Comparing Methods for Identifying Post-Market Patient Preferences at the Point of Decision-Making: Insights from Patients with Chronic Pain Considering a Spinal Cord Stimulator Device.

Purpose: To compare three methods for identifying patient preferences (MIPPs) at the point of decision-making: analysis of video-recorded patient-clinician encounters, post-encounter interviews, and post-encounter surveys. Patients and Methods: For the decision of whether to use a spinal cord stimulator device (SCS), a video coding scheme, interview guide, and patient survey were iteratively developed with 30 SCS decision-making encounters in a tertiary academic medical center pain clinic. Burke's grammar of motives was used to classify the attributed source or justification for a potential preference for each preference block. To compare the MIPPs, 13 patients' encounters with their clinician were video recorded and subsequently analyzed by 4 coders using the final video coding scheme. Six of these patients were interviewed, and 7 surveyed, immediately following their encounters. Results: For videos, an average of 66 (range 33-106) sets of utterances potentially indicating a patient preference (a preference block), surveys 33 (range 32-34), and interviews 25 (range 18-30) were identified. Thirty-eight unique themes (75 subthemes), each a preference topic, were identified from videos, surveys 19 themes (12 subthemes), and interviews 39 themes (54 subthemes). The proportion of preference blocks that were judged as expressing a preference that was clearly important to the patient or affected their decision was highest for interviews (72.8%), surveys (68.0%), and videos (27.0%). Videos mostly attributed preferences to the patient's situation (scene) (65%); interviews, the act of receiving or living with SCS (43%); surveys, the purpose of SCS (40%). Conclusion: MIPPs vary in the type of preferences identified and the clarity of expressed preferences in their data sets. The choice of which MIPP to use depends on projects' goals and resources, recognizing that the choice of MIPP may affect which preferences are found.

Demographics and PainDETECT as Predictors of 24-Month Outcomes for 10 kHz SCS in Nonsurgical Refractory Back Pain.

BACKGROUND: Nonsurgical refractory back pain (NSRBP) is broadly defined as chronic refractory back pain in patients who have not had previous spine surgery and, because they are deemed inappropriate candidates for surgery, are reliant on conventional medical management (CMM), which often provides poor long-term outcomes. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (10kHz SCS) has demonstrated high rates of pain relief and improvements in functioning in patients with NSRBP. However, despite the use of temporary trial stimulation to select patients who will respond to therapy, some patients fail to achieve long-term therapy response with permanent implants. Prediction analysis founded on patients' baseline characteristics may enrich the appropriate selection of patients for permanent implantation. OBJECTIVES: To examine baseline patient characteristics to predict long-term pain and functional responses to treatment with 10 kHz SCS for NSRBP. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of baseline patient characteristics as predictors of 24-month pain and functional outcomes from a previous multicenter randomized controlled trial of 10 kHz SCS in patients with NSRBP. PATIENTS: Patients diagnosed with chronic, neuropathic, axial, low back pain refractory to CMM who had had no previous spine surgery, were deemed unsuitable candidates for it according to a spine surgeon, were implanted with 10kHz SCS and continued with CMM for up to 24 months. METHODS: The baseline characteristics of and 24-month outcomes in the 125 implanted patients who participated in the NSRBP randomized controlled trial (RCT) were included in this analysis. The baseline characteristics included demographics, baseline pain on the visual analog scale (VAS), baseline function based on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), mental health according to the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), neuropathic pain as measured by PainDETECT, and each patient's temporary trial response. Patient response at 24 months was defined as absolute change from the baseline on the VAS and ODI, and each patient was also classified as a pain responder (achieving at least a 50% decrease in VAS pain score from the baseline) and a function responder (at least a 10-point decrease in ODI or a 24-month score of no more than 20 points). Multivariate prediction models based on regression and classification and regression tree (CART) techniques were developed using the response variables discussed above as the dependent variables and the baseline characteristics as the independent variables. RESULTS: Different factors contributed to pain and functional outcomes. Patients presenting with neuropathic pain (PainDETECT >= 19) and female gender had higher odds of being pain responders to 10 kHz SCS therapy than did males and those without neuropathic pain. Both higher age and depression score (PHQ-9) independently reduced the odds that a patient would be an ODI responder. Years since diagnosis, the reason the patient was deemed unsuitable for spine surgery, and pain etiology were not predictive of pain or functional outcomes. LIMITATIONS: A retrospective sub-analysis of a single pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS: There may be an opportunity to increase pain relief and functional improvement if additional patient screening accompanies the temporary lead trial. The presence of neuropathic pain, female gender, age, and depression had some predictive value, but this analysis demonstrates the treatment efficacy of 10 kHz SCS across a wide range of patients with NSRBP.

Durable responses at 24 months with high-frequency spinal cord stimulation for nonsurgical refractory back pain.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the 24-month durability of pain relief, function, quality of life, and safety outcomes for patients with nonsurgical refractory back pain (NSRBP) treated with high-frequency spinal cord stimulation (SCS) within a large, national, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS: Following the completion of an RCT comparing high-frequency SCS plus CMM with CMM alone for the treatment of NSRBP, patients gave additional consent for a follow-up extension to 24 months. Presented is the cohort analysis of all patients treated with high-frequency SCS following the optional crossover at 6 months. The outcomes assessed to 24 months included responder rate of ≥ 50% pain relief measured according to the visual analog scale [VAS]), disability (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), quality of life (EQ-5D 5-level [EQ-5D-5L]), opioid reduction. RESULTS: Of the 125 patients who received a permanent implant, 121 completed the 12-month follow-up, 101 gave additional consent for extended follow-up, and 98 completed the 24-month follow-up. At 24 months after implantation, the mean back pain VAS score was reduced by 73% and the responder rate was 82%. ODI and EQ-5D-5L both improved by at least double the minimal clinically important difference for each measure. No unexpected adverse events were observed, and the rates of serious adverse events (3.4%) and device explantations (4.8%) were low. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of high-frequency SCS to CMM in patients with NSRBP offers profound improvements at 24 months in pain, function, quality of life, and reduced opioid use. This study provides much-needed evidence to inform current clinical practice for managing patients with NSRBP.

Quantitative assessment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy after high-frequency spinal cord stimulation: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Randomized trials have demonstrated efficacy of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Preliminary data suggested that treatment of PDN with high-frequency SCS resulted in improvements on neurological examination. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether patients with PDN treated with high-frequency SCS would have improvements in lower-extremity peripheral nerve function. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in an outpatient clinical practice at a tertiary care center. METHODS: Patients with PDN were treated with high-frequency SCS and followed up for 12 months after SCS implantation with clinical outcomes assessments of pain intensity, neuropathic symptoms, and neurological function. Small-fiber sudomotor function was assessed with the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), and large-fiber function was assessed with nerve conduction studies (NCS). Lower-extremity perfusion was assessed with laser Doppler flowmetry. RESULTS: Nine patients completed 12-month follow-up visits and were observed to have improvements in lower-extremity pain, weakness, and positive sensory symptoms. Neuropathy impairment scores were improved, and 2 patients had recovery of sensory responses on NCS. A reduction in sweat volume on QSART was observed in the proximal leg but not at other sites. No significant differences were noted in lower-extremity perfusion or NCS as compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in pain relief was concordant with improvement in neuropathy symptoms. The findings from this study provide encouraging preliminary data in support of the hypothesis of a positive effect of SCS on peripheral neuropathy, but the findings are based on small numbers and require further evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03769675.

Comparison of Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial Reporting Protocols and Long-Term Pain Relief Outcomes Following Implantation.

OBJECTIVES: Appropriate spinal cord stimulation (SCS) candidates are required to undergo an SCS trial before implant, typically with ≥50% pain relief deemed "successful." However, SCS trialing protocols can vary substantially. The primary aim of this retrospective study is to investigate the associations between SCS trial results and long-term SCS pain outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective single-center review of successful SCS trials from January 1, 2017, to July 1, 2019. A total of 115 patients were included. Group differences in continuous variables were evaluated using t-tests, and group differences in categorical variables were evaluated using the χ2 test. The percentage improvement in long-term pain intensity was analyzed as a binary variable, where long-term success was defined as ≥50% improvement in numeric rating scale pain scores. The level of significance for all tests was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 64.9 years, and 52% of patients were men. The mean pain score at long-term follow-up was 4.7 ± 2.6, and the median time from implantation to follow-up was 13 months (25th-75th interquartile range; 4-22). In the logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and follow-up time, greater patient-reported percentage improvement in pain scale during the trial was significantly associated with greater odds of experiencing ≥50% improvement in pain scores (p = 0.048; 95% CI 1.00-1.70). All other assessed trial metrics were not significantly associated with greater odds of experiencing >50% improvement in pain scores at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Given the variability in current assessment techniques, we recommend the patient-reported percentage improvement in pain scale as the posttrial assessment method of choice instead of a calculated percentage improvement. However, our results indicate that current trial assessment methods are generally poor, and improved trial reporting protocols must be sought.

Preoperative hemoglobin A1c and perioperative blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing spinal cord stimulation surgery: A literature review of surgical site infection risk.

AIMS: The aim of our study was to review the surgical literature regarding the relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM), and risk of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI). METHODS: A librarian-assisted literature search was performed with two goals: (1) identify surgical publications related to SSI and HbA1c values, and (2) identify publications reporting infection risk with DM in spinal cord stimulation (SCS), intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS), and cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation surgeries. Published guidelines on perioperative management of DM are reviewed. RESULTS: We identified 30 studies reporting SSI and HbA1c values. The literature review indicated that for many surgical procedures, elevated HbA1c is not correlated to rate of SSI. We identified 16 studies reporting infection rates within DM cohorts following SCS, IDDS, and CIED implantation surgeries. The data reviewed did not indicate DM as an independent risk factor for SSI. CONCLUSION: Preoperative HbA1c levels in patients with a history of DM is not a singularly sufficient tool to estimate risk of perioperative infection in SCS implantation surgery. Published guidelines on perioperative management of DM do not suggest a specific HbA1c above which surgery should be delayed; intentional perioperative glycemic control is recommended.

The Prevalence of Elevated Impedances and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ineligibility Following Implantation of 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices: A Retrospective Review.

OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is increasingly utilized in the treatment of multiple chronic pain conditions. However, patients will continue to experience other medical issues and the potential for future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) needs must not be overlooked. SCS devices have device-specific MRI conditional labeling and if impedances are elevated the patient may not be able to obtain an MRI. With 10 kHz SCS devices specifically, an impedance value above 10,000 ohms (Ω) is MRI ineligible. The primary objective of this article was to report the incidence of elevated impedances with a multilumen lead design per electrode, per lead, and to describe the total number of MRI ineligible patients due to elevated impedances using 10 kHz SCS cutoff values. The secondary objective was to determine whether certain patient demographics or surgery characteristics put patients at increased risk of elevated impedances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 327 patients who were implanted with a 10 kHz SCS device between January 2015 and November 2020. Regression models were fitted to determine associations between MRI ineligibility status with clinical characteristics including age, sex, BMI, lead location, implantable pulse generator (IPG) location, and time since implant. RESULTS: We found elevated impedances with subsequent MRI ineligibility in 13 patients (4.0%). Regression analysis did not identify any associations with MRI ineligibility and patient risk factors including age, sex, body mass index, lead location, IPG location, and follow-up time since implant. CONCLUSION: We found the prevalence of elevated impedances above 10,000 Ω to be 4% of implanted patients. This information is important for patients and physicians alike and should be considered when device selection is occurring in the pre-operative visits.

Comparative Effectiveness of Landmark-guided Greater Occipital Nerve (GON) Block at the Superior Nuchal Line Versus Ultrasound-guided GON Block at the Level of C2: A Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT).

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this single center, prospective randomized controlled trial was to compare clinical outcomes between an ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block (GONB) at the C2 vertebral level versus landmark-based GONB at the superior nuchal line. METHODS: Patients with occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache were randomized to receive either a landmark-based GONB with sham ultrasound at the superior nuchal line or ultrasound-guided GONB at the C2 vertebral level with blinding of patients and data analysis investigators. Clinical outcomes were assessed at 30 minutes, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks postinjection. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were recruited with 16 participants in each group. Despite randomization, the ultrasound-guided GONB group reported higher numeric rating scale (NRS) scores at baseline. Those in the ultrasound-guided GONB group had a significant decrease in NRS from baseline compared with the landmark-based GONB group at 30 minutes (change of NRS of 4.0 vs. 2.0) and 4-week time points (change of NRS of 2.5 vs. -0.5). Both groups were found to have significant decreases in Headache Impact Test-6. The ultrasound-guided GONB had significant improvements in NRS, severe headache days, and analgesic use at 4 weeks when compared with baseline. No serious adverse events occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided GONBs may provide superior pain reduction at 4 weeks when compared with landmark-based GONBs for patients with occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache.

Treatment of nonsurgical refractory back pain with high-frequency spinal cord stimulation at 10 kHz: 12-month results of a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) at 10 kHz (10-kHz SCS) is a safe and effective therapy for treatment of chronic low-back pain. However, it is unclear from existing evidence whether these findings can be generalized to patients with chronic back pain that is refractory to conventional medical management (CMM) and who have no history of spine surgery and are not acceptable candidates for spine surgery. The authors have termed this condition "nonsurgical refractory back pain" (NSRBP) and conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial to compare CMM with and without 10-kHz SCS in this population. METHODS: Patients with NSRBP, as defined above and with a spine surgeon consultation required for confirmation, were randomized 1:1 to patients undergoing CMM with and without 10-kHz SCS. CMM included nonsurgical treatment for back pain, according to physicians' best practices and clinical guidelines. Primary and secondary endpoints included the responder rate (≥ 50% pain relief), disability (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), global impression of change, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and change in daily opioid use and were analyzed 3 and 6 months after randomization. The protocol allowed for an optional crossover at 6 months for both arms, with observational follow-up over 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 159 patients were randomized; 76 received CMM, and 69 (83.1%) of the 83 patients who were assigned to the 10-kHz SCS group received a permanent implant. At the 3-month follow-up, 80.9% of patients who received stimulation and 1.3% of those who received CMM were found to be study responders (primary outcome, ≥ 50% pain relief; p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference between the treatment groups in all secondary outcomes at 6 months (p < 0.001). In the 10-kHz SCS arm, outcomes were sustained, including a mean 10-cm visual analog scale score of 2.1 ± 2.3 and 2.1 ± 2.2 and mean ODI score of 24.1 ± 16.1 and 24.0 ± 17.0 at 6 and 12 months, respectively (p = 0.9). In the CMM arm, 74.7% (56/75) of patients met the criteria for crossover and received an implant. The crossover arm obtained a 78.2% responder rate 6 months postimplantation. Five serious adverse events occurred (procedure-related, of 125 total permanent implants), all of which resolved without sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The study results, which included follow-up over 12 months, provide important insights into the durability of 10-kHz SCS therapy with respect to chronic refractory back pain, physical function, quality of life, and opioid use, informing the current clinical practice for pain management in patients with NSRBP.

Infectious Complications of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Incidence.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) is a newer form of neuromodulation that targets the dorsal root ganglion. DRGS has superior efficacy in complex regional pain syndrome compared to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and may have efficacy in other forms of chronic pain. While decades of safety data are available for SCS, there is less available safety information for DRGS. The objectives of this systematic review and pooled analysis of incidence are to determine the overall incidence of DRGS infections, incidence at each stage (trial vs implant vs revision), infection characteristics, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of databases from January 1980 to January 2021 was conducted. RESULTS: Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Eight studies reported patients with trial data (n = 291), ten studies reported patients with implant data (n = 250), and seven studies reported data with revisions (n = 26). The pooled incidence of trial infections was 1.03% (95% CI 0.35-2.99%), implant infections was 4.80% (95% CI 2.77-8.20%), revision infections was 3.85% (95% CI 0.20-21.59%), and overall infections was 2.82% (95% CI 1.62-4.54%). There was a statistically significant difference in infection rates between the trial, implant, and revision stages, X2 (2, N = 567) = 8.9839, p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review and pooled analysis that followed PRISMA guidelines to report infectious complications of DRGS by stage (trial vs implant vs revision). DRGS trial appears to be low risk for infection but that risk is significantly increased with DRGS implant. Our findings highlight the need for further study of infectious complications, their risks, and optimal prophylaxis.

The painful shoulder arthroplasty: appropriate work-up and review of interventional pain treatments.

Shoulder arthroplasty is a successful surgical procedure for several conditions when patients become refractory to conservative management modalities. Unfortunately, some patients experience persistent chronic pain after shoulder arthroplasty. These individuals should undergo a comprehensive evaluation by an orthopedic surgeon to determine whether structural pathology is responsible for the pain and to decide whether reoperation is indicated. At times, a surgical solution does not exist. In these circumstances, a thorough and specific plan for the management of persistent chronic pain should be developed and instituted. In this article, we review common reasons for persistent pain after shoulder arthroplasty and outline the evaluation of the painful shoulder arthroplasty. We then provide a thorough review of interventional pain management strategies. Finally, we hypothesize developments in our field that might provide better outcomes in the future for patients suffering with chronic intractable pain after shoulder arthroplasty.

Systematic Literature Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients With Chronic Back Pain Without Prior Spine Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide and one of the most common reasons for seeking healthcare. Despite numerous care strategies, patients with low back pain continue to exhibit poor outcomes. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an evidence-based therapeutic modality for patients with failed back surgery syndrome. For patients without a surgical lesion or history, minimally invasive interventions that provide long-term reduction of chronic back pain are needed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the evidence on SCS therapy in patients with chronic back pain who have not undergone spinal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies reporting outcomes for SCS in chronic back pain patients (with or without secondary radicular leg pain) without prior surgery using date limits from database inception to February 2021. Study results were analyzed and described qualitatively. RESULTS: A total of ten primary studies (16 publications) were included. The included studies consistently demonstrated favorable outcomes in terms of pain reduction and functional improvement following SCS therapy. Improvements also occurred in quality of life scores; however, not all studies reported statistically significant findings. Additionally, the studies reported that SCS resulted in high patient satisfaction, reductions in opioid use, and an acceptable safety profile, although these data were more limited. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that SCS is a promising, safe, minimally invasive, and reversible alternative option for managing chronic back pain in patients who have not undergone spinal surgery.

Paresthesia-Based Versus High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Retrospective, Real-World, Single-Center Comparison.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has become a common treatment modality for chronic pain of various etiologies. Over the past two decades, significant technological evolution has occurred in the SCS space, and this includes high-frequency (10 kHz) stimulation. Level I evidence exists reporting superiority of 10 kHz SCS over traditional SCS, however, conflicting reports have been published. The primary objective was to report site-collected real-world patient reported percentage improvement in pain scale (PR-PIPS) with traditional SCS and 10 kHz SCS from a single, academic medical center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective review to determine PR-PIPS of traditional SCS and 10 kHz SCS in those patients implanted for at least 12 months. Data were collected by two independent physicians not involved with the implant surgery to minimize bias in the data collection process. PR-PIPS and other clinical variables were abstracted either via chart review or via phone call for patients who were at least 12 months post-implant at the last clinical follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 163 implanted patients (traditional stimulation n = 85; high-frequency stimulation n = 78) were identified. Twenty-two explants (traditional stimulation n = 10; high-frequency stimulation n = 12) were performed (13.5%). Seventy-five total remaining SCS implants utilizing traditional stimulation and 66 total remaining SCS implants utilizing high-frequency stimulation were included. There was no difference in PR-PIPS between traditional stimulation (50.6% ± 30.1%) and high-frequency stimulation (47.6% ± 31.5%) in the adjusted linear regression model in a variety of implant indications (p = 0.399). There was no difference in frequency of patient categorization into various thresholds of percentage pain relief based on type of stimulation. The most common reasons for explant were loss of efficacy (50.0%) and infection (40.0%) in the traditional cohort, and loss of efficacy (58.3%) in the high-frequency cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds further evidence to the published literature that successful long-term results can be achieved with SCS. Our retrospective analysis did not find a statistically significant difference in PR-PIPS between traditional stimulation and high-frequency stimulation in a variety of indications over an average follow-up of nearly two years. Notably, there were statistically significant differences in treatment indications and primary sites of pain between the two patient cohorts, and this should be considered when interpreting the results.

Antibacterial Envelope Use for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection in Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation Surgery: A Retrospective Review of 52 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infection in patients who undergo spinal cord stimulator implant surgery represents a significant concern in terms of increased health care costs and patient morbidity. The use of antibacterial envelopes in spinal cord stimulator implant surgeries has not been previously described. The aim of this retrospective review was to evaluate the effectiveness of the antibacterial envelope in reducing surgical site infection in spinal cord stimulator implant surgeries when used adjunctively to standard infection prevention measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 52 patients, all of whom were implanted with a spinal cord stimulator between January 2015 and November 2020. To be included, patients were required to have had an antibacterial envelope utilized at the time of surgery. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed. All patients who received an antibacterial envelope at the time of implant surgery were included. RESULTS: Data was collected and analyzed on 52 permanent SCS implantations, including primary implantation (n=26) and revision surgery (n=26). All patients were at least three months post-operative from the implant surgery (average follow-up time period was 518.4 days). There were no surgical site infections reported in the 52 patient cohort. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic impregnated envelopes appear to be a safe and effective modality to decrease surgical site infection risk in spinal cord stimulation implant surgeries.

Skin Closure Technique and Postprocedural Pain after Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation: A Retrospective Review.

Spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion stimulation are minimally invasive surgical techniques used to treat an array of chronic pain disorders. There is a paucity of data related to defining best practices in these specific patient populations, and historically, providers have relied on consensus committees to opine on the best techniques for patient safety and experience. The most efficacious mechanism of surgical closure-specifically a running suture closure compared to a surgical staple closure-is debated. A retrospective review of 155 patients implanted with either a spinal cord or dorsal root ganglion stimulator between 2017 and 2019 was undertaken to determine if the type of surgical closure was related to degree of postoperative surgical site discomfort. The primary outcome showed no statistically significant difference on postoperative pain scores between the suture (6.0 (IQR 5.0-8.0)) and staple (7.0 (IQR 5.0-8.0)) cohorts at postoperative day (POD) #1 (adjusted ß 0.17 (95% CI -0.61 to 0.95), P=0.670). This finding held for postoperative pain scores at POD #10 as well (staples (1.0 (IQR 0.0-4.0)) and suture (2.0 (IQR 0.0-5.0), adjusted ß -0.39 (95% CI -1.35 to 0.58), P=0.432)). A regression analysis was performed to identify secondary factors impacting postoperative pain scores. Higher preoperative pain score (ß 0.50 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.92), P=0.019) and female gender (ß 1.09 (95% CI 0.15 to 2.02), P=0.023) were predictive of higher incisional pain scores at POD#10. Increasing age was associated with decreased incisional pain scores at POD#10 (ß -0.06 (95% CI -0.09 to -0.03), P < 0.001). These findings are of interest to the pain practitioner and may be valuable in preoperative discussions with prospective patients.

Differences in calculated percentage improvement versus patient-reported percentage improvement in pain scores: a review of spinal cord stimulation trials.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord stimulation is frequently used for the treatment of intractable chronic pain conditions. Trialing of the spinal cord stimulator device is recommended to assess the patient's response to neurostimulation before permanent implantation. The trial response is often assessed by Numeric Rating Scale changes and patient-reported percentage pain improvement. Using number rating scale changes between prespinal and postspinal cord stimulation trial, a calculated percentage pain improvement can be obtained. The aim of this study was to assess the difference between calculated and patient-reported percentage improvement in pain scale during spinal cord stimulation trials. METHODS: This study was a retrospective single center review of all spinal cord stimulation trials from January 1 2017 to July 1 2019. A total of 174 patients were included. The paired t-test was used to compare numeric pain scores obtained prestimulation versus poststimulation. The mean difference between methods (patient-reported minus calculated) was compared with zero using the 1-sample t-test. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was computed with a 95% CI, calculated using Fisher z-transformation; and a bootstrapping approach was used to compare the concordance correlation coefficient between groups. In all cases, two-tailed tests were used with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Based on prestimulation and poststimulation numeric rating scale scores, the mean±SD calculated percentage improvement in pain scale was 54±28. The mean±SD patient-reported percentage improvement in pain scale was 59±25. The overall 95% limits of agreement for the two methods are -30% to +41%. The overall concordance correlation coefficient was 0.76 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.81). CONCLUSION: Although the two methods are highly correlated, there is substantial lack of agreement between patient-reported and calculated percentage improvement in pain scale, suggesting that these measures should not be used interchangeably for spinal cord stimulator trial outcome assessment. This emphasizes the need for improved metrics to better measure patient response to neuromodulation therapies. Additionally, patient-reported percentage improvement in pain was found to be higher than calculated percentage improvement in pain, potentially highlighting the multidimensional experience of pain and the unpredictability of solely using Numeric Rating Scale scores to assess patient outcomes.

Explantation of 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices: A Retrospective Review of 744 Patients Followed for at Least 12 Months.

OBJECTIVES: High-frequency 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (10 kHz-SCS) has achieved analgesia superior to traditional SCS in a number of studies. However, there is concern regarding long-term outcomes of 10 kHz-SCS. Prior work has suggested that explant rates are higher with 10 kHz-SCS. Our primary objective was to determine the explant rate of 10 kHz-SCS in a large patient cohort from multiple centers followed for at least 12 months after implant surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who received a 10 kHz-SCS implant before July 1, 2019. We abstracted patient demographics, implant date, primary site of pain, implant indication, explant date, and reason for explant. A total of 744 patients were included in the study analysis. RESULTS: Average age of the overall cohort was 65.53 years and 407 (54.7%) were women. Average follow-up for all patients was 793 days. There were a total of 76 explants (10.2%). The most common reason for explant was loss of efficacy, which accounted for 39 explants (51.3% of total explants, 5.2% of overall cohort). Female sex and radiculopathy as the SCS indication were associated with statistically significant decreased risk of 10 kHz-SCS explant. CONCLUSIONS: We found 10 kHz-SCS explant rates to be similar to prior reported explant rates for traditional SCS devices. Patient-related factors including female sex and radiculopathy as the primary SCS indication may be protective factors against explantation.