Attitude of Medical Students in Paraguay Towards Homosexuality.

INTRODUCTION: The attitude of medical students towards homosexuality may affect the quality of care for homosexual patients. This study aimed to describe the attitude of medical students at the National University of Asuncion, Paraguay towards homosexuality. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2016 in consecutive medical students from the National University of Asunción (Santa Rosa del Aguaray branch), Paraguay. The 10-item attitude towards homosexuality scale (EAH-10) was used to assess participants' acceptance/ rejection of homosexuals as individuals, homosexuality as a sexual orientation, and public manifestations of homosexuality. RESULTS: A total of 48 female and 29 male participants (mean age, 21 ± 2 years) were included. Most were Catholic (71.4%), followed by non-Catholic Christian (10.4%), agnostic (9.1%), atheist (2.6%), and other (6.5%). 71.4% reported having at least one homosexual friend. The mean EAH-10 score was 27.23 ± 9.379. 42.9% of participants were indifferent or undecided in their attitude towards homosexuality and 28.6% were discriminatory. Having homosexual friends was associated with a lower EAH-10 score (t = -3.447 [75], p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Education about health issues of homosexuals is needed for medical students in Paraguay.

Specific Diversity of Metarhizium Isolates Infecting Aeneolamia spp. (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in Sugarcane Plantations.

Spittlebugs from the genus Aeneolamia are important pests of sugarcane. Although the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizum anisopliae s.l. for control of this pest is becoming more common in Mexico, fundamental information regarding M. anisopliae in sugarcane plantations is practically non-existent. Using phylogenetic analysis, we determined the specific diversity of Metarhizium spp. infecting adult spittlebugs in sugarcane plantations from four Mexican states. We obtained 29 isolates of M. anisopliae s.str. Haplotype network analysis revealed the existence of eight haplotypes. Eight selected isolates, representing the four Mexican states, were grown at different temperatures in vitro; isolates from Oaxaca achieved the greatest growth followed by isolates from Veracruz, San Luis Potosi and Tabasco. No relationship was found between in vitro growth and haplotype diversity. Our results represent a significant contribution to the better understanding of the ecology of Metarhizum spp. in the sugarcane agroecosystem.

Contrasting effects of geographical separation on the genetic population structure of sympatric species of mites in avocado orchards.

Oligonychus punicae and Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) are the most important mite species affecting avocado orchards in Mexico. Here we used nucleotide sequence data from segments of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes to assess the phylogenetic relationships between both sympatric mite species and, using only ITS sequence data, examine genetic variation and population structure in both species, to test the hypothesis that, although both species co-occur, their genetic population structures are different in both Michoacan state (main producer) and Mexico state. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clear separation between both species using ITS and COI sequence information. Haplotype network analysis done on 24 samples of O. punicae revealed low genetic diversity with only three haplotypes found but a significant geographical population structure confirmed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) analyses. In addition, a Mantel test revealed that geographical isolation was a factor responsible for the genetic differentiation. In contrast, analyses of 22 samples of O. perseae revealed high genetic diversity with 15 haplotypes found but no geographical structure confirmed by the AMOVA, K2P and Mantel test analyses. We have suggested that geographical separation is one of the most important factors driving genetic variation, but that it affected each species differently. The role of the ecology of these species on our results, and the importance of our findings in the development of monitoring and control strategies are discussed.