Iron deficiency, pregnancy, and neonatal development.

Anemia affects 36% of pregnant women worldwide. Of those affected, around 40% is due to iron deficiency (ID). Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in vital processes such as erythropoiesis, immune responses, and importantly-during pregnancy-placental and fetal development. Although menstrual bleeding can impact the incidence of ID even before the onset of pregnancy, this narrative review is pregnancy focused and will explore the impact of ID on placental development and iron uptake, fetal development and immunity, and maternal and infant susceptibility to infection. Although there have been advances in this area of research, much is needed to understand the regulation of iron and the effects of ID during pregnancy. Notably, more human studies are essential to generate the best evidence to advance strategies to reduce the incidence of ID during pregnancy to improve maternal, neonatal, and infant health.

Iron homeostasis governs erythroid phenotype in polycythemia vera.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by activating mutations in JAK2 that result in unrestrained erythrocyte production, increasing patients' hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations, placing them at risk of life-threatening thrombotic events. Our genome-wide association study of 440 PV cases and 403 351 controls using UK Biobank data showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms in HFE known to cause hemochromatosis are highly associated with PV diagnosis, linking iron regulation to PV. Analysis of the FinnGen dataset independently confirmed overrepresentation of homozygous HFE variants in patients with PV. HFE influences the expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Through genetic dissection of mouse models of PV, we show that the PV erythroid phenotype is directly linked to hepcidin expression: endogenous hepcidin upregulation alleviates erythroid disease whereas hepcidin ablation worsens it. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in PV, hepcidin is not regulated by expanded erythropoiesis but is likely governed by inflammatory cytokines signaling via GP130-coupled receptors. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of PV and offer new therapeutic strategies for this disease.

CRLF3 plays a key role in the final stage of platelet genesis and is a potential therapeutic target for thrombocythemia.

The process of platelet production has so far been understood to be a 2-stage process: megakaryocyte maturation from hematopoietic stem cells followed by proplatelet formation, with each phase regulating the peripheral blood platelet count. Proplatelet formation releases into the bloodstream beads-on-a-string preplatelets, which undergo fission into mature platelets. For the first time, we show that preplatelet maturation is a third, tightly regulated, critical process akin to cytokinesis that regulates platelet count. We show that deficiency in cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) in mice leads to an isolated and sustained 25% to 48% reduction in the platelet count without any effect on other blood cell lineages. We show that Crlf3-/- preplatelets have increased microtubule stability, possibly because of increased microtubule glutamylation via the interaction of CRLF3 with key members of the Hippo pathway. Using a mouse model of JAK2 V617F essential thrombocythemia, we show that a lack of CRLF3 leads to long-term lineage-specific normalization of the platelet count. We thereby postulate that targeting CRLF3 has therapeutic potential for treatment of thrombocythemia.

Zinc Supplementation with or without Additional Micronutrients Does Not Affect Peripheral Blood Gene Expression or Serum Cytokine Level in Bangladeshi Children.

Preventive zinc supplementation provided as a stand-alone dispersible tablet, or via home fortification as multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs), has been considered a potential strategy to prevent zinc deficiency and improve health (including immune) outcomes among children in low- and middle-income countries. However, the impact of zinc supplementation on immune profiles has not been well characterized. We sought to define the effect of zinc supplementation on peripheral blood gene expression and cytokine levels among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In a sub-study of a large randomized, controlled, community-based efficacy trial where children 9-11 months of age received one of the following interventions on a daily basis for 24 weeks: (1) MNPs containing 10 mg of zinc; (2) dispersible tablet containing 10 mg zinc; or (3) placebo powder, we used RNA sequencing to profile the peripheral blood gene expression, as well as highly sensitive multiplex assays to detect cytokine profiles. We profiled samples from 100 children enrolled in the parent trial (zinc MNPs 28, zinc tablets 39, placebo 33). We did not detect an effect from either zinc intervention on differential peripheral blood gene expression at the end of the intervention, or an effect from the intervention on changes in gene expression from baseline. We also did not detect an effect from either intervention on cytokine concentrations. Exploratory analysis did not identify an association between undernutrition (defined as stunting, underweight or wasting) and peripheral blood gene expression. Zinc interventions in children did not produce a gene expression or cytokine signature in the peripheral blood. However, this study demonstrates a proof of principle that sensitive multi-omic techniques can be applied to samples collected in field studies.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation alters susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension in Bmpr2-deficient mice.

Increasing evidence suggests that patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) demonstrate abnormalities in the bone marrow (BM) and hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, PAH is associated with myeloproliferative diseases. We have previously demonstrated that low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent stimulus for the development of PAH in the context of a genetic PAH mouse model of BMPR2 dysfunction. We hypothesized that the hematopoietic progenitor cells might be driving disease in this model. To test this hypothesis, we performed adoptive transfer of BM between wild-type (Ctrl) and heterozygous Bmpr2 null (Mut) mice. Sixteen weeks after BM reconstitution, mice were exposed to low-dose chronic LPS (0.5 mg/kg three times a week for six weeks). Mice underwent right heart catheterization and tissues were removed for histology. After chronic LPS dosing, Ctrl mice in receipt of Mut BM developed PAH, whereas Mut mice receiving Ctrl BM were protected from PAH. BM histology demonstrated an increase in megakaryocytes and there was an increase in circulating platelets in Ctrl mice receiving Mut BM. These findings demonstrate that the hematopoietic stem cell compartment is involved in the susceptibility to PAH in the Mut mouse. The results raise the possibility that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation might be a potential treatment strategy in genetic forms of PAH.

Platelet Releasate Proteome Profiling Reveals a Core Set of Proteins with Low Variance between Healthy Adults.

Upon activation, platelets release a powerful cocktail of soluble and vesicular signals, collectively termed the "platelet releasate" (PR). Although several studies have used qualitative/quantitative proteomic approaches to characterize PR; with debated content and significant inter-individual variability reported, confident, and reliable insights have been hindered. Using label-free quantitative (LFQ)-proteomics analysis, a reproducible, quantifiable investigation of the 1U mL-1 thrombin-induced PR from 32 healthy adults was conducted. MS proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD009310. Of the 894 proteins identified, 277 proteins were quantified across all donors and form a "core" PR. Bioinformatics and further LFQ-proteomic analysis revealed that the majority (84%) of "core" PR proteins overlapped with the protein composition of human platelet-derived exosomes. Vesicles in the exosomal-size range were confirmed in healthy-human PR and reduced numbers of similar-sized vesicles were observed in the PR of a mouse model of gray platelet syndrome, known to be deficient in platelet alpha-granules. Lastly, the variability of proteins in the PR was assessed, and reproducible secretion levels were found across all 32 healthy donors. Taken together, the PR contains valuable soluble and vesicular cargo and has low-population variance among healthy adults, rendering it a potentially useful platform for diagnostic fingerprinting of platelet-related disease.

Mutant calreticulin knockin mice develop thrombocytosis and myelofibrosis without a stem cell self-renewal advantage.

Somatic mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calreticulin (CALR) are detected in approximately 40% of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Multiple different mutations have been reported, but all result in a +1-bp frameshift and generate a novel protein C terminus. In this study, we generated a conditional mouse knockin model of the most common CALR mutation, a 52-bp deletion. The mutant novel human C-terminal sequence is integrated into the otherwise intact mouse CALR gene and results in mutant CALR expression under the control of the endogenous mouse locus. CALRdel/+ mice develop a transplantable ET-like disease with marked thrombocytosis, which is associated with increased and morphologically abnormal megakaryocytes and increased numbers of phenotypically defined hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Homozygous CALRdel/del mice developed extreme thrombocytosis accompanied by features of MF, including leukocytosis, reduced hematocrit, splenomegaly, and increased bone marrow reticulin. CALRdel/+ HSCs were more proliferative in vitro, but neither CALRdel/+ nor CALRdel/del displayed a competitive transplantation advantage in primary or secondary recipient mice. These results demonstrate the consequences of heterozygous and homozygous CALR mutations and provide a powerful model for dissecting the pathogenesis of CALR-mutant ET and PMF.

Platelet-Associated Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Thrombus Formation and Exert Local Collagenolytic Activity.

OBJECTIVE: Platelets are increasingly implicated in processes beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, such as vascular remodeling. Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family not only remodel the extracellular matrix but also modulate platelet function. Here, we made a systematic comparison of the roles of MMP family members in acute thrombus formation under flow conditions and assessed platelet-dependent collagenolytic activity over time. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Pharmacological inhibition of MMP-1 or MMP-2 (human) or deficiency in MMP-2 (mouse) suppressed collagen-dependent platelet activation and thrombus formation under flow, whereas MMP-9 inhibition/deficiency stimulated these processes. The absence of MMP-3 was without effect. Interestingly, MMP-14 inhibition led to the formation of larger thrombi, which occurred independently of its capacity to activate MMP-2. Platelet thrombi exerted local collagenolytic activity capable of cleaving immobilized dye-quenched collagen and fibrillar collagen fibers within hours, with loss of the majority of the platelet adhesive properties of collagen as a consequence. This collagenolytic activity was redundantly mediated by platelet-associated MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 but occurred independently of platelet α-granule release (Nbeal2(-/-) mice). The latter was in line with subcellular localization experiments, which indicated a granular distribution of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in platelets, distinct from α-granules. Whereas MMP-9 protein could not be detected inside platelets, activated platelets did bind plasma-derived MMP-9 to their plasma membrane. Overall, platelet MMP activity was predominantly membrane-associated and influenced by platelet activation status. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet-associated MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 differentially modulate acute thrombus formation and at later time points limit thrombus formation by exerting collagenolytic activity.

Gray platelet syndrome: proinflammatory megakaryocytes and α-granule loss cause myelofibrosis and confer metastasis resistance in mice.

NBEAL2 encodes a multidomain scaffolding protein with a putative role in granule ontogeny in human platelets. Mutations in NBEAL2 underlie gray platelet syndrome (GPS), a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a lack of α-granules within blood platelets and progressive bone marrow fibrosis. We present here a novel Nbeal2(-/-) murine model of GPS and demonstrate that the lack of α-granules is due to their loss from platelets/mature megakaryocytes (MKs), and not by initial impaired formation. We show that the lack of Nbeal2 confers a proinflammatory phenotype to the bone marrow MKs, which in combination with the loss of proteins from α-granules drives the development of bone marrow fibrosis. In addition, we demonstrate that α-granule deficiency impairs platelet function beyond their purely hemostatic role and that Nbeal2 deficiency has a protective effect against cancer metastasis.

JAK2V617F leads to intrinsic changes in platelet formation and reactivity in a knock-in mouse model of essential thrombocythemia.

The principal morbidity and mortality in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia rubra vera (PV) stems from thrombotic events. Most patients with ET/PV harbor a JAK2V617F mutation, but its role in the thrombotic diathesis remains obscure. Platelet function studies in patients are difficult to interpret because of interindividual heterogeneity, reflecting variations in the proportion of platelets derived from the malignant clone, differences in the presence of additional mutations, and the effects of medical treatments. To circumvent these issues, we have studied a JAK2V617F knock-in mouse model of ET in which all megakaryocytes and platelets express JAK2V617F at a physiological level, equivalent to that present in human ET patients. We show that, in addition to increased differentiation, JAK2V617F-positive megakaryocytes display greater migratory ability and proplatelet formation. We demonstrate in a range of assays that platelet reactivity to agonists is enhanced, with a concomitant increase in platelet aggregation in vitro and a reduced duration of bleeding in vivo. These data suggest that JAK2V617F leads to intrinsic changes in both megakaryocyte and platelet biology beyond an increase in cell number. In support of this hypothesis, we identify multiple differentially expressed genes in JAK2V617F megakaryocytes that may underlie the observed biological differences.

Canonical Wnt signaling in megakaryocytes regulates proplatelet formation.

Wnt signaling is involved in numerous aspects of vertebrate development and homeostasis, including the formation and function of blood cells. Here, we show that canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways are present and functional in megakaryocytes (MKs), with several Wnt effectors displaying MK-restricted expression. Using the CHRF288-11 cell line as a model for human MKs, the canonical Wnt3a signal was found to induce a time and dose-dependent increase in ß-catenin expression. ß-catenin accumulation was inhibited by the canonical antagonist dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and by the noncanonical agonist Wnt5a. Whole genome expression analysis demonstrated that Wnt3a and Wnt5a regulated distinct patterns of gene expression in MKs, and revealed a further interplay between canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways. Fetal liver cells derived from low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6-deficient mice (LRP6(-/-)), generated dramatically reduced numbers of MKs in culture of lower ploidy (2N and 4N) than wild-type controls, implicating LRP6-dependent Wnt signaling in MK proliferation and maturation. Finally, in wild-type mature murine fetal liver-derived MKs, Wnt3a potently induced proplatelet formation, an effect that could be completely abrogated by DKK1. These data identify novel extrinsic regulators of proplatelet formation, and reveal a profound role for Wnt signaling in platelet production.