Manifestaciones neurológicas y COVID-19 / Neurological manifestations and COVID-19

El nuevo coronavirus, denominado COVID-19, es un betacoronavirus asociado a síntomas respiratorios que van desde un cuadro respiratorio leve hasta cuadros severos, que implican compromiso de varios órganos blanco como los sistemas pulmonar, renal, cardiovascular, nervioso, de la coagulación y se asocian a diversas complicaciones que ensombrecen el pronóstico. El órgano blanco afectado está determinado por la expresión de receptores para angiotensina II, que además se encuentran en el tejido nervioso, presentes en estructuras vitales en el control cardiorespiratorio. Es así como se han descrito manifestaciones neurológicas en estudios publicados alrededor del mundo que aún no son concluyentes, donde se asocian a una afección directa de las estructuras nerviosas o producto de complicaciones sistémicas

The new coronavirus, called COVID-19, is a beta-coronavirus associated with respiratory symptoms that range from mild to severe respiratory symptoms, which involve involvement of various target organs such as the pulmonary, renal, cardiovascular, nervous, coagulation systems and se associated with various complications that cloud the prognosis. The target organ affected is determined by the expression of receptors for angiotensin II, which are also found in nervous tissue, present in vital structures in cardiorespiratory control. This is how neurological manifestations have been described in studies published around the world that are not yet conclusive, where they are associated with a direct affection of the nervous structures or the product of systemic complications

Aplicaciones clínicas de doppler transcraneal en neurología y cuidados neurocríticos / Doppler clinical applications transcranial in neurology and care neurocritical

En la actualidad el ultrasonido permite obtener en forma no invasiva imágenes de la mayoría de estructuras. A nivel cerebral, se puede acceder a la vasculatura y evaluar la hemodinamia. Es un estudio seguro, no utiliza radiación y se puede realizar a la cabecera del paciente, las veces necesarias, hasta en monitoreo continuo. La limitación es que necesita un operador y cerca del 5-20 % de las personas poseen ventanas óseas temporales poco accesibles, por el grosor del hueso. Durante la realización del Doppler transcraneal, se debe seguir una serie de pasos. Tras localizar los vasos esperados, según la ventana y profundidad, se siguen las ondas espectrales en al menos dos puntos en cada arteria y se miden las velocidades de cada una. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las generalidades del doppler transcraneal y destacar las principales utilidades como herramienta diagnóstica en enfermedades cerebrovasculares y otras enfermedades neurológicas.

At present, ultrasound allows images of most structures to be obtained non-invasively. At the brain level, the vasculature can be accessed and hemodynamics evaluated. It is a safe study, it does not use radiation and it can be performed at the patient's bedside, as often as necessary, even under continuous monitoring. The limitation is that it requires an operator and about 5-20% of people have temporary bone windows that are not very accessible, due to the thickness of the bone. During the performance of the transcranial Doppler, a series of steps must be followed. After locating the expected vessels, according to the window and depth, the spectral waves are followed at at least two points in each artery and the velocities of each one are measured. The objective of this review is to describe the generalities of transcranial doppler and highlight the main uses as a diagnostic tool in cerebrovascular diseases and other neurological diseases.

Consensus-Based Management Protocol (CREVICE Protocol) for the Treatment of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Based on Imaging and Clinical Examination for Use When Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Is Not Employed.

Globally, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring use in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is inconsistent and susceptible to resource limitations and clinical philosophies. For situations without monitoring, there is no published comprehensive management algorithm specific to identifying and treating suspected intracranial hypertension (SICH) outside of the one ad hoc Imaging and Clinical Examination (ICE) protocol in the Benchmark Evidence from South American Trials: Treatment of Intracranial Pressure (BEST:TRIP) trial. As part of an ongoing National Institutes of Health (NIH)-supported project, a consensus conference involving 43 experienced Latin American Intensivists and Neurosurgeons who routinely care for sTBI patients without ICP monitoring, refined, revised, and augmented the original BEST:TRIP algorithm. Based on BEST:TRIP trial data and pre-meeting polling, 11 issues were targeted for development. We used Delphi-based methodology to codify individual statements and the final algorithm, using a group agreement threshold of 80%. The resulting CREVICE (Consensus REVised ICE) algorithm defines SICH and addresses both general management and specific treatment. SICH treatment modalities are organized into tiers to guide treatment escalation and tapering. Treatment schedules were developed to facilitate targeted management of disease severity. A decision-support model, based on the group's combined practices, is provided to guide this process. This algorithm provides the first comprehensive management algorithm for treating sTBI patients when ICP monitoring is not available. It is intended to provide a framework to guide clinical care and direct future research toward sTBI management. Because of the dearth of relevant literature, it is explicitly consensus based, and is provided solely as a resource (a "consensus-based curbside consult") to assist in treating sTBI in general intensive care units in resource-limited environments.