Registered Replication Report: Hart & Albarracín (2011).

Language can be viewed as a complex set of cues that shape people's mental representations of situations. For example, people think of behavior described using imperfective aspect (i.e., what a person was doing) as a dynamic, unfolding sequence of actions, whereas the same behavior described using perfective aspect (i.e., what a person did) is perceived as a completed whole. A recent study found that aspect can also influence how we think about a person's intentions (Hart & Albarracín, 2011). Participants judged actions described in imperfective as being more intentional (d between 0.67 and 0.77) and they imagined these actions in more detail (d = 0.73). The fact that this finding has implications for legal decision making, coupled with the absence of other direct replication attempts, motivated this registered replication report (RRR). Multiple laboratories carried out 12 direct replication studies, including one MTurk study. A meta-analysis of these studies provides a precise estimate of the size of this effect free from publication bias. This RRR did not find that grammatical aspect affects intentionality (d between 0 and -0.24) or imagery (d = -0.08). We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between these results and those of the original study.

Use of Partial Nephrectomy after Acquisition of a Surgical Robot: A Population Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: The advent of robotics may promote the dissemination of partial nephrectomy, and allow patients to experience survival and functional benefits compared to radical nephrectomy. Therefore, we assessed the impact of hospital acquisition of a robotic surgery platform on the rate of partial nephrectomy recorded in a nationwide database. METHODS: We identified 53,364 patients with a diagnosis of localized renal cell carcinoma who underwent extirpative surgery from 2006 to 2012 using the Perspective database. Procedures were categorized based on extent of surgery (radical nephrectomy vs partial nephrectomy), approach (open, laparoscopic, robotic) and hospital ownership of a surgical robot. Changes in the proportion of partial nephrectomies performed over time and the effect of acquiring a surgical robot on the proportion of partial nephrectomies performed were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall 40,147 (75.2%) radical nephrectomies and 13,217 (24.8%) partial nephrectomies were performed between 2006 and 2012. The proportion of hospitals using a surgical robot for renal cancer surgery increased from 1.8% in the first quarter of 2006 to 47.7% by the end of 2012. Partial nephrectomy use ranged from 19.1% to 31.2%. More robotic hospitals performed partial nephrectomy than nonrobotic hospitals (29.6% vs 18.0%, p <0.001). After acquisition of a surgical robot the partial nephrectomy rate increased from 16.4% to 34.3% (p <0.001). Hospitals with a robot were more likely to use partial nephrectomy than radical nephrectomy (OR 1.464, CI 1.39-1.54, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: While laparoscopic partial nephrectomy remains a challenging operation, this study demonstrates that hospital ownership of a surgical robot is associated with increased use of partial nephrectomy in the treatment of localized renal masses.

Unraveling graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia responses using TCR Vß spectratype analysis in a murine bone marrow transplantation model.

The optimum use of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) as a curative therapy for hematological malignancies lies in the successful separation of mature donor T cells that are host reactive and induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) from those that are tumor reactive and mediate graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects. To study whether this separation was possible in an MHC-matched murine BMT model (B10.BR→CBA) with a CBA-derived myeloid leukemia line, MMC6, we used TCR Vß CDR3-size spectratype analysis to first show that the Vß13 family was highly skewed in the B10.BR anti-MMC6 CD8(+) T cell response but not in the alloresponse against recipient cells alone. Transplantation of CD8(+)Vß13(+) T cells at the dose equivalent of their constituency in 1 × 10(7) CD8(+) T cells, a dose that had been shown to mediate lethal GVHD in recipient mice, induced a slight GVL response with no concomitant GVHD. Increasing doses of CD8(+)Vß13(+) T cells led to more significant GVL responses but also increased GVHD symptoms and associated mortality. Subsequent spectratype analysis of GVHD target tissues revealed involvement of gut-infiltrating CD8(+)Vß13(+) T cells accounting for the observed in vivo effects. When BMT recipients were given MMC6-presensitized CD8(+)Vß13(+) T cells, they displayed a significant GVL response with minimal GVHD. Spectratype analysis of tumor-presensitized, gut-infiltrating CD8(+)Vß13(+) T cells showed preferential usage of tumor-reactive CDR3-size lengths, and these cells expressed increased effector memory phenotype (CD44(+)CD62L(-/lo)). Thus, Vß spectratyping can identify T cells involved in antihost and antitumor reactivity and tumor presensitization can aid in the separation of GVHD and GVL responses.

The immunological impact of genetic drift in the B10.BR congenic inbred mouse strain.

The MHC-matched, minor histocompatibility Ag (miHA)-mismatched B10.BR-->CBA strain combination has been used to elucidate the immunobiology of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Studies conducted in the 1980s had established that B10.BR CD8+ T cells were capable of mediating GVHD in the absence of CD4+ T cells, and that CD4+ T cells were unable to induce lethal disease. In more recent studies with this GVHD model, we detected etiological discrepancies with the previously published results, which suggested that genetic drift might have occurred within the B10.BR strain. In particular, there was increased allorecognition of CBA miHA by B10.BR CD4+ T cells, as determined by both TCR Vbeta spectratype analysis and the induction of lethal GVHD in CBA recipients. Additionally, alloreactivity was observed between the genetically drifted mice (B10.BR/Jdrif) and mice rederived from frozen embryos of the original strain (B10.BR/Jrep) using Vbeta spectratype analysis and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays, suggesting that new miHA differences had arisen between the mice. Furthermore, T cell-depleted B10.BR/Jdrif bone marrow cells were unable to provide long-term survival following either allogeneic or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Gene expression analysis revealed several genes involved in hematopoiesis that were overexpressed in the lineage-negative fraction of B10.BR/Jdrif bone marrow, as compared with B10.BR/Jrep mice. Taken together, these results suggest that genetic drift in the B10.BR strain has significantly impacted the immune alloreactive response in the GVHD model by causing altered expression of miHA and diminished capacity for survival following transplantation into lethally irradiated recipients.

Overlap between in vitro donor antihost and in vivo posttransplantation TCR Vbeta use: a new paradigm for designer allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation.

Following allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT), mature donor T cells can enhance engraftment, counteract opportunistic infections, and mount graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses, but at the risk of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). With the aim of separating the beneficial effects of donor T cells from GVHD, one approach would be to selectively deplete subsets of alloreactive T cells in the hematopoietic cell inoculum. In this regard, TCR Vbeta repertoire analysis by CDR3-size spectratyping can be a powerful tool for the characterization of alloreactive T-cell responses. We investigated the potential of this spectratype approach by comparing the donor T-cell alloresponses generated in vitro against patient peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with those detected in vivo posttransplantation. The results indicated that for most Vbeta families that exhibited alloreactive CDR3-size skewing, there was a robust overlap between the in vitro antipatient and in vivo spectratype histograms. Thus, in vitro spectratype analysis may be useful for determining the alloreactive T-cell response involved in GVHD development and, thereby, could serve to guide select Vbeta family depletion for designer transplants to improve outcomes.