RESUMO
We show that vertical slender jets of liquid injected in air with a fully developed outlet velocity profile have a universal shape in the common case in which the viscous force is much smaller than the gravitational force. The theory of ideal flows with vorticity provides an analytical solution that, under negligible surface-tension forces, predicts R_{j}(Z)=[(1+Z/4)^{1/2}-(Z/4)^{1/2}]^{1/2}, where R_{j} is the jet radius scaled with the injector radius and Z is the vertical distance scaled with the gravitational length, l_{g}=u_{o}^{2}/2g, where u_{o} is the mean velocity at the injector outlet and g is the gravitational acceleration. In contrast with Mariotte's law, R_{j}=(1+Z)^{-1/4}, previously reported experiments employing long injectors collapse almost perfectly onto the new solution.
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BACKGROUND: Detoxification programmes seek to implement the most secure and compassionate ways of withdrawing from opiates so that the inevitable withdrawal symptoms and other complications are minimized. Once detoxification has been achieved, the next stage is to enable the patient to overcome his or her drug addiction by ensuring consumption is permanently and completely abandoned, only after which can the subject be regarded as fully recovered. METHODS: A systematic search on the common databases of relevant papers published until 2016 inclusive. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Our study of the available oral treatments for opioid dependence has revealed that no current treatment can actually claim to be fully effective. These treatments require daily oral administration and, consequently, regular visits to dispensaries, which in most cases results in a lack of patient compliance, which causes fluctuations in drug plasma levels. We then reviewed alternative treatments in the available scientific literature on polymeric sustained release formulations. Research has been done not only on release systems for detoxification but also on release systems for giving up the habit of taking opioids. These efforts have obtained the recent authorization of polymeric systems for use in patients that could help them to reduce their craving for drugs.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Aditivo/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Hábitos , Humanos , Metadona/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The main objective in the management of HIV-infected pregnant women is prevention of mother-to-child transmission; therefore, it is essential to provide universal antiretroviral treatment, regardless of CD4 count. All pregnant women must receive adequate information and undergo HIV serology testing at the first visit. If the serological status is unknown at the time of delivery, or in the immediate postpartum, HIV serology testing has to be performed as soon as possible. In this document, recommendations are made regarding the health of the mother and from the perspective of minimizing mother-to-child transmission.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , GravidezRESUMO
Pollution from agrochemicals may be contributing to the global decline of amphibian populations. Environmentally relevant concentrations of a fertiliser, ammonium nitrate, and a commercial formulation of the herbicide glyphosate Roundup Plus were tested on the embryonic development of Chioglossa lusitanica. This study introduces new data at three different levels. First, we provide previously unknown information about hatchling traits of C. lusitanica. Second, we present the first ecotoxicological study of this endangered species, to which environmental pollution is considered a major threat. Third, we conduct the first experiment with an amphibian species exposed to a mixture of a glyphosate-based herbicide and a nitrogenous fertiliser. Control individuals hatched with an average (±SD) total length of 18.77 (±2.02) mm and at an average Harrison's developmental stage of 44.58 (±1.24). Mean hatching time among controls was 11.52 (±1.29) weeks. None of the chemicals or their interaction produced lethal effects; however, a significant interaction was found when analysing total length at hatching. Individuals exposed to the herbicide hatched at a larger size than controls, and this effect was especially clear when the fertiliser was added to the water. The absence of pollutant-related mortality or severe sublethal effects is in agreement with most studies indicating a high tolerance of amphibian embryos to agrochemicals. However, further research considering other life stages and additional natural factors (i.e., predators, food availability) is needed to estimate the ecological impact of chemical mixtures on C. lusitanica.
Assuntos
Agroquímicos/toxicidade , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Portugal , SalamandridaeRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Fulvestrant (Flv) is a pure antiestrogen without agonist activity. Flv is effective as second line treatment in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer after tamoxifen. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective study of 36 consecutive postmenopausal women treated with Flv and advanced breast cancer progressing on prior therapies. 62,8% received Flv as third line treatment or more (all patients had previously received endocrine treatment for early or advanced breast cancer), 54,3% adjuvant chemotherapy and 67,5% received chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Our objective was to analyze the response rate, clinical benefit, time to progression (TTP) and toxicity profile. RESULTS: In our study 11,4% patients had partial responses (PR) and 22,9% had a stable disease (SD) >24 weeks. Clinical benefit rate (CB) [RP+RC+SD]: 31,4%. TTP: 4,2 months (CI 95%, 2,6-5,8), with a median follow-up of 8,9 months. Flv was well tolerated, 22,9% patients had adverse events, all grade I/II, and only 5,7% of women gave up the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Flv is an effective and safe therapy for heavily pre-treated postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.
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Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Lobular/tratamento farmacológico , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/administração & dosagem , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/patologia , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/efeitos adversos , Estradiol/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fulvestranto , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Pós-Menopausa , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Primary ovarian Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare neoplasm in adults. We report a 30-year-old woman diagnosed with primary bilateral ovarian BL. She presented features of a twisted ovarian cyst and underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The histopathologic evaluation yielded the diagnosis of BL and subsequently she received chemoimmunotherapy with CODOX-M-IVAC plus rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody).
Assuntos
Linfoma de Burkitt/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linfoma de Burkitt/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , RituximabRESUMO
A method to synthesize chiral 2,3,4-trisusbtituted tetrahydrothiophenes in both enantiomerically pure forms starting from 1-hydroxymethyl-4-phenylsulfonylbutadiene is described.
Assuntos
Butadienos/química , Sulfonas/química , Tiofenos/síntese química , Modelos Químicos , Estrutura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Tiofenos/químicaRESUMO
[reaction: see text] Several chiral building blocks have been obtained easily in large quantities from an epoxysulfone (9) that could be obtained in both enantiomeric forms from accessible starting materials.
RESUMO
A series of new bicyclohydantoin-arylpiperazines was prepared and evaluated for affinity at 5-HT1A, alpha 1, and D2 receptors. Most of the compounds showed very low affinity for D2 receptors, and most of them demonstrated moderate to high affinity for 5-HT1A and alpha 1 receptor binding sites. SAR observations indicated that the length of the alkyl chain between the arylpiperazine and the hydantoin moiety is of great importance for 5-HT1A/alpha 1 affinity and selectivity, n = 1 being the optimal value. Compound 1h, 2-[[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl] methyl]-1,3-dioxoperhydroimidazo [1,5-alpha]pyridine, bound at 5-HT1A sites with nanomolar affinity (Ki = 31.7 nM) and high selectivity over alpha 1, D2, and 5-HT2A receptors (Ki > 1000, > 10 000, and > 1000 nM, respectively). Preliminary studies showed that this agent is probably functioning as a partial to full 5-HT1A agonist, and it displayed anxiolytic activity on the social interaction test in mice.
Assuntos
Piperazinas/química , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/química , 8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralina/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Cinética , Camundongos , Piperazinas/síntese química , Racloprida , Ratos , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT1 de Serotonina , Salicilamidas/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/síntese química , Comportamento Social , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeAssuntos
Eletrocirurgia , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
A 52-year-old patient underwent left radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and received adjuvant chemotherapy postoperatively with adriamycin and 5-fluoruracil. Twenty months afterwards he developed cerebral and multiple bilateral pulmonary metastases. The cerebral metastasis was excised and nonspecific immunostimulation with bacillus Calmette-Guérin was initiated. Two years later the other secondaries had scarcely grown and extirpation of the two right pulmonary metastases was undertaken. Few months afterwards the two left pulmonary nodules disappeared. The patient continues free of disease more than 5 years after nephrectomy and 16 months after regression of the lung metastases.