Ecotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic potential of leachate obtained from chromated copper arsenate-treated wood ashes.

Preservative treatments increase the durability of wood, and one of the alternative treatments involves the use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Due to the toxicity of CCA, the disposal of CCA-treated wood residues is problematic, and burning is considered to provide a solution. The ecotoxicological potential of ash can be high when these components are toxic and mutagenic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity of bottom ash leachates originating from CCA-treated wood burning. Physical-chemical analysis of the leachates revealed that in treated wood ashes leachate (CCA-TWBAL), the contents of arsenic and chromium were 59.45 mg.L-1 and 54.28 mg.L-1, respectively. In untreated wood ashes leachate (UWBAL), these contents were 0.70 mg.L-1 and 0.30 mg.L-1, respectively. CCA-TWBAL caused significant toxicity in Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa, and microcrustacean Artemia spp. (LC50 = 12.12 mg.mL-1). Comet assay analyses using NIH3T3 cells revealed that concentrations ranging from 1.0 and 2.5 mg.mL-1 increase the damage frequency (DF) and damage index (DI). According to MTT assay results, CCA-TWBAL at concentrations as low as 1 mg.mL-1 caused a significant decrease in cellular viability. Hemolysis assay analyses suggest that the arsenic and chromium leachate contents are important for the ecotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of CCA-TWBAL.

Biomining of iron-containing nanoparticles from coal tailings.

Sulfur minerals originating from coal mining represent an important environmental problem. Turning these wastes into value-added by-products can be an interesting alternative. Biotransformation of coal tailings into iron-containing nanoparticles using Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 free cells was studied. The influence of culture conditions (stirring rate, biomass concentration, and coal tailings ratio) in the particle size was investigated using a 23 full factorial design. Statistical analysis revealed that higher concentrations of biomass produced larger sized particles. Conversely, a more intense stirring rate of the culture medium and a higher coal tailings ratio (% w/w) led to the synthesis of smaller particles. Thus, the culture conditions that produced smaller particles (< 50 nm) were 0.5 abs of normalized biomass concentration, 150 rpm of stirring rate, and 2.5% w/w of coal tailings ratio. Composition analyses showed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles are formed by iron sulfate. Conversion ratio of the coal tailings into iron-containing nanoparticles reached 19%. The proposed biosynthesis process, using R. erythropolis ATCC 4277 free cells, seems to be a new and environmentally friendly alternative for sulfur minerals reuse.

Effect of Temperature, Precursor Type and Dripping Time on the Crystallite Size of Nano ZnO Obtained by One-Pot Synthesis: 2k Full Factorial Design Analysis.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of temperature, precursor and dripping time on the crystallite size of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by controlled precipitation according a 2k full factorial design. ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH were used as precursors. After synthesis, the nano crystalline powder was characterized by XRD (Cu Kα), UV-Vis, and HR-TEM. The nano ZnO particles presented a crystallite size between 210 and 260 Å (HR-TEM and XRD). The results show that the crystallite size depends on the type of precursor and temperature of synthesis, but not on the dripping time.

Evaluation of the healing activity of therapeutic clay in rat skin wounds.

The use of clays for therapeutic practice is widespread in almost all regions of the world. In this study the physicochemical and microbiological healing characteristics of a clay from Ocara, Brazil, popularly used for therapeutic uses, were analyzed. The presence of Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, and Si was observed, which initially indicated that the clay had potential for therapeutic use. The average particle size of the clay (26.3 µm) can induce the microcirculation of the skin and the XRD analysis shows that the clay is formed by kaolinite and illite, a swelling clay. During the microbiological evaluation there was the need to sterilize the clay for later incorporation into the pharmaceutical formula. The accelerated stability test at 50°C for 3 months has showed that the pharmaceutical formula remained stable with a shelf life of two years. After the stability test the wound-healing capacity of the formulation in rats was evaluated. It was observed that the treatment made with the formulation containing the Ocara clay showed the best results since the formula allowed greater formation of collagen fibers and consequent regeneration of the deep dermis after seven days of treatment and reepithelialization and continuous formation of granulation tissue at the 14th day.

Ceramic colorant from untreated iron ore residue.

This work deals with the development of a ceramic colorant for glazes from an untreated iron ore residue. 6 mass% of the residue was added in suspensions (1.80 g/cm(3) density and 30s viscosity) of white, transparent and matte glazes, which were applied as thin layers (0.5mm) on engobeb and not fired ceramic tiles. The tiles were fired in laboratory roller kiln in a cycle of 35 min and maximum temperatures between 1050 and 1180°C. The residue and glazes were characterized by chemical (XRF) and thermal (DTA and optical dilatometry) analyses, and the glazed tiles by colorimetric and XRD analyses. The results showed that the colorant embedded in the transparent glaze results in a reddish glaze (like pine nut) suitable for the ceramic roof tile industry. For the matte and white glazes, the residue has changed the color of the tiles with temperature.

Recycling of porcelain tile polishing residue in portland cement: hydration efficiency.

Ceramic tiles are widely used by the construction industry, and the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles generates as a major residue mud derived from the polishing step. This residue is too impure to be reused in the ceramic process and is usually discarded as waste in landfills. But the analysis of the particle size and concentration of silica of this residue shows a potential use in the manufacture of building materials based on portland cement. Tests were conducted on cement pastes and mortars using the addition of 10% and 20% (mass) of the residue. The results of compressive strength in mortars made up to 56 days showed a significant increase in compressive strength greater than 50%. The result of thermogravimetry shows that portlandite is consumed by the cement formed by the silica present in the residue in order to form calcium silicate hydrate and featuring a pozzolanic reaction. This effect improves the performance of cement, contributes to research and application of supplementary cementitious materials, and optimizes the use of portland cement, reducing the environmental impacts of carbon dioxide emissions from its production.

Production and characterization of ZnO nanocrystals obtained by solochemical processing at different temperatures.

The semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely used because it presents exclusive novel physical and chemical properties at the nanometer scale. In this work, ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized via solochemical processing in a few hours without any subsequent treatment. ZnCl2 and NaOH were adopted as synthesis precursors. ZnO production was realized at different reaction temperatures to verify the effect of this parameter on synthesis. The synthesis temperatures studied were 50 degrees C, 70 degrees C and 90 degrees C. The materials obtained at different reaction temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld method. The size and morphology of the ZnO particles obtained at 50 degrees C were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ZnO powders have hexagonal wurtzite structure and nanometric-sized crystallites. Microstrain increased and the average crystallite size decreased with the increase in reaction temperature.