RESUMO
The escape behaviour, measured as flight initiation distance (FID; the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential predator, usually a human in the study systems), is a measure widely used to study fearfulness and risk-taking in animals. Previous studies have shown significant differences in the escape behaviour of birds inhabiting cemeteries and urban parks in European cities, where birds seem to be shyer in the latter. We collected a regional dataset of the FID of birds inhabiting cemeteries and parks across Latin America in peri-urban, suburban and urban parks and cemeteries. FIDs were recorded for eighty-one bird species. Mean species-specific FIDs ranged from 1.9 to 19.7 m for species with at least two observations (fifty-seven species). Using Bayesian regression modelling and controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness of the FID among bird species and city and country, we found that, in contrast to a recent publication from Europe, birds escape earlier in cemeteries than parks in the studied Latin American cities. FIDs were also significantly shorter in urban areas than in peri-urban areas and in areas with higher human density. Our results indicate that some idiosyncratic patterns in animal fearfulness towards humans may emerge among different geographic regions, highlighting difficulties with scaling up and application of regional findings to other ecosystems and world regions. Such differences could be associated with intrinsic differences between the pool of bird species from temperate European and mostly tropical Latin American cities, characterized by different evolutionary histories, but also with differences in the historical process of urbanization.
Assuntos
Cemitérios , Ecossistema , Animais , Humanos , América Latina , Filogenia , Parques Recreativos , Teorema de Bayes , Aves , Cidades , Europa (Continente)RESUMO
El presente trabajo propone recorrer fragmentos del análisis de Margarita, desde los cinco hasta sus trece años, tomando como eje central la temática juego. La lectura fue realizada a partir de una secuencia de sesiones que hilvanan elementos significativos de su historia y permiten pensar la labor lúdica (si la hubiere) en términos teóricos, técnicos y clínicos y la posibilidad de construir aproximaciones acerca del cómo, para qué y del tipo de juego. A su vez, se apunta a reflexionar acerca de los avatares de la clínica actual: ¿sería posible el abordaje virtual con Margarita en caso de haberse desarrollado en pandemia? En esta línea de pensamiento, se consideran las particularidades del caso y los distintos momentos del proceso terapéutico. Se propone hipotetizar e inferir no solo lo posible, sino los límites y obstáculos de dicho recurso(AU)
Le présent ouvrage propose de parcourir des fragments de l'analyse de Margarita, de l'âge de cinq à treize ans, en prenant le thème du jeu comme axe central. La lecture a été effectuée à partir d'une séquence de séances qui tissent des éléments significatifs de son histoire et nous permettent de penser en termes théoriques, techniques et cliniques le travail ludique (le cas échéant) et la possibilité de construire des approximations sur le comment, le pourquoi et le type de jeu. En même temps, il vise à réfléchir sur les vicissitudes de la clinique actuelle: l'approche virtuelle de Margarita serait-elle possible si elle avait évolué en pandémie? Dans cette ligne de pensée, les particularités du cas et les différents moments du processus thérapeutique sont considérés. Il est proposé d'émettre des hypothèses et d'inférer non seulement ce qui est possible, mais aussi les limites et les obstacles de ladite ressource(AU)
The porpuse of the present study is to go through fragments of Margarita's analysis, from the age of five to thirteen, considering the playing theme as the central axis. The interpretation was made from a sequence of sessions articulated with significant elements of her story which allow us to think in theoretical, technical and clinical terms of the playful work (if any) and the possibility of making approximations about the how, the why of it and the type of game. At the same time, it aims to reflect on the vicissitudes of the current clinic: Would Margarita's virtual approach be possible if it had developed during pandemic? In accordance with this way of thinking, the particularities of the case and the different moments of the therapeutic process are considered. It is proposed to hypothesize and infer not only what is possible, but also the limits and obstacles of this resource(AU)
O presente trabalho se propõe a percorrer fragmentos da análise de Margarita, dos cinco aos treze anos, pegando o tópico do jogo como eixo central. A leitura foi realizada a partir de uma sequência de sessões que tecem elementos significativos de sua história e nos permitem pensar em termos teóricos, técnicos e clínicos o trabalho lúdico (se houver) e a possibilidade de construir aproximações sobre o como, o porquê e o tipo de jogo. Ao mesmo tempo, visa refletir sobre as vicissitudes da clínica atual: seria a abordagem virtual de Margarita possível no caso de ter se desenvolvido na pandemia? Nessa linha de pensamento, são consideradas as particularidades do caso e os diferentes momentos do processo terapêutico. Propõe-se hipotetizar e inferir não só o que é possível, mas também os limites e obstáculos desse recurso(AU)