The results of meat quality traits and sensory characteristics according to the concentration of androstenone in uncastrated pigs.

Pork quality is determined by several attributes, among which odor and taste are the utmost significant. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the effects of boar odor hormone concentration on the quality traits and sensory acceptability of pork. A total twenty-six (26) non-castrated 3-way crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs were selected with an average body weight (ABW) 115.6 kg before to slaughter. The three treatment groups (low, medium and high) were divided according to the androstenone concentration. In experiment 1, for meat quality traits carcass was selected based on androstenone concentration: low (LC, 0.64-0.69 µg/g, n = 9), medium (MC, 0.70-0.99 µg/g, n = 7) and high (HC, 1.00-1.69 µg/g, n = 10). In experiment 2, for sensory evaluation carcasses were also selected based on the abovementioned conditions. Results revealed that androstenone concentration not effect on proximate components, meat quality traits and fatty acids except palmitoleic acid. Sensory evaluation data showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner from low to high, whereas, gravy and meat flavor preference were significantly increased in LC group than HC group. In addition, correlation analysis showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were positively, and gravy and meat flavor preference were negatively correlated with boar taint hormones. In essence, our findings indicate that androstenone concentration had no effect on meat qualities, but a high concentration of androstenone had a negative effect on the sensory characteristics in uncastrated pigs.

Housing and dietary effects on production performance, quality index, and chemical composition of Japanese quail eggs.

Quail housing and diet significantly impact egg yield and quality. This study assessed the impact of diets and housing arrangements on Japanese quail's egg production, egg index, and quality. In two trials, birds were reared in cages and on the floor with a commercial layer diet (CLD), and an experimental diet (ED) for 32 weeks. Compared to floor-reared birds, cage birds achieved 50% egg production and sexual maturity first. With dietary effects, the CLD diet showed similar results. Furthermore, their feed efficiency, hen house egg production (HHEP), and hen day egg production (HDEP) were significantly higher in cage birds that consumed CLD. Bird livability was unaffected by the housing system, while birds fed CLD had longer lifespans. The housing system had no discernible effects on egg dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), or ash percentage. Nevertheless, the egg albumen's DM, CP, ash%, yolk's DM, CP, and CF were greater in the birds fed CLD. Barring shell thickness, weight, and Haugh unit, birds raised in cages exhibited higher egg exterior index values. Besides the yolk ratio, yolk index, and albumen weight ratio, birds given CLD exhibited enhanced egg interior quality. Ultimately, the most optimal egg production performance, improved egg quality, and prolonged lifespan of Japanese quail were obtained with cage raising and feeding practices utilizing CLD.

Insect Peptide CopA3 Mitigates the Effects of Heat Stress on Porcine Muscle Satellite Cells.

Heat stress inhibits cell proliferation as well as animal production. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that 9-mer disulfide dimer peptide (CopA3) supplementation stabilizes porcine muscle satellite cell (PMSC) proliferation and heat shock protein (HSP) expression at different temperatures. Therefore, we investigated the beneficial effects of CopA3 on PMSCs at three different temperatures (37, 39, and 41 °C). Based on temperature and CopA3 treatment, PMSCs were divided into six different groups including treatment and control groups for each temperature. Cell viability was highest with 10 µg/mL CopA3 and decreased as the concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner. CopA3 significantly increased the cell viability at all temperatures at 24 and 48 h. It significantly decreased apoptosis compared to that in the untreated groups. In addition, it decreased the apoptosis-related protein, Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), expression at 41 °C. Notably, temperature and CopA3 had no effects on the apoptosis-related protein, caspase 3. Expression levels of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90 were significantly upregulated, whereas those of HSP47 and HSP60 were not affected by temperature changes. Except HSP90, CopA3 did not cause temperature-dependent changes in protein expression. Therefore, CopA3 promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and maintains stable HSP expression, thereby enhancing the heat-stress-tolerance capacity of PMSCs.

Altered relationship between gluconeogenesis and immunity in broilers exposed to heat stress for different durations.

This study determined the relationship between inflammation and gluconeogenesis level in broilers in different durations of heat stress. A total of 240 Ross 308 broilers were offered control and heat stress temperature from 21 to 35 d post-hatch, each experimental group had 8 replications, and each replication obtained 15 broilers. The temperature in the control (Ctrl) group and heat stress group were maintained at 24 ± 1°C and 34 ± 1°C, respectively throughout the experimental period. Based on the duration of heat stress, the heat stress group was divided into 2 subgroups, like, 7-d heat stress (28-day-old broiler) designated ST group and 14-d heat stress (35-day-old broiler) designated the LT group. The ad libitum commercial feed and fresh water were provided to all experimental broilers during the experiment. The growth performance of experimental broilers was calculated at 35 d. However, the liver and blood samples were collected from the Ctrl group in 21 d, as well as these samples were collected from the heat stress ST and LT groups in 28-d and 35-d, respectively. Obvious gene expression of immunity, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis, as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphate was determined in the liver sample. The blood glucose concentration and histopathology of the liver was also examined in the different grouped broilers. Body weight, weight gain, and feed intake significantly decreased in the 35-d heat stress group than the Ctrl group. However, the feed conversion ratio increased at the 35-d heat stress group than the Ctrl group. The amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly higher in ST and LT groups than Ctrl, whereas the blood glucose level was downregulated in the LT group. The amount of adenosine triphosphate was significantly decreased in the LT group than the Ctrl and ST groups. Heat stress acts as an impediment to the general relation between gluconeogenesis and immunity, as well as changes cellular structure. This experiment contributed to the establishment of a relationship between gluconeogenesis and immunity, which affects the growth performance of broilers during heat stress.

Effects of white, yellow, and blue colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiological responses in dairy cattle.

Light emitting diode (LED) is more energy efficient than incandescent or fluorescent light. This study was to evaluate effects of different colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiology of Holstein cow. According to milk production and parity, cows (n = 186) were allotted to four treatments: control (natural daylight), white, yellow, and blue LED groups. Of these, 40 cows that had passed 57 day-in-milk were used. Yellow and blue LED groups demonstrated greater rates of decline in milk production than control and white LED groups. At the finish point, milk fat, protein, and lactose contents were the lowest in the blue LED group, whereas milk-urea-nitrogen levels were the highest in the yellow and blue LED groups. Extended exposure to blue LED light lowered antioxidant enzyme activity and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Prolactin concentrations were higher in the white and blue LED groups than in the control. Cortisol level was the highest in the blue LED group among the groups. Nonesterified fatty acid levels in the yellow and blue LED groups decreased to the greatest extent compared to the start point. These results suggest that blue LED light can decrease milk production and generate more stress than white and yellow LED lights.

Erratum to: Influence of Probiotics-Friendly Pig Production on Meat Quality and Physicochemical Characteristics.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.2.403.].

Effect of long chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol accumulation, fatty acid composition and related gene expression in primary cultured bovine satellite cells.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on triacylglycerol (TAG) content, as well as on genes associated with lipid synthesis and fatty acid composition in bovine satellite cells. Both saturated (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) fatty acids stimulated the TAG accumulation at a concentration of 100 µM and oleate increased it significantly more than stearate and palmitate. The results revealed that the lipid droplet formation was markedly stimulated by linoleate and oleate at 100 µM. Compared to control, the expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase, carnitine acyltransferase 1 and the fatty acid translocase 36 were upregulated by LCFAs. All the fatty acids also significantly increased diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 than the untreated control (p < 0.05). The monounsaturated fatty acids significantly increased (p < 0.05) in response to oleate and linoleate compared to the control as did the polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05), in addition to stearate, linoleate and oleate. In contrast, saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in the oleate and linoleate-treated groups. The study results contribute to our enhanced understanding of LCFAs' regulatory roles on the bovine cell lipid metabolism.

Effect of Kaempferol on Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) and Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) Protein Expression in BALB/c Mice.

Kaempferol, a phytochemical found in many edible plants, is known to alleviate diseases such as cancer, allergy, and inflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether kaempferol could reduce omega-6 and ovalbumin-mediated allergic reactions at lung and trachea in BALB/c mice. Mice were allocated into five groups: 1) control group (CON); 2) positive control group with orally administration of omega-6 (POS); 3) bovine serum albumin (BSA) sensitization group (with BSA injection and ovalbumin inhalation); 4) BSA+K10 group: BSA injection, 10 µg/g of kaempferol administration and ovalbumin inhalation; and 5) BSA+K20 group: BSA injection, 20 µg/g of kaempferol administration and ovalbumin inhalation. Results revealed that serum histamine level was the highest (p<0.01) in BSA group. In lung tissue and trachea, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) expression was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the BSA group compared to that in other groups. However, phosphorylated cytosolic phospholipase A2 (p-cPLA2) expression in the trachea was not significantly different among groups. Taken together, results of this study suggest that kaempferol might be useful for alleviating inflammation reaction associated with Cox2 expression. However, the exact mechanism of action involved in the effect of kaempferol on inflammatory response remains unclear.

Modulatory effect of linoleic and oleic acid on cell proliferation and lipid metabolism gene expressions in primary bovine satellite cells.

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA) and their combination (LA + OA) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, and the lipid metabolism related gene expression in bovine satellite cells (BSCs), isolated from bovine muscles. Cell viability was significantly increased with the OA and LA treatment. Furthermore, LA + OA enhanced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (10 to 100 µM), whereas it lowered at 250 µM. In addition, a cell-cycle analysis showed that 100 µM of LA and OA markedly decreased the G0/G1 phase proportion (62.58% and 61.33%, respectively), compared to controls (68.02%), whereas the S-phase cells' proportion was increased. The ratio of G2/M phase cells was not significantly different among the groups. Moreover, analyses with AO/EtBr staining showed that no apoptosis occurred. Necrosis were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining which revealed no early apoptosis in the cells pretreated with LA or OA, but occurred in the LA + OA group. We also analyzed the mRNA expression of lipid metabolizing genes such as peroxisome proliferator receptor alfa (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPARγ), acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT-1), and fatty-acid binding protein4 (FABP4), which were upregulated in LA or OA treated cells compared to the control group. In essence, LA and OA alone promote the cell proliferation without any apoptosis and necrosis, which might upregulate the lipid metabolism related gene expressions, and increase fatty-acid oxidation in the BSCs' lipid metabolism.

Influence of Probiotics-Friendly Pig Production on Meat Quality and Physicochemical Characteristics.

In this study, the dietary effects of probiotics with a liquid application system on meat quality and physicochemical characteristics of pigs were evaluated. A total of 80 Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc (LYD) 3-way crossbred pigs (average age 175±5 d) were assigned to a conventional farm and a probiotics farm equipped with a liquid probiotics application system (40 pigs in each farm). The two treatments were: CON (diet without probiotics) and PRO (diet with probiotics). Dietary probiotics decreased shear force in the longissimus muscle compared to the control group (p<0.05). The treatment diet did not affect backfat thickness, carcass weight, meat color, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), and drip loss. Dietary probiotics significantly reduced ash, salinity, and pH (at 5 and 15 d) (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega fatty acids (ω3 and ω6) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the PRO group, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was decreased. The free amino acid composition, serine, lysine, histidine, and arginine levels were significantly lower in the PRO than in the control group. The treatment group exhibited higher nucleotide compounds (hypoxanthine, inosine, GMP, IMP) than the controls. Also, levels of ascorbic acid and thiamin were significantly different (p<0.05), while minerals were not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, feeding of probiotics had effects on shear force, ash, salinity, pH, PUFA, and some amino acids which related to taste and flavor without any negative effects on the pigs' carcass traits.

One-Pot Facile Synthesis of Pt Nanoparticles Using Cultural Filtrate of Microgravity Simulated Grown P. chrysogenum and Their Activity on Bacteria and Cancer Cells.

Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) was synthesized via a facile and cost competitive ont-pot green mediated synthesis using cell free cultural filtrate (microgravity simulated grown Penicillium chrysogenum) as a reducing agent. The toxicity effect of synthesized Pt NPs toward myoblast C2C12 carcinoma cells was then investigated. The particle size analyzer (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrates that both NG-Pt NPs and MG-Pt NPS are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 15 nm and 8.5 nm, respectively. The results from UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis show a characteristic strong resonance centered at 265 nm and a single crystalline nature, respectively. The results derived from in vitro cytotoxicity showed a significant concentration-dependent decrement in cell viability when C2C12 cells were exposed to Pt NPs. Such decrement in cell viability is because of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Cell apoptosis was proved by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) dual staining, annexin V-FITC/PI-staining and immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the protein expression of both (i) apoptosis related proteins such as cas-3 and cas-9, (ii) inflammatory response proteins such as TNF-α, TGF-ß and NF-κB were significantly upregulated in MG-Pt NPs treated cells than NG-Pt NPs treated cells. Uptake and intracellular localization of MG-Pt NPs caused by accumulation of autophagosomes in C2C12 cells and bacterial cells, indicate that synthesized MG-Pt NPs enable for the swift cell apoptosis than NG-Pt NPs. Interestingly, At the concentration of 40 and 80 µg/ml MG-Pt NPs showed more potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells while, under identical concentration, NG-Pt NPs exhibited rather lower cytotoxicity. Overall, our results demonstrated that MG-Pt NPs could be selectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells via ROS-mediated nucleus NF-κB and caspases activation when compared to NG-Pt NPs.

Interaction of silver and gold nanoparticles in mammalian cancer: as real topical bullet for wound healing- A comparative study.

The present study evaluates in vitro cytotoxic effects and the mode of interaction of biologically synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs) using Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra (BOL) against HT-1080 cancer cells and bacterial cells as well as their wound healing efficacy using a mouse model. UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis have ascertained the formation of nano-sized Ag and Au particles. Fourier transform infrared analysis has confirmed that polyphenol and amide groups in BOL act as capping as well as reducing agents. The free radical scavenging activity under in vitro conditions is found to be higher for the Ag NPs when compared to the Au NPs. Acridine orange-ethidium bromide dual staining and comet assay have indicated that the cytotoxic effects are mediated through nuclear morphological changes and DNA damage. The intracellular localization of Ag and Au NPs in HT-1080 cells and their subsequent effect on apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometry while the mode of interaction was established by scanning electron microscopy under field emission mode and by bio-transmission electron microscopy. These methods of analysis clearly revealed that the Ag and Au NPs have easily entered and accumulated into the cytosol and nucleus, resulting in activation of inflammatory and apoptosis pathways, which in turn cause damage in DNA. Further, mRNA and protein expression of caspase-3 and caspase-7, TNF-α, and NF-κB have provided sufficient clues for induction of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis and inflammatory pathways in Ag NP- and Au NP-treated cells. Evaluation of wound healing properties of Ag and Au NPs using a mouse model indicates rapid healing of wounds. In addition, no clear toxic effects and no nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood cells are observed. Ag NPs appear to be a better anticancer therapeutic agent than Au NPs. Nonetheless, both Ag NPs and Au NPs show potential for promoting topical wound healing without any toxic effects. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of biological synthesis of Ag and Au NPs and its application on cancer and wound healing.

Meat Quality and Physicochemical Trait Assessments of Berkshire and Commercial 3-way Crossbred Pigs.

In this study, we compared qualities and physiochemical traits of meat from Berkshire (black color) pigs with those of meat from 3-way Landrace (white color) × Yorkshire (white color) × Duroc (red color) crossbred pigs (LYD). Meat quality characteristics, including pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss, and free amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, and mineral contents of longissimus dorsi muscles, were compared. Meat from Berkshire pigs had deeper meat color (redness), higher pH, and lower drip loss and cooking loss than meat from LYD pigs. Moreover, meat from Berkshire pigs had higher levels of phosphoserine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, asparagine, α-aminoadipic acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, and carnosine and lower levels of glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and ammonia than did meat from LYD pigs. The fatty acids oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were present in significantly higher concentrations in Berkshire muscles than they were in LYD muscles. Additionally, Berkshire muscles were significantly enriched with nucleotide components (inosine), minerals (Mg and K), and antioxidant vitamins such as ascorbic acid (C) in comparison with LYD muscles. In conclusion, our results show that in comparison with LYD meat, Berkshire meat has better meat quality traits and is a superior nutritional source of all essential amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, and minerals (Mg and K).