Atenção em saúde reprodutiva no Brasil: eventuais diferenciais étnico-raciais / Reproductive health care in Brazil: searching for ethnic differentials

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar indicadores da atenção à saúde reprodutiva das mulheres negras e brancas. São utilizadas informações obtidas no âmbito da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia, Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS 2006). Trata-se de uma pesquisa domiciliar por amostragem probabilística complexa com representatividade nacional. Permite inferência para cinco macrorregiões, incluindo o contexto urbano e rural. Foram estudadas 14.625 mulheres brancas e negras de 15 a 49 anos de idade, que representam, respectivamente, 40% e 54% da amostra total da pesquisa. Para análise da assistência à gestação, ao parto e ao puerpério avaliaram-se as gestações dos filhos nascidos vivos nos cinco anos anteriores à entrevista segundo seis variáveis: ter feito pelo menos uma consulta de pré-natal; ter realizado no mínimo seis consultas; o tipo de parto; ter tido a dor no parto normal aliviada; ter contado com presença de acompanhante no parto e ter feito consulta no puerpério. Além da cor, constituíram-se em variáveis independentes para cada um desses desfechos: idade da mulher na data da entrevista, macrorregião de moradia, residência urbana ou rural, estar ou não casada/unida, anos de estudo, religião atual, classificação econômica (critério Brasil) e posse ou não de convênio/plano de saúde. Na análise bivariada, mulheres negras, com menor escolaridade, pior classe econômica e não portadoras de plano de saúde apresentaram desfechos mais desfavoráveis. No entanto, após análise multivariada, as diferenças entre brancas e negras perderam significância estatística. Desigualdades sociais e econômicas mantêm-se determinantes das iniquidades na atenção em saúde reprodutiva.

Abstract This study intended to compare reproductive health care indicators between white and black women in Brazil. Data collected at the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) were analyzed. The sample allows inferences for the country's five great regions and rural/urban residence. Among 14.625 females aged 15 to 49, white and black women accounted respectively for 40% and 54% of the total sample. Health care during pregnancy and child bearing were assessed by six indicators: attendance to at least one antenatal care visit, having attended to at least six antenatal care visits, attendance to at least one health care visit after child bearing, type of delivery, having received pain relief during a vaginal birth and having someone (relative or friend) with her during delivery. Besides skin color, the following independent variables were considered: age, region of residence, urban/rural residence, religion, marital status, schooling, economic status and having or not private health insurance. At bivariate analysis, all outcomes were unfavorable for black women, for those with low both educational level and economic status, as well for those without health private insurance. However, after multivariate analysis results showed no statistical differences between black and white women. On the other hand, social and economic inequalities remained important determinants of inequities on reproductive health services access.

Notes on the female condom: experiences in Brazil

A nationwide effort to introduce the female condom (FC) into public health services was undertaken in Brazil in 1998-99. To this end, the Ministry of Health sponsored a national research group of public health professionals, aided by local field workers and supervisors, to conduct a preparatory study at 20 sites in six cities...

Morbimortalidade feminina no Brasil (1979-1995) / Female morbidity and mortality in Brazil (1979-1995)

A Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento Cairo 94 reafirmou o conceito estabelecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde de saúde reprodutiva...

Reprodução na juventude: perfis sociodemográficos, comportamentais e reprodutivos na PNDS 2006 / Youth and reproduction: demograhic, behavioral and reproductive profiles in the PNDS-2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar características sociodemográficas e do comportamento sexual e reprodutivo de mulheres jovens. MÉTODOS: Estudo populacional transversal com representatividade nacional sobre o comportamento sexual, contraceptivo e reprodutivo de 2.991 mulheres de 15 a 20 anos na Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher 2006. As jovens foram classificadas em três grupos: iniciaram a vida sexual e engravidaram antes dos 20 anos (grupo A); iniciaram a vida sexual e não engravidaram antes dos 20 (grupo B) e não iniciaram a vida sexual (grupo C). Mulheres de até 25 anos foram consideradas para o estudo das razões da gravidez e de suas implicações na vida. As análises estatísticas consideraram os pesos e o planejamento amostral complexo. A associação entre duas variáveis categóricas foi avaliada pelo teste tipo qui-quadrado. Quanto às comportamentais, utilizou-se modelo linear global. RESULTADOS: Mulheres do grupo A eram principalmente negras, mais pobres e com menor escolaridade. Tiveram a primeira relação sexual mais precocemente, comportamento contraceptivo mais desprotegido e menor conhecimento da fisiologia da reprodução em relação ao grupo B; as jovens do grupo C caracterizaram-se por maior frequência à escola e a preservação da virgindade para o casamento foi alegada por um 1/3 desse grupo. Para as mulheres com até 25 anos, a gravidez antes dos 20 foi percebida como tendo implicações mais positivas que negativas na vida amorosa, conjugal, social e autoestima. CONCLUSÕES: Há associação significativa entre gravidez antes dos 20 anos com maior pobreza e menor escolaridade. Na ausência de melhores condições de vida e de oportunidades, a gravidez, embora não prevista, configura-se como "projeto de vida" e não sua mera ausência.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and the sexual and reproductive behavior of young women. METHODS: A cross-sectional nationally representative study was performed about sexual, contraceptive and reproductive behavior with 2,991 women age 15 to 20 years in the National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children, 2006. The women were classified into three groups: sexual initiation and pregnancy before the age of 20 (group A); sexual initiation but no pregnancy before the age of 20 (group B) and no sexual initiation (group C). Women until age 25 years were included in the study about reasons for becoming pregnant and the implications for their lives. Statistical analysis considered survey weights and the complex sample design. The association between two categorical variables was assessed by chi-square test. The behavior variables were assessed using a global linear model. RESULTS: Women in group A were mainly black, poorer and with lower education level. These women had an early sexual initiation, less safe contraceptive behavior and less knowledge of reproduction physiology in comparison with group B; young women in group C were characterized by greater attendance at school and 1/3 of this group claimed to maintain their virginity until marriage. For women up to the age of 25, pregnancy before 20 years was perceived as having more positive than negative impacts upon their love life, spousal relationships, social lives and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between pregnancy before the age of 20 and higher poverty and lower educational level. In the absence of better living conditions and opportunities, pregnancy, although unplanned, becomes "a plan for life", and is not seen as a lack of life planning.

[Youth and reproduction: demograhic, behavioral and reproductive profiles in the PNDS-2006]. / Reprodução na juventude: perfis sociodemográficos, comportamentais e reprodutivos na PNDS 2006.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and the sexual and reproductive behavior of young women. METHODS: A cross-sectional nationally representative study was performed about sexual, contraceptive and reproductive behavior with 2,991 women age 15 to 20 years in the National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children, 2006. The women were classified into three groups: sexual initiation and pregnancy before the age of 20 (group A); sexual initiation but no pregnancy before the age of 20 (group B) and no sexual initiation (group C). Women until age 25 years were included in the study about reasons for becoming pregnant and the implications for their lives. Statistical analysis considered survey weights and the complex sample design. The association between two categorical variables was assessed by chi-square test. The behavior variables were assessed using a global linear model. RESULTS: Women in group A were mainly black, poorer and with lower education level. These women had an early sexual initiation, less safe contraceptive behavior and less knowledge of reproduction physiology in comparison with group B; young women in group C were characterized by greater attendance at school and 1/3 of this group claimed to maintain their virginity until marriage. For women up to the age of 25, pregnancy before 20 years was perceived as having more positive than negative impacts upon their love life, spousal relationships, social lives and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between pregnancy before the age of 20 and higher poverty and lower educational level. In the absence of better living conditions and opportunities, pregnancy, although unplanned, becomes "a plan for life", and is not seen as a lack of life planning.