Risk factors for poor adherence to inhaled corticosteroid therapy in patients with moderate to severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy is a common reason for worsened asthma control. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the characteristics of patients with moderate to severe asthma who showed poor adherence to therapy, to identify the barriers for optimal ICS therapy in a real-world observational cohort. METHODS: We enrolled patients aged ≥20 years presenting with moderate to severe asthma who were enrolled at 18 hospitals in Japan. According to the Global Initiative for Asthma 2018 steps 3-5, the patients were considered as moderate to severe asthmatic. At inclusion, clinical information was obtained using a self-completed questionnaire. Poor adherence was defined as skipping the ICS therapy for more than once a week or inability to recognize the necessity of daily ICS therapy. Adherence Starts with Knowledge 20 (ASK-20) questionnaire was used to evaluate the cause of therapy incompliance. RESULTS: Of the total 85 participants, 19 (22%) showed poor adherence. The median age at diagnosis in the poor adherence group was 10.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 3.0-50.0), and that in the good adherence group was 41.0 years (18.5-51.5; P = 0.050). The scores for the ASK-20 items related to the "resistance to taking too much medicine" and "compliance with the number of dosing" demonstrated statistically significant differences between patients diagnosed with asthma during their childhood and others. CONCLUSIONS: Age at diagnosis is an independent risk factor to predict poor ICS adherence among adults with moderate to severe asthma.

Short-term intermittent cigarette smoke exposure enhances alveolar type 2 cell stemness via fatty acid oxidation.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are not well understood. We recently reported that mice exposed to long-term intermittent CS for 3 months developed more severe emphysema and higher incidence of adenocarcinoma than mice exposed to long-term continuous CS for 3 months and long-term continuous CS exposure activated alveolar stem cell proliferation. However, the influence of variations in the CS exposure pattern in alveolar stem cell in unknown. Here, we exposed mice to 3 weeks of continuous or intermittent CS to identify whether different CS exposure patterns would result in differential effects on stem cells and the mechanisms underlying these potential differences. METHODS: Female mice expressing GFP in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, which are stem cells of the alveolar compartment, were exposed to mainstream CS via nasal inhalation. AT2 cells were collected based on their GFP expression by flow cytometry and co-cultured with fibroblasts in stem cell 3D organoid/colony-forming assays. We compared gene expression profiles of continuous and intermittent CS-exposed AT2 cells using microarray analysis and performed a functional assessment of a differentially expressed gene to confirm its involvement in the process using activator and inhibitor studies. RESULTS: AT2 cells sorted from intermittent CS-exposed mice formed significantly more colonies compared to those from continuous CS-exposed mice, and both CS-exposed groups formed significantly more colonies when compared to air-exposed cells. Comparative microarray analysis revealed the upregulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathways in AT2 cells from intermittent CS-exposed mice. Treatment of intermittent CS-exposed mice with etomoxir, an inhibitor of the FAO regulator Cpt1a, for 5 weeks resulted in a significant suppression of the efficiency of AT2 cell colony formation. In vitro treatment of naïve AT2 cells with a FAO activator and inhibitor further confirmed the relationship between FAO and AT2 stem cell function. CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar stem cell function was more strongly activated by intermittent CS exposure than by continuous CS exposure. We provide evidence that AT2 stem cells respond to intermittent CS exposure by activating stem cell proliferation via the activation of FAO.

Upregulation of FGF9 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Transdifferentiation to Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Transdifferentiation of lung adenocarcinoma to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been reported in a subset of lung cancer cases that bear EGFR mutations. Several studies have reported the prerequisite role of TP53 and RB1 alterations in transdifferentiation. However, the mechanism underlying transdifferentiation remains understudied, and definitive additional events, the third hit, for transdifferentiation have not yet been identified. In addition, no prospective experiments provide direct evidence for transdifferentiation. In this study, we show that FGF9 upregulation plays an essential role in transdifferentiation. An integrative omics analysis of paired tumor samples from a patient with transdifferentiated SCLC exhibited robust upregulation of FGF9. Furthermore, FGF9 upregulation was confirmed at the protein level in four of six (66.7%) paired samples. FGF9 induction transformed mouse lung adenocarcinoma-derived cells to SCLC-like tumors in vivo through cell autonomous activation of the FGFR pathway. In vivo treatment of transdifferentiated SCLC-like tumors with the pan-FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 inhibited growth. In addition, FGF9 induced neuroendocrine differentiation, a pathologic characteristic of SCLC, in established human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, the findings provide direct evidence for FGF9-mediated SCLC transdifferentiation and propose the FGF9-FGFR axis as a therapeutic target for transdifferentiated SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that FGF9 plays a role in the transdifferentiation of lung adenocarcinoma to small cell lung cancer.

Characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with robust progression of emphysematous change.

Emphysema is a major pathological change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the annual changes in the progression of emphysematous have not been investigated. We aimed to determine possible baseline predicting factors of the change in emphysematous progression in a subgroup of COPD patients who demonstrated rapid progression. In this observational study, we analyzed patients with COPD who were followed up by computed tomography (CT) at least two times over a 3-year period (n = 217). We divided the annual change in the low attenuation area percentage (LAA%) into quartiles and defined a rapid progression group (n = 54) and a non-progression group (n = 163). Predictors of future changes in emphysematous progression differed from predictors of high LAA% at baseline. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, low blood eosinophilic count (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; P = 0.04) and having osteoporosis (OR, 2.13; P = 0.03) were related to rapid changes in emphysematous progression. There was no difference in baseline nutritional parameters, but nutritional parameters deteriorated in parallel with changes in emphysematous progression. Herein, we clarified the predictors of changes in emphysematous progression and concomitant deterioration of nutritional status in COPD patients.

Genome-wide association study in patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease.

RATIONALE: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental mycobacteria that can cause a chronic progressive lung disease. Although epidemiological data indicate potential genetic predisposition, its nature remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify host susceptibility loci for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), the most common NTM pathogen. METHODS: This genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in Japanese patients with pulmonary MAC and healthy controls, followed by genotyping of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in another Japanese cohort. For verification by Korean and European ancestry, we performed SNP genotyping. RESULTS: The GWAS discovery set included 475 pulmonary MAC cases and 417 controls. Both GWAS and replication analysis of 591 pulmonary MAC cases and 718 controls revealed the strongest association with chromosome 16p21, particularly with rs109592 (p=1.64×10-13, OR 0.54), which is in an intronic region of the calcineurin-like EF-hand protein 2 (CHP2). Expression quantitative trait loci analysis demonstrated an association with lung CHP2 expression. CHP2 was expressed in the lung tissue in pulmonary MAC disease. This SNP was associated with the nodular bronchiectasis subtype. Additionally, this SNP was significantly associated with the disease in patients of Korean (p=2.18×10-12, OR 0.54) and European (p=5.12×10-03, OR 0.63) ancestry. CONCLUSIONS: We identified rs109592 in the CHP2 locus as a susceptibility marker for pulmonary MAC disease.

The Effectiveness of Nasal Airway Stent Therapy for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) experience excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia and they are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy could improve symptoms and decrease these risks; however, adherence is problematic. Although the oral appliance is another therapeutic option, patient satisfaction is limited and the effect of the nasal airway stent - a new device - remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NAS therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate OSAS in a prospective, single-arm, interventional pilot study. METHOD: Patients with mild/moderate sleep apnea (n = 71; Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI], 5-20 events/h on polysomnography) were recruited. Sleep-associated events were measured using a portable device (WatchPAT200) pre- and immediately post-treatment and at 1 month follow-up. AHI (including supine and non-supine AHI), Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI), Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), percutaneous oxygen saturation, heart rate, and snore volume were evaluated. Symptoms were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: NAS use significantly improved AHI, supine AHI, RD, ODI, and snore volume compared to pre-intervention (r = 0.44, 0.48, 0.3, 0.42, and 0.34; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.011, p < 0.001, and p = 0.048, respectively). Additionally, 25 and 10% of patients showed complete and partial response for AHI, respectively; these improvements remained significant 1 month later. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores improved from 6.0 to 5.3 (r = 0.46, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: NAS therapy reduced severity and snoring in patients with mild-to-moderate OSAS. Approximately 30% of patients did not tolerate NAS due to side effects.

The Impact of Smoking on Pulmonary Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, clinical studies have revealed that smoking can contribute to the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and, additionally, can be a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis of CRC. However, there has been no basic research regarding the underlying molecular mechanism. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which smoking causes pulmonary metastasis of CRC. METHODS: First, pulmonary metastasis model mice inhaled cigarette smoke or air (control) for 1 h once a day for 3 weeks. We attempted to clarify the effect of smoking on the incidence of pulmonary metastasis. On the 15th day, CMT-93 cells were injected into the tail vein. At 6 and 8 weeks following injection, the extent of pulmonary metastasis was evaluated using in vivo micro CT. After the last CT examination, the mice were sacrificed, and the lungs were extracted for pathological examination. RESULTS: The number of mice with pulmonary metastases in the smoking group was significantly higher than in the control group. Three weeks of smoking induced mild inflammation in the lungs, as evidenced by increases in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage. Moreover, the adhesion-related molecule ICAM-1 was overexpressed in pulmonary tissue, which allowed drained cancer cells to remain in the lung and contribute to the formation of pulmonary metastasis. CONCLUSION: Collectively, cigarette smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of pulmonary metastasis in CRC through enhancement of adhesion and inflammation.

Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Enhances the Stemness of Alveolar Type 2 Cells.

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) causes chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of epithelial cells, which results in destruction of the lung matrix. However, the mechanism by which the lung fails to repair the CS-induced damage, thereby succumbing to emphysema, remains unclear. Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells comprise the stem cells of the alveolar compartments and are responsible for repairing and maintaining lung tissues. In this study, we examined the effect of chronic CS on AT2 stem cells. Adult mice expressing GFP in their AT2 cells were exposed to CS for > 3 months. Histological assessment showed that CS not only induced emphysematous changes but also increased the number of AT2 cells compared with that of air-exposed lungs. Assessment of sorted GFP+/AT2 cells via the stem cell three-dimensional organoid/colony-forming assay revealed that the number and size of the colonies formed by the CS-exposed AT2 stem cells were significantly higher than those of air-exposed control AT2 cells. Although CS-exposed lungs had more apoptotic cells, examination of the surviving AT2 stem cells in two-dimensional in vitro culture revealed that they developed a higher ability to resist apoptosis. Microarray analysis of CS-exposed AT2 stem cells revealed the upregulation of genes related to circadian rhythm and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, we provide evidence that AT2 stem cells respond to chronic CS exposure by activating their stem cell function, thereby proliferating and differentiating faster and becoming more resistant to apoptosis. Disturbances in expression levels of several circadian rhythm-related genes might be involved in these changes.

ADAM17 protects against elastase-induced emphysema by suppressing CD62L+ leukocyte infiltration in mice.

Pulmonary emphysema is a major manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is associated with chronic pulmonary inflammation caused by cigarette smoking, with contributions from immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Although matrix metalloproteinases are well known to contribute to emphysema progression, the role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family proteins, other major metalloproteinases, in disease pathogenesis is largely unknown. ADAM17 is a major sheddase that cleaves various cell surface proteins, including CD62L, an adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in promoting the migration of immune cells to the site of inflammation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of ADAM17 and CD62L in the development of elastase-induced emphysema. Control and Adam17flox/flox/Mx1-Cre (Adam17ΔMx1) mice (8-10 wk old) were intratracheally injected with 5 units of porcine pancreas elastase and monitored for 35 days after injection. Lung alveolar destruction was evaluated by analyzing the mean linear intercepts of lung tissue specimens and by histopathological examination. Mean linear intercepts data indicated that the degree of elastase-induced emphysema was significantly more severe in Adam17ΔMx1 mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry showed that CD62L+ neutrophil, CD62L+ macrophage, and CD62L+ B lymphocyte numbers were significantly increased in Adam17ΔMx1 mice. Moreover, the pharmacological depletion of CD62L+ cells with a CD62L-neutralizing antibody ameliorated the extent of emphysema in Adam17ΔMx1 mice. Collectively, these results suggest that ADAM17 possibly suppresses the progression of emphysema by proteolytically processing CD62L in immune cells and that ADAM17 and CD62L could be novel therapeutic targets for treating pulmonary emphysema.

Factors associated with improvements in subjective symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after continuous positive airway pressure therapy.

PURPOSE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy improves subjective symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients; however, factors predicting symptom improvement post-CPAP therapy and the CPAP duration necessary for improving subjective symptoms are unclear. This study aimed to identify these factors and the appropriate nightly CPAP duration for improving subjective symptoms. METHODS: We recruited 359 subjects who completed both overnight polysomnography and subjective symptom assessments using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Zung Self-Depression Scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Firstly, we analyzed subject characteristics, and the associations between each assessment score and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index. These assessments were then repeated for 138 subjects who could continue for 3 months after starting CPAP. Secondly, associations between changes in self-reported outcome measures and nightly CPAP duration were analyzed. We identified subjects with abnormal initial ESS, PSQI, and SDS scores and divided them into "improvement" and "non-improvement" groups to examine factors associated with a positive outcome after CPAP therapy. RESULTS: Subjective symptom scores and proportions of subjects exceeding the cutoff values of each symptom score were not significantly related to OSAS severity. ESS, SDS, and PSQI scores improved 3 months after CPAP treatment, and factors involved in each improvement were found. Remarkably, longer CPAP nightly duration resulted in improvements in all subjective symptom scores. Furthermore, minimum durations between 4.75 and 5.40 h were necessary for improvements in subjective symptoms based on ROC curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Longer nightly CPAP use significantly improved OSAS subjective symptoms.

Drug-induced pneumonitis following the administration of laninamivir octanoate: The first two reported cases.

Laninamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI), has been used for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A/B. To date, pneumonia has not been reported as an adverse effect of NAIs. Here, we report the first 2 cases of drug-induced pneumonitis after the administration of laninamivir octanoate (LO), a pro-drug of laninamivir. Case 1 reports a 20-year-old healthy woman presenting with LO-induced pneumonitis so severe that it was necessary for endotracheal intubation and administration of mechanical ventilator support. Steroids were used for the treatment of pneumonitis and rapid improvement was observed. Case 2 reports a 35-year-old healthy woman presenting with less severe LO-induced pneumonitis that improved without any treatment. In both cases, drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation tests (DLSTs) were positive. In the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, the proportion of eosinophils to lymphocytes was higher in Case 1. Conversely, the proportion of lymphocytes to eosinophils was higher in Case 2. Collectively, we determined 3 clinical issues: (1) LO could cause pneumonia; (2) BAL and DLST could be helpful in the diagnosis of LO-induced pneumonitis; and (3) LO-induced pneumonia could become severe, though steroids were effective in improving it.

Effect of FGF/FGFR pathway blocking on lung adenocarcinoma and its cancer-associated fibroblasts.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR)-dependent lung cancers have been described. We have developed a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma that was constructed through the induction of Fgf9 overexpression in type 2 alveolar cells. The expression of Fgf9 in adult lungs resulted in the rapid development of multiple adenocarcinoma-like tumour nodules. Here, we have characterised the contribution of CAFs and the Fgf/Fgfr signalling pathway in maintaining the lung tumours initiated by Fgf9 overexpression. We found that CAF-secreted Fgf2 contributes to tumour cell growth. CAFs overexpressed Tgfb, Mmp7, Fgf9, and Fgf2; synthesised more collagen, and secreted inflammatory cell-recruiting cytokines. CAFs also enhanced the conversion of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to the tumour-supportive M2 phenotype but did not influence angiogenesis. In vivo inhibition of Fgfrs during early lung tumour development resulted in significantly smaller and fewer tumour nodules, whereas inhibition in established lung tumours caused a significant reduction in tumour size and number. Fgfr inhibition also influenced tumour stromal cells, as it significantly abolished TAM recruitment and reduced tumour vascularity. However, the withdrawal of the inhibitor caused a significant recurrence/regrowth of Fgf/Fgfr-independent lung tumours. These recurrent tumours did not possess a higher proliferative or propagative potential. Our results provide evidence that fibroblasts associated with the Fgf9-induced lung adenocarcinoma provide multiple means of support to the tumour. Although the Fgfr blocker significantly suppressed the tumour and its stromal cells, it was not sufficient to completely eliminate the tumour, probably due to the emergence of alternative (resistance/maintenance) mechanism(s). This model represents an excellent tool to further study the complex interactions between CAFs, their related chemokines, and the progression of lung adenocarcinoma; it also provides further evidence to support the need for a combinatorial strategy to treat lung cancer. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Retrospective evaluation of natural course in mild cases of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: There is no proven management for mild cases of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease, who do not immediately receive treatment and are managed with observation alone, because its long term-natural course, factors predictive of deterioration, and the effect of treating the disease remain unclear. Thus, we sought to investigate the natural course of mild cases of MAC pulmonary disease. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study. Sixty-five patients with mild MAC pulmonary disease in whom treatment was withheld for at least 6 months after diagnosis were retrospectively recruited after a review of 747 medical records. Longitudinal changes in clinical features were evaluated by using a mixed effects model. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 6.9 ± 5.7 years. During the follow-up period, 15 patients (23%) required treatment and 50 (77%) were managed with observation alone. At diagnosis, 65 patients had nodular bronchiectatic disease without fibrocavitary lesions. Among clinical features, mean body mass index (BMI), forced expiratory volume in 1 second as percent of forced vital capacity (%FEV1), nodular lung lesions, and bronchiectasis worsened significantly in the observation group during follow-up. In the treatment group, BMI, and %FEV1 were stable, but bronchiectasis significantly worsened. At diagnosis, the polyclonal MAC infection rate in the treatment group was higher than that in the observation group. Other microbiological factors, such as insertion sequences, did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mild MAC pulmonary disease progresses slowly but substantially without treatment. Treatment prevents the deterioration of the disease but not the progression of bronchiectasis. Polyclonal MAC infection is a predictor of disease progression.

Disseminated histoplasmosis from a calcified lung nodule after long-term corticosteroid therapy in an elderly Japanese patient: A case report.

RATIONALE: Histoplasmosis occurs most commonly in Northern and Central America and Southeast Asia. Increased international travel in Japan has led to a few annual reports of imported histoplasmosis. Healed sites of histoplasmosis lung infection may remain as nodules and are often accompanied by calcification. Previous studies in endemic areas supported the hypothesis that new infection/reinfection, rather than reactivation, is the main etiology of symptomatic histoplasmosis. No previous reports have presented clinical evidence of reactivation. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 83-year-old Japanese man was hospitalized with general fatigue and high fever. He had been treated with prednisolone at 13 mg/d for 7 years because of an eczematous skin disease. He had a history of travel to Los Angeles, Egypt, and Malaysia 10 to 15 years prior to admission. Five years earlier, computed tomography (CT) identified a solitary calcified nodule in the left lingual lung segment. The nodule size remained unchanged throughout a 5-year observation period. Upon admission, his respiratory condition remained stable while breathing room air. CT revealed small, randomly distributed nodular shadows in the bilateral lungs, in addition to the solitary nodule. DIAGNOSIS: Disseminated histoplasmosis, based on fungal staining and cultures of autopsy specimens. INTERVENTIONS: The patient's fever continued despite several days of treatment with meropenem, minocycline, and micafungin. Although he refused bone marrow aspiration, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and prednisolone were administered for a tentative diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis. OUTCOMES: His fever persisted, and a laboratory examination indicated severe thrombocytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. He died on day 43 postadmission. During autopsy, the fungal burden was noted to be higher in the calcified nodule than in the disseminated nodules of the lung, suggesting a pathogenesis involving endogenous reactivation of the nodule and subsequent hematogenous and lymphatic spread. LESSONS: Physicians should consider histoplasmosis in patients with calcified nodules because the infection may reactivate during long-term corticosteroid therapy.

Obesity worsens the outcome of influenza virus infection associated with impaired type I interferon induction in mice.

Increasing evidence indicates that obesity is a risk factor for increased severity of influenza virus infection. However, its precise immunological mechanism is not fully understood. To investigate this, diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were established by feeding C57BL/6 male mice a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. DIO and lean control mice were infected intranasally with 3000 pfu of influenza A virus (IAV) (PR8/H1N1). Interestingly, we found adipose tissue located along the bronchus in naïve DIO mice. In addition, the Nos2 level was significantly higher and Arg1 level was significantly lower in lung macrophages of naïve DIO mice, consistent with an M1-skewed phenotype. The survival rate and body weight of DIO mice infected with IAV were significantly lower than those of lean control mice and associated with higher viral load in the lungs of DIO mice. Histopathological analysis demonstrated higher numbers of inflammatory cells in the lungs of DIO mice after IAV infection. Levels of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-ß), in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were altered after IAV infection; in particular, IFN-α and IFN-ß levels were significantly suppressed in the BALF of DIO mice. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated with ligands of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8, a pattern recognition receptor for single-stranded RNA, and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were similarly altered. In addition, levels of IFN-α and IFN-ß were significantly lower in culture supernatants of alveolar macrophages sorted from naïve DIO mice and infected with IAV, compared to those in macrophages sorted from lean control mice. Collectively, these results suggest that macrophages may be the main contributors to poor outcomes of influenza virus infection in obesity.

Black pleural effusion caused by pancreatic pseudocyst rupture.

The images show the path of pancreatic pleural effusion from the pancreatic pseudocyst in a patient with alcoholic pancreatitis who presented with black pleural effusion, however, without symptoms. Pancreatic pseudocyst rupture rarely causes pleural effusion; however, it should be considered in patients with chronic pancreatitis with black pleural effusion.

Predictive and modifying factors of bone mineral density decline in patients with COPD.

RATIONALE: Various determinants of osteoporosis have been previously identified. However, only a few longitudinal studies have examined related factors. We aimed to investigate factors predicting and modifying rapid decline of bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: We analyzed patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose bone mineral density were measured at least three times over three years (n = 111). We divided annual per cent changes of bone mineral density in different body parts into tertiles. Rapid decliners (n = 33) were defined as those with the largest decline in at least two parts; all other participants were defined as non-rapid decliners (n = 78). RESULTS: At enrollment, bone mineral density did not differ between the two groups. However, rapid decliners had a significantly greater rate of new vertebral fractures over 3 years compared with non-rapid decliners. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, moderate to severe emphysema, no daily exercise habits, and anemia increased the likelihood of rapid decliners. Furthermore, patients who newly started and continued bisphosphonate exhibited higher annual per cent changes of bone mineral density than did those without bisphosphonate use. CONCLUSIONS: A rapid decline in bone mineral density correlates to a higher likelihood of vertebral fracture. We clarified the predictors of bone mineral density decline and demonstrated that bisphosphonate use might modify bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Prognostic values of the Berlin definition criteria, blood lactate level, and fibroproliferative changes on high-resolution computed tomography in ARDS patients.

BACKGROUND: In the Berlin definition, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is stratified into three stages according to oxygenation severity at the onset. The relevance between ARDS severity and prognosis varies among published reports and has not been verified, especially in Asian patients. METHODS: In this study, we examined the associations between the Berlin definition criteria and prognosis and clinical parameters, including high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores of fibroproliferative changes of the lungs. One hundred fifty-three patients (45 females; mean age, 67 y/o), who met the Berlin definition and received treatment in our intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2015, were enrolled. RESULTS: The severity of ARDS was mild in 42 patients, moderate in 71, and severe in 40. The underlying diseases included pneumonia in 56 patients and aspiration in 43. Forty-two (27.5%) patients were deceased within 30 days, and the 30-day mortality was 10% in mild ARDS, 23% in moderate, and 55% in severe, which were significantly different (P <  0.05). In the non-survivors, APACHE II, SOFA, and SAPS II scores were higher than in the survivors (P <  0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that elevated blood lactate level (≥ 2.0 mmol/L) and increased HRCT scores were significantly associated with weaning failure and 30-day mortality of the patients with ARDS. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the severity criteria in the Berlin definition might be associated with the prognosis of the patients. Blood lactate levels and HRCT score might be predictive of the outcome of patients with ARDS.

Impact of a Novel Smartphone App (CureApp Smoking Cessation) on Nicotine Dependence: Prospective Single-Arm Interventional Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Mobile apps have been considered to provide active and continuous support for smoking cessation. However, it is yet to be known whether a smoking cessation smartphone app improves long-term abstinence rates in nicotine-dependent patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term abstinence effect of a novel smartphone app, CureApp Smoking Cessation (CASC), in patients with nicotine dependence. METHODS: In this prospective, interventional, multicenter, single-arm study, we provided the CASC app to all the participants, who used it daily for 24 weeks. The CASC app includes features to maximize the therapeutic effect of pharmacological therapies and counseling at outpatient clinics for smoking cessation. The primary endpoint was a continuous abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24, whereas secondary endpoints were CARs from weeks 9 to 12 and 9 to 52. RESULTS: Of the 56 adult smokers recruited, 1 did not download the app; therefore, 55 participants constituted the full analysis sample. The CAR from weeks 9 to 24 was 64% (35/55, 95% CI 51%-76%), whereas the CARs from weeks 9 to 12 and 9 to 52 were 76% (42/55, 95% CI 65%-88%) and 58% (32/55, 95% CI 46%-71%), respectively. These CARs were better than the results of the national survey on outpatient clinics with regard to smoking cessation under the National Health Insurance Program and that of the varenicline phase 3 trial in Japan and the United States. There was only 1 participant who dropped out during the 12 weeks of the treatment period. This treatment decreased the scores related to withdrawal and craving symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of CASC to usual smoking cessation therapies resulted in high CARs, high patient retention rates, and improvement of cessation-related symptoms. The smartphone app CASC is a feasible and useful tool to help long-term continuous abstinence that can be combined with a standard smoking cessation treatment program.