. The interdisciplinary guideline commission consisted of representatives from various specialist societies and of patient representatives. The guideline is aimed at specialists in the fields of dermatology, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, intensive care, and pediatrics in hospitals and offices, as well as other medical specialties involved in the diagnosis and treatment of EN. The guideline is also aimed at patients, their relatives, insurance funds, and policymakers. The second part is concerned with the topics of supportive therapy in the acute phase of EN and outpatient follow-up treatment.

S3 guideline: Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) - Part 1: Diagnosis, initial management, and immunomodulating systemic therapy.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are rare, predominantly drug-induced, acute, life-threatening diseases of skin and mucosae. SJS and TEN are nowadays considered variants of one disease entity with varying degrees of severity called epidermal necrolysis (EN). EN is associated with high morbidity and mortality and constitutes a major disease burden for affected patients. The guideline "Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis)" was developed under systematic consideration of existing scientific literature and in a formal consensus process according to regulations issued by the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) to establish an evidence-based framework to support clinical decision-making. The interdisciplinary guideline commission consisted of representatives from various specialist societies and patient representatives. The guideline is aimed at specialists in the fields of dermatology, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, intensive care, and pediatrics in hospitals and offices, as well as other medical speciallved in the diagnosis and treatment of EN. The guideline is also aimed at patients, their relatives, insurance funds, and policymakers. This first part focuses on the diagnostic aspects, the initial management as well as the immunomodulating systemic therapy.

Value-Based Health Care for Prostate Cancer Centers by Implementing Specific Key Performance Indicators Using a Balanced Score Card.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men in 112 countries, and accounts for 15% of cancers. Because it cannot be prevented, the rise in cases is inevitable, and improvements in diagnostic pathways and treatments are needed, as there is still a shortage of cost-effective diagnostics and widespread oncologically safe treatment options with measurable quality. As part of the implementation of a Full Cycle of Care, instruments have been developed to achieve value-based medicine, such as consistent commitment to measurability. One of these instruments is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Here, we propose the first BSC for prostate cancer (PC) treatment. METHODS: BSCs are used to assess performance in healthcare organizations across four dimensions: financial, patient and referrer, process, and learning and development. This study aimed to identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each perspective. A systematic literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using multiple databases and specific search terms to identify KPIs for PC care, excluding case reports and conference abstracts. In total, 44 reports were included in analyses and development of the PC-specific BSC. RESULTS: In the present study, a PC-specific BSC and KPIs were defined for the four classic perspectives, as well as for a newly developed PC-Specific Disease and Outcome perspective, including patient-related parameters from the German Cancer Society and the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement. In addition, the Process perspective includes KPIs of fulfillment of continuing education of residents and the metrics of structured training of the radical prostatectomy procedure in the Learning and Development perspective. CONCLUSIONS: The developed BSC provides a comprehensive set of perspectives for an Integrated Practice Unit or center in PC care, ensuring that the indicators remain manageable and applicable. The BSC facilitates value creation in line with Porter's Full Cycle of Care by systematically collecting and providing economic, personnel, and medical results, actions, and indicators. In particular, this BSC includes KPIs of structured training of practitioners and metrics of the German Cancer Society, that recently proved to improve PC patients outcomes.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes osteogenesis by stimulating osteoblast growth and neovascularization in a vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent manner.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays multiple roles in bone metabolism and regeneration. Here, we have identified a novel S1P-regulated osteoanabolic mechanism functionally connecting osteoblasts (OBs) to the highly specialized bone vasculature. We demonstrate that S1P/S1PR3 signaling in OBs stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor a (VEGFa) expression and secretion to promote bone growth in an autocrine and boost osteogenic H-type differentiation of bone marrow endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. VEGFa-neutralizing antibodies and VEGF receptor inhibition by axitinib abrogated OB growth in vitro and bone formation in male C57BL/6J in vivo following S1P stimulation and S1P lyase inhibition, respectively. Pharmacological S1PR3 inhibition and genetic S1PR3 deficiency suppressed VEGFa production, OB growth in vitro, and inhibited H-type angiogenesis and bone growth in male mice in vivo. Together with previous work on the osteoanabolic functions of S1PR2 and S1PR3, our data suggest that S1P-dependent bone regeneration employs several nonredundant positive feedback loops between OBs and the bone vasculature. The identification of this yet unappreciated aspect of osteoanabolic S1P signaling may have implications for regular bone homeostasis as well as diseases where the bone microvasculature is affected such as age-related osteopenia and posttraumatic bone regeneration.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid that regulates bone growth and regeneration. In the present study, a novel regenerative mechanism was connected to S1P signaling within the bone. Activation of its receptor S1PR3 in bone-forming osteoblasts led to secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor a (VEGFa), the most potent vessel-stimulating factor. This stimulated the development of specialized vessels of the bone marrow, the H-type vessels, that supported overall bone regeneration. These findings foster our understanding of regular bone metabolism and suggest that S1P-based drugs may help treat diseases such as age-related osteopenia and posttraumatic bone regeneration, conditions crucially dependent on functional bone microvasculature.

Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Regenerated Silk Fibroin─An Approach to the Surface Coating of Biomedical Implant Materials.

Biomaterials and coating techniques unlock major benefits for advanced medical therapies. Here, we explored layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of silk fibroin (SF) by dip coating to deploy homogeneous films on different materials (titanium, magnesium, and polymers) frequently used for orthopedic and other bone-related implants. Titanium and magnesium specimens underwent preceding plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to increase hydrophilicity. This was determined as surface properties were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Finally, biological in vitro evaluations of hemocompatibility, THP-1 cell culture, and TNF-α assays were conducted. A more hydrophilic surface could be achieved using the PEO surface, and the contact angle for magnesium and titanium showed a reduction from 73 to 18° and from 58 to 17°, respectively. Coating with SF proved successful on all three surfaces, and coating thicknesses of up to 5.14 µm (±SD 0.22 µm) were achieved. Using FTIR analysis, it was shown that the insolubility of the material was achieved by post-treatment with water vapor annealing, although the random coil peak (1640-1649 cm-1) and the α-helix peak (at 1650 cm-1) were still evident. SF did not change hemocompatibility, regardless of the substrate, whereas the PEO-coated materials showed improved hemocompatibility. THP-1 cell culture showed that cells adhered excellently to all of the tested material surfaces. Interestingly, SF coatings induced a significantly higher amount of TNF-α for all materials, indicating an inflammatory response, which plays an important role in a variety of physiological processes, including osteogenesis. LbL coatings of SF are shown to be promising candidates to modulate the body's immune response to implants manufactured from titanium, magnesium, and polymers. They may therefore facilitate future applications for bioactive implant coatings. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the proposed effects on osteogenesis in a physiological environment.

Improvement of Predictive Scores in Burn Medicine through Different Machine Learning Approaches.

The mortality of severely burned patients can be predicted by multiple scores which have been created over the last decades. As the treatment of burn injuries and intensive care management have improved immensely over the last years, former prediction scores seem to be losing accuracy in predicting survival. Therefore, various modifications of existing scores have been established and innovative scores have been introduced. In this study, we used data from the German Burn Registry and analyzed them regarding patient mortality using different methods of machine learning. We used Classification and Regression Trees (CARTs), random forests, XGBoost, and logistic regression regarding predictive features for patient mortality. Analyzing the data of 1401 patients via machine learning, the factors of full-thickness burns, patient's age, and total burned surface area could be identified as the most important features regarding the prediction of patient mortality following burn trauma. Although the different methods identified similar aspects, application of machine learning shows that more data are necessary for a valid analysis. In the future, the usage of machine learning can contribute to the development of an innovative and precise predictive score in burn medicine and even to further interpretations of relevant data regarding different forms of outcome from the German Burn registry.

Pharmacological elevation of sphingosine-1-phosphate by S1P lyase inhibition accelerates bone regeneration after post-traumatic osteomyelitis.

Posttraumatic osteomyelitis and the ensuing bone defects are a debilitating complication after open fractures with little therapeutic options. We have recently identified potent osteoanabolic effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and have now tested whether it may beneficially affect bone regeneration after infection. We employed pharmacological S1P lyase inhibition by 4-deoxypyrodoxin (DOP) to raise S1P levels in vivo in an unicortical long bone defect model of posttraumatic osteomyelitis in mice. In a translational approach, human bone specimens of clinical osteomyelitis patients were treated in organ culture in vitro with DOP. Bone regeneration was assessed by µCT, histomorphometry, immunohistology and gene expression analysis. The role of S1P receptors was addressed using S1PR3 deficient mice. Here, we present data that DOP treatment markedly enhanced osteogenesis in posttraumatic osteomyelitis. This was accompanied by greatly improved osteoblastogenesis and enhanced angiogenesis in the callus accompanied by osteoclast-mediated bone remodelling. We also identified the target of increased S1P to be the S1PR3 as S1PR3-/- mice showed no improvement of bone regeneration by DOP. In the human bone explants, bone mass significantly increased along with enhanced osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Our data suggest that enhancement of S1P/S1PR3 signalling may be a promising therapeutic target for bone regeneration in posttraumatic osteomyelitis.

Autologous Reconstruction After Failed Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: A Comparative Multifactorial Outcome Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Failure of an implant-based breast reconstruction often requires a change to an autologous procedure (salvage autologous breast reconstruction [Salv-ABR]). The aim of this study was to compare surgical and patient-reported outcomes of Salv-ABR to immediate or delayed-immediate ABR (I/DI-ABR), which has hardly been addressed in the existing literature. METHODS: All patients undergoing Salv- or I/DI-ABR between January 2014 and December 2020 were asked to participate in this study. Complication rates, the aesthetic outcome (5-point Likert scale), and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30 and -BR23, Breast-Q, Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale) were compared between both procedures. RESULTS: Seventy patients participated in the study (Salv-ABR: n = 23; mean ± SD age, 53.5 ± 9.1 years; follow-up, 28.6 ± 18.5 month; I/DI-ABR: n = 45, mean ± SD age: 50.2 ± 7.3 years; follow-up, 32.8 ± 18.5 month). Main indication for Salv-ABR was a major capsular contracture (n = 14 [60.1%]). Early unplanned reoperation rates were significantly increased in the Salv-ABR (56.5% vs 14.9%; P < 0.01). Patients with I/DI-ABR showed a significantly improved overall aesthetic outcome (2.7 ± 0.9 vs 3.3 ± 0.7; P < 0.01) and scored significantly higher in several subscales of EORTC QLQ-C30/BR23 (Global Health Status, Role Functioning, Body Image; P < 0.05) and the Breast-Q (Psychosocial Well-being, Satisfaction with Breast; P < 0.05) compared with patients with Salv-ABR. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage ABR is associated with a higher complication rate, compromised aesthetic outcome, and quality of life compared with I/DI-ABR. This should be considered and discussed with the patient when planning any kind of reconstructive breast surgery.

[Aggressive Fibromatosis: Retrospective Analysis of 110 Patients]. / Die Aggressive Fibromatose. Eine retrospektive Analyse von 110 Patienten.

Aggressive fibromatosis, histologically classified as benign due to the absence of metastasis, is characterised by locally invasive and destructive growth with high recurrence rates after resection. For this reason, prognostic recurrence factors, in particular the extent of resection, are much debated, and treatment decisions seem challenging for interdisciplinary tumour conferences. Between the years 2000 and 2020, 110 patients with aggressive fibromatosis of the extremities or trunk received surgical treatment at BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil (Bochum, Germany). Univariate analyses were performed to detect any potential prognosis factors. The median follow-up time was 5.9 years. A total of 57 (51.8%) of these patients developed recurrence during this period. The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 52.9% (95% CI: 42.4-62.3) in the entire cohort. In R0-resected patients, the 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was significantly better (p<0.001) at 69.2% compared with patients with R1 or R2-resected tumours (32.6%). Beyond that, no other significant influencing factors were identified. The results of this study indicate that R0 resection or R0 resectability were associated with a significantly better local control. The therapeutic recommendation for resection should be made individually by an interdisciplinary tumour board in due consideration of tumour progression, possible therapeutic alternatives, and foreseeable functional impairment.

The Partner Perspective on Autologous and Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Partner involvement in the decision-making process concerning breast reconstruction (BR) after a breast cancer diagnosis may be very supportive for the patient. So far, no study evaluates partner satisfaction with the outcome after BR and the relationship to patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to assess and compare partner satisfaction of BR with autologous tissue (ABR) and prosthetic implants (IBR), respectively, and compare it to patient-reported outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients undergoing ABR and IBR between January 2014 and December 2020 were asked to participate with their partners. Patient and partner satisfaction with breast reconstruction, overall outcome as well as patient's perceived and self-reported psychosocial well-being were evaluated using the Breast-Q and a modified partner questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-three couples participated (IBR: n=30, ABR: n = 23). Patient and partner satisfaction with breast (r = 0.552), outcome (r = 0.465) as well as patient's perceived and self-report psychosocial well-being (r = 0.495) were highly correlated with partners scoring significantly higher (p<0.001). In terms of partner satisfaction, both reconstructive procedures achieved satisfactory results. ABR scored higher in terms of softness of breast and how natural the breast feels to touch whereas IBR was rated superior evaluating the breast size. CONCLUSION: Both reconstructive procedures achieve satisfactory results in terms partner satisfaction whereas patient's psychosocial well-being was highly overestimated by their partners. Hence, partner inclusion in the regular psycho-oncological support might further sensitize them of the high psychological burden of a breast cancer diagnosis and therefore stabilize patients private support system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Free-flap reconstruction of the lower limb in octogenarians - A comparative analysis of indications, management, and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Impaired microcirculation, along with an increase in chronic medical conditions in the geriatric cohort, may favor the development of soft-tissue defects in the lower extremity and equally impair the options for plastic-reconstructive surgery. In particular, outcome analyses in the increasing patient cohort ≥ 80 years (octogenarians) are limited. METHODS: Setting 80 years as the cutoff, we conducted an age-related outcome analysis of all patients undergoing free-flap reconstruction of the lower extremity from 2014 to 2020, comprising the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) as the possible outcome predicting factors. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 424 free flaps were performed in 385 patients (∅: 54.7 years ± 16.1; range: 9-89), including 19 octogenarians. Compared with the younger patient cohort, there was a significantly higher rate of early flap revision (p = 0.023) and flap loss (p = 0.028). Furthermore, the mean length of hospital (60.6 ± 37.6 vs. 51.1 ± 37.0) and intensive care unit/intermediate care stay (6.5 ± 15.0 vs. 3.5 ± 8.5) was extended (n.s.). The ASA score presented an independent predictor for major surgical [odds ratio (OR): 1.66; p = 0.041) and medical complications (OR: 3.97; p<0.001). Neither the CCI nor the ASA served as an independent predictor for total flap loss. CONCLUSION: Free-flap reconstruction of the lower extremity in octogenarians is associated with a higher risk of flap revision and flap loss. Considering the prolonged immobilization associated with increased morbidity following limb amputation, it presents still a reasonable option to achieve limb salvage in carefully chosen patients. An adequate tool to predict the success of free-flap survival is still unavailable.

Digital Media Play a Key Role in Influencing Female Breast Perception.

The female breast is a symbol of femininity and plays a key role in the female body image. However, factors influencing the preferences for different breast shapes and sizes are still not elucidated. In particular, the role of the emerging social media in breast perception has not been analyzed yet. A representative cohort of 1,049 adults completed a web-based questionnaire containing hyperrealistic 3D models of the female breast in the United States. A machine-learning algorithm (Classification and Regression Tree [CART]) was implemented to identify the most influential factors. The study was able to identify the frequency of pornographic and social media consumption as the most influencing factor for altered breast preferences. Although digital media exposure did not alter satisfaction with the own breast among female participants, the tendency to undergo or history of conducted aesthetic surgery correlated with higher access frequency to digital media. Taken together, the overpowering impact of social media and pornographic consumption on the own body image was shown in preference alterations for different anatomical aspects of the breast in the whole population and distorted self-perception about the breast in female participants.

Standardized Quantitative Sensory Testing to Assess Insufficient Recovery of Touch Discrimination in Free Flap Surgery.

BACKGROUND: With major advances in microsurgical techniques, free tissue transfer has become a widely adopted approach to treat complex soft-tissue defects. However, sensory recovery is poor, leaving the anesthetic skin prone to injuries. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with 22 anterior lateral thigh flaps and six latissimus dorsi flaps on their extremities participated in the study. Quantitative sensory testing and two-point discrimination was performed in three test areas and one control on the contralateral unaffected extremity. Physical disability, mental health, quality of life, and characteristics of pain were assessed by the painDetect, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, Lower Extremity Functional Scale, and 12-Item Short Form questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS: Somatosensory profiles of all flaps were characterized by an overall loss of nerve function. Small-fiber function was mostly recovered, whereas large-fiber function, and thus touch discrimination, was severely impaired. Mechanical detection thresholds improved over time and from center to the periphery. Reported pain was mild to moderate and correlated with decreased physical function. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized quantitative sensory testing provides a useful tool kit to assess the sensory regeneration after surgical treatment of soft-tissue defects. After free tissue transfer, small-fiber function recovers with nerve ingrowth in a centripetal direction from the flap margins to the center, likely by way of collateral axonal sprouting from the undamaged nerves surrounding the flap. Myelinated fibers recover slowly and inefficiently. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Postoperative Remote Ischemic Conditioning (RIC) significantly improves entire flap microcirculation beyond 4 hours.

OBJECTIVE: Free flap transfer is a safe and reliable technique for soft tissue reconstruction. However, impaired flap perfusion with consecutive microcirculatory failure leading to partial or total flap failure remains a clinically relevant problem. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has been shown to improve microcirculation in adipo-cutaneous tissues in healthy humans as well as in free flaps. Yet, little is known about its effects on different perfusion zones in free flaps and the duration of these effects. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with free perforator-based adipo-cutaneous flap transfer were included in the study. RIC (3 cycles: 10/10 min ischemia/reperfusion) was applied via an inflatable tourniquet placed on the upper arm. Continuous measurement of flaps' microcirculation on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, and 5 was performed by utilizing an O2C device ("Oxygen-to-see" ©LEA Medizintechnik Germany) during RIC and for the following 4 h. Probes were located both in the flaps' center and on its distal edge. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in the final analysis. RIC significantly improved flaps' blood flow (BF) by a max. of + 19.6% and oxygen saturation of + 15.7%. Changes affected the entire flap, without significant difference between zones. The increase in flap perfusion could be observed for at least 4 h after the completion of RIC. CONCLUSION: Postoperative application of RIC might serve as an additional treatment to enhance whole flap perfusion and prevent microcirculatory disorders, therefore reducing the risk for potential tissue necrosis, especially in the distal parts of the flaps.

Interethnic Influencing Factors Regarding Buttocks Body Image in Women from Nigeria, Germany, USA and Japan.

BACKGROUND: Body image research deals a lot with awareness of the body as an entity. Studies that consider individual anatomical aspects and place them in an intercultural context are rarely present. METHODS: For this purpose, general data, body perception and judgment of body images from 2163 (48% female and 52% male) participants from Germany, Nigeria, the USA and Japan were evaluated as part of a survey. RESULTS: There were clear differences in the personal body image of the participants' own buttocks, the buttocks as a beauty ideal and the way in which dissatisfaction was dealt with in different countries. In addition to sexual well-being (importance score: 0.405 a.u.), the country of origin (0.353), media consumption (0.042) and one's own weight (0.069) were also identified as influencing factors for satisfaction with one's own buttocks. A clear evolution could be derived regarding a WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) of well below 0.7, which was consistently favored by the participants but also propagated by influencers through images (p < 0.001). In this context, participants who indicated celebrities as role models for the buttocks showed a correspondingly high level of dissatisfaction with their own buttocks (R = -0.207, p < 0.001, ρ = -0.218). CONCLUSION: Overall, a highly significant correlation was shown between the consumption frequency of Instagram, TikTok and pornography with the negative perception of women's own buttocks.

[Analysis of Efficency, Cost Structure and Revenues of ALT Free Flaps in Extremity Reconstruction]. / Analyse der Effizienz, Kostenstruktur und Erlössituation von freien ALT-Lappenplastiken zur Extremitätenrekonstruktion.

Microvascular reconstructions can be lengthy procedures lasting the entire day. As a result of unforeseeable events, the standardization of these procedures can be challenging. Moreover, the length of these procedures varies strongly, which impedes adequate scheduling and, therefore, optimal capacity utilization. Within the years 2018-2020, the duration of ALT free flap extremity reconstructions was correlated with the experience of the microsurgeon (category 1:<50 free flaps life-time experience, category 2: 50-200, category 3:>200) and comorbidities. The resulting costs were compared with the matrix of the German DRG Institute InEK. The surgical experience of the microsurgeon had a significant impact on the duration of surgery in extremity reconstruction. In due consideration of potential complications, category 2 microsurgeons were 45 minutes faster and category 3 microsurgeons were 167 minutes faster than category 1 microsurgeons. Comorbidities, by contrast, did not have a significant impact on procedure duration. Cost analysis revealed deficits for these procedures in relation to the InEK matrix. However, an additional analysis showed that the duration of surgery was within the German average while costs for personnel/OR minute were slightly below the average. According to this calculation, costs for microsurgical training were approximately 1000€/case. The reimbursement for flaps in extremity reconstruction is not entirely mapped in the German DRG system. Given the longer procedure times, microsurgical training is associated with higher costs. Defining the duration of microsurgery based on the level of expertise should result in improved adherence to schedule and more efficient utilization of the valuable operating room time.

Autologous vs. implant-based breast reconstruction after skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomy-A deeper insight considering surgical and patient-reported outcomes.

Introduction: Autologous (ABR) and implant-based breast reconstruction (IBR) represent the most common procedures after skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomy. This cross-sectional study is a comprehensive analysis of ABR and IBR considering surgical and patient-reported outcomes. Patients and methods: Eligible patients underwent breast reconstruction (ABR and IBR) after skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomy between January 2014 and December 2020. Outcome parameters included quality of life (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer - EORTC - QLQ30, BR23, Breast-Q, CES-D), complication rates, aesthetic result, and breast sensitivity. Results: 108 patients participated in the study (IBR: n = 72, age 48.9 ± 9.9 years; ABR: n = 36, age: 46.6 ± 7.3 years). Mean follow-up was 27.1 ± 9.3 (IBR) and 34.9 ± 20.5 (ABR), respectively. IBR patients suffered significantly more often from major complications (30.6% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.01), while ABR patients underwent secondary procedures significantly more often to improve the aesthetic result (55.6% vs. 29.2%, p = 0.004). Unilateral reconstructions revealed superior aesthetic results in ABR (n.s.), while in bilateral reconstruction IBR tended to score higher (n.s.). Scar evaluation resulted in a better result of IBR in both categories (p < 0.01). Breast sensitivity was severely impaired in both groups. The Breast-Q revealed a significantly higher "patient satisfaction with breast" after ABR (p = 0.033), while the other QoL-tests and subscales showed no significant differences between the two procedures. Conclusion: ABR is associated with a higher patient satisfaction despite the high probability of secondary procedures to improve the aesthetic outcome, whereas IBR-patients suffer more often from major complications. Furthermore, the laterality of reconstruction should be included in the individual decision-making process.

A Machine Learning Approach to Identify Previously Unconsidered Causes for Complications in Aesthetic Breast Augmentation.

INTRODUCTION: Primary breast augmentation is one of the most commonly requested aesthetic procedures. Considering the large number of procedures performed in connection with a high demand, it is crucial to prevent complications. For this reason, finding and avoiding possible sources of complications is decisive. METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2021, 1625 female patients underwent an aesthetic breast augmentation performed by a single surgeon. The data collected were analyzed through a machine learning technique for binary recursive partitioning. This made it possible to detect unknown sources of a complication and determine a vertex for the various features. RESULTS: When analyzing the data, for most features a high importance score with low entropy was achieved, concluding a high significance. In addition, reproducibility was demonstrated through detailed testing and training accuracies in the algorithm. With this procedure, in addition to known risks such as a high BMI and round implant shape, a larger than A preoperative bra-cup size (OR: 2.7) and a taller body could also be identified as most significant influencing factors for complications. DISCUSSION: Preoperative breast size plays an exceptionally important role in the occurrence of complications and should be a factor held in a surgeon's considerations. In addition, this study shows ways to transfer artificial intelligence into plastic surgery to increase medical quality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .