Case for investment in tobacco cessation: a population-based analysis in low- and middle-income countries.

This study aimed to estimate the return on investments of three population-level tobacco cessation strategies and three pharmacological interventions. The analysis included 124 low- and middle-income countries, and assumed a 10-year investment period (2021-2030). The results indicate that all six cessation programmes could help about 152 million tobacco users quit and save 2.7 million lives during 2021-2030. If quitters were followed until 65 years of age, 16 million lives could be saved from quitting. The combined investment cost was estimated at 1.68 United States dollars (US$) per capita a year, or US$ 115 billion over the period 2021-2030, with Caribbean countries showing the lowest investment cost at US$ 0.50 per capita a year. Return on investments was estimated at 0.79 (at the end of 2030) and 7.50 if benefits were assessed by the time quitters reach the age of 65 years. Disaggregated results by country income level and region also showed a return on investments less than 1.0 in the short term and greater than 1.0 in the medium-to-long term. In all countries, population-level interventions were less expensive and yielded a return on investments greater than 1.0 in the short and long term, with investment cost estimated at US$ 0.21 per capita a year, or US$ 14.3 billion over 2021-2030. Pharmacological interventions were more expensive and became cost beneficial over a longer time. These results are likely conservative and provide support for a phased approach implementing population-level strategies first, where most countries would reach break-even before 2030.

Este estudio tenía como objetivo estimar el rendimiento de la inversión de tres estrategias para el abandono del tabaco dirigidas a la población y de tres intervenciones farmacológicas. El análisis incluyó a 124 países de ingreso bajo y mediano y consideró que el período de inversión era de 10 años (2021-2030). Los resultados muestran que los seis programas sobre el abandono del tabaco podrían ayudar a unos 152 millones de personas a dejar el tabaco y salvar 2,7 millones de vidas en el período 2021-2030. Si se siguiera a las personas que dejan el tabaco hasta que cumpliesen 65 años, el número de vidas que se podrían salvar sería de 16 millones. Se estimó que el costo combinado de la inversión era de 1,68 dólares estadounidenses (US$) per cápita al año, o US$ 115 billones durante el período 2021-2030, y que el costo de inversión más bajo se encontraba en los países del Caribe (US$ 0,50 per cápita al año). Se estimó que el rendimiento de la inversión era de 0,79 (a finales de 2030) y de 7,50 si se tenían en cuenta los beneficios que obtienen las personas que dejan el tabaco hasta que alcanzan los 65 años. Los resultados desglosados por nivel de ingresos de los países y región también mostraron que el rendimiento de la inversión era inferior a 1,0 a corto plazo y superior a 1,0 de mediano a largo plazo. En todos los países, las intervenciones dirigidas a la población fueron menos costosas y produjeron un rendimiento de la inversión superior a 1,0 a corto y largo plazo, con un costo de las inversiones estimado en US$ 0,21 per cápita al año, o US$ 14,3 billones durante el período 2021-2030. Las intervenciones farmacológicas fueron más costosas y solo fueron generaron beneficios en función de los costos a más largo plazo. Probablemente son unos resultados prudentes, pero sirven de base para adoptar un enfoque gradual en la aplicación de estrategias dirigidas a la población primero donde la mayoría de los países alcanzarían el punto de equilibrio antes del 2030.

Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar o retorno dos investimentos de três estratégias de cessação do tabagismo no nível populacional e de três intervenções farmacológicas. A análise incluiu 124 países de baixa e média renda e presumiu um período de investimento de 10 anos (2021-2030). Os resultados indicam que todos os seis programas de cessação poderiam ajudar cerca de 152 milhões de usuários de tabaco a parar de fumar e salvar 2,7 milhões de vidas entre 2021 e 2030. Se houvesse acompanhamento até os 65 anos de idade daqueles que parassem de fumar, 16 milhões de vidas poderiam ser salvas. O custo de investimento combinado foi estimado em 1,68 dólares americanos (US$) per capita por ano, ou US$ 115 bilhões no período 2021-2030, com os países do Caribe apresentando o menor custo de investimento, a US$ 0,50 per capita por ano. O retorno dos investimentos foi estimado em 0,79 (no fim de 2030) e 7,50 se os benefícios fossem avaliados até o momento em que aqueles que pararam de fumar chegassem aos 65 anos de idade. Os resultados desagregados por nível de renda nacional e por região também mostraram um retorno dos investimentos inferior a 1,0 no curto prazo e superior a 1,0 no médio e longo prazos. Em todos os países, as intervenções no nível populacional foram menos caras e renderam um retorno dos investimentos superior a 1,0 no curto e longo prazos, com um custo de investimento estimado em US$ 0,21 per capita por ano, ou US$ 14,3 bilhões entre 2021 e 2030. As intervenções farmacológicas foram mais caras e tiveram um bom custo-benefício durante um período mais longo. Estes resultados são provavelmente conservadores e servem de apoio para uma abordagem em fases que implemente primeiramente estratégias no nível populacional, onde a maioria dos países atingiria o ponto de equilíbrio antes de 2030.

Case for investment in tobacco cessation: a population-based analysis in low- and middle-income countries / Argumentos a favor de la inversión en iniciativas para el abandono del tabaco: un análisis basado en la población en países de ingreso bajo y mediano / Análise de viabilidade de investimento na cessação do tabagismo: um estudo populacional em países de baixa e média renda

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the return on investments of three population-level tobacco cessation strategies and three pharmacological interventions. The analysis included 124 low- and middle-income countries, and assumed a 10-year investment period (2021-2030). The results indicate that all six cessation programmes could help about 152 million tobacco users quit and save 2.7 million lives during 2021-2030. If quitters were followed until 65 years of age, 16 million lives could be saved from quitting. The combined investment cost was estimated at 1.68 United States dollars (US$) per capita a year, or US$ 115 billion over the period 2021-2030, with Caribbean countries showing the lowest investment cost at US$ 0.50 per capita a year. Return on investments was estimated at 0.79 (at the end of 2030) and 7.50 if benefits were assessed by the time quitters reach the age of 65 years. Disaggregated results by country income level and region also showed a return on investments less than 1.0 in the short term and greater than 1.0 in the medium-to-long term. In all countries, population-level interventions were less expensive and yielded a return on investments greater than 1.0 in the short and long term, with investment cost estimated at US$ 0.21 per capita a year, or US$ 14.3 billion over 2021-2030. Pharmacological interventions were more expensive and became cost beneficial over a longer time. These results are likely conservative and provide support for a phased approach implementing population-level strategies first, where most countries would reach break-even before 2030.

RESUMEN Este estudio tenía como objetivo estimar el rendimiento de la inversión de tres estrategias para el abandono del tabaco dirigidas a la población y de tres intervenciones farmacológicas. El análisis incluyó a 124 países de ingreso bajo y mediano y consideró que el período de inversión era de 10 años (2021-2030). Los resultados muestran que los seis programas sobre el abandono del tabaco podrían ayudar a unos 152 millones de personas a dejar el tabaco y salvar 2,7 millones de vidas en el período 2021-2030. Si se siguiera a las personas que dejan el tabaco hasta que cumpliesen 65 años, el número de vidas que se podrían salvar sería de 16 millones. Se estimó que el costo combinado de la inversión era de 1,68 dólares estadounidenses (US$) per cápita al año, o US$ 115 billones durante el período 2021-2030, y que el costo de inversión más bajo se encontraba en los países del Caribe (US$ 0,50 per cápita al año). Se estimó que el rendimiento de la inversión era de 0,79 (a finales de 2030) y de 7,50 si se tenían en cuenta los beneficios que obtienen las personas que dejan el tabaco hasta que alcanzan los 65 años. Los resultados desglosados por nivel de ingresos de los países y región también mostraron que el rendimiento de la inversión era inferior a 1,0 a corto plazo y superior a 1,0 de mediano a largo plazo. En todos los países, las intervenciones dirigidas a la población fueron menos costosas y produjeron un rendimiento de la inversión superior a 1,0 a corto y largo plazo, con un costo de las inversiones estimado en US$ 0,21 per cápita al año, o US$ 14,3 billones durante el período 2021-2030. Las intervenciones farmacológicas fueron más costosas y solo fueron generaron beneficios en función de los costos a más largo plazo. Probablemente son unos resultados prudentes, pero sirven de base para adoptar un enfoque gradual en la aplicación de estrategias dirigidas a la población primero donde la mayoría de los países alcanzarían el punto de equilibrio antes del 2030.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar o retorno dos investimentos de três estratégias de cessação do tabagismo no nível populacional e de três intervenções farmacológicas. A análise incluiu 124 países de baixa e média renda e presumiu um período de investimento de 10 anos (2021-2030). Os resultados indicam que todos os seis programas de cessação poderiam ajudar cerca de 152 milhões de usuários de tabaco a parar de fumar e salvar 2,7 milhões de vidas entre 2021 e 2030. Se houvesse acompanhamento até os 65 anos de idade daqueles que parassem de fumar, 16 milhões de vidas poderiam ser salvas. O custo de investimento combinado foi estimado em 1,68 dólares americanos (US$) per capita por ano, ou US$ 115 bilhões no período 2021-2030, com os países do Caribe apresentando o menor custo de investimento, a US$ 0,50 per capita por ano. O retorno dos investimentos foi estimado em 0,79 (no fim de 2030) e 7,50 se os benefícios fossem avaliados até o momento em que aqueles que pararam de fumar chegassem aos 65 anos de idade. Os resultados desagregados por nível de renda nacional e por região também mostraram um retorno dos investimentos inferior a 1,0 no curto prazo e superior a 1,0 no médio e longo prazos. Em todos os países, as intervenções no nível populacional foram menos caras e renderam um retorno dos investimentos superior a 1,0 no curto e longo prazos, com um custo de investimento estimado em US$ 0,21 per capita por ano, ou US$ 14,3 bilhões entre 2021 e 2030. As intervenções farmacológicas foram mais caras e tiveram um bom custo-benefício durante um período mais longo. Estes resultados são provavelmente conservadores e servem de apoio para uma abordagem em fases que implemente primeiramente estratégias no nível populacional, onde a maioria dos países atingiria o ponto de equilíbrio antes de 2030.

The burgeoning role of global health diplomacy to alleviate suffering of cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries.

The science of global health diplomacy (GHD) consists of cross-disciplinary, multistakeholder credentials comprised of national security, public health, international affairs, management, law, economics and trade policy. GHD is well placed to bring about better and improved multilateral stakeholder leverage and outcomes in the prevention and control of cancer. It is important to create an evidence base that provides clear and specific guidance for health practitioners in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through involvement of all stakeholders. GHD can assist LMICs to negotiate across multilateral stakeholders to integrate prevention, treatment and palliative care of cancer into their commercial and trade policies.

Full implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region is the responsibility of all.

Although the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force in 2005, the tobacco control challenge continues to escalate. Despite the fact that tobacco use is finally projected to decrease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), as indicated in the WHO Global Report on Trends in the Prevalence of Tobacco Use, the tobacco epidemic is still far from over.The challenges facing the Region do not have a single source; the tobacco epidemic started as a multi-faceted problem and remains so today. The emergency situation in several EMR countries is pushing tobacco control down the list of priorities for decision-makers, whether directly or indirectly affected by regional conflict. The existence of unregulated and novel tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, in many EMR countries complicates the situation further. Such products allow affordable access to tobacco products for young people, which consequently increases nicotine dependence and thus worsens the tobacco epidemic.

The status of tobacco control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: progress in the implementation of the MPOWER measures.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) MPOWER measures are a set of highly effective tobacco control measures drawn from the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), designed to help countries reduce the prevalence of tobacco use. The WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic is published biennially to monitor global implementation of these measures. AIMS: This review aimed to critically assess the status of MPOWER implementation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. METHODS: Data were collected for WHO Reports on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, focusing on the most recent 2019 edition. Regional population coverage figures were calculated using this data and population figures for the countries of the Region. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2018, for any MPOWER measure, there were 29 cases of countries progressing to the highest level of achievement; 23 cases of countries progressing to the intermediate levels from the lowest level; 12 cases of countries falling from the highest level; and 18 cases of countries falling to the lowest level. 57.7% of people are covered at the highest level for the monitoring measure; 63.7% for the smoke-free policies measure; 6.7% for the cessation measure; 60.7% for the health warnings measure; 37.4% for the mass media measure; 29.4% for the advertising bans measure; and 16.1% for the taxation measure. CONCLUSIONS: Countries must work comprehensively to improve tobacco control. Regional priorities should include lifting more people out of lowest level coverage for the health warnings and mass media measures, increasing taxation on tobacco products and improving access to cessation services.

Correlates of compliance with national comprehensive smoke-free laws.

OBJECTIVE: To explore correlates of high compliance with smoking bans in a cross-sectional data set from the 41 countries with national comprehensive smoke-free laws in 2014 and complete data on compliance and enforcement. METHODS: Outcome variable: compliance with a national comprehensive smoke-free law in each country was obtained for 2014 from the WHO global report on the global tobacco epidemic. Explanatory variables: legal enforcement requirements, penalties, infrastructure and strategy were obtained through a separate survey of governments. Also, country socioeconomic and demographic characteristics including the level of corruption control were included. ANALYSIS: an initial bivariate analysis determined the significance of each potentially relevant explanatory variable of high compliance. Differences in compliance were tested using the exact logistic regression. RESULTS: High compliance with the national comprehensive smoke-free law was associated with the involvement of the local jurisdictions in providing training and/or guidance for inspections (OR=10.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 117.7) and a perception of high corruption control efforts in the country (OR=7.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 85.8). DISCUSSION: The results show the importance of the depth of the enforcement infrastructure and effort represented by the degree to which the local government is involved in enforcement. They also show the significance of fighting corruption in the enforcement process, including the attempts of the tobacco industry to undermine the process, to achieve high levels of compliance with the law. The results point out to the need to invest minimal but essential enforcement resources given that national comprehensive smoke-free laws are self-enforcing in many but not all countries and sectors.

Tracking MPOWER in 14 countries: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2008-2010.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) MPOWER is a technical package of six tobacco control measures that assist countries in meeting their obligations of the WHO Framework Convention Tobacco Control and are proven to reduce tobacco use. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) systematically monitors adult tobacco use and tracks key tobacco control indicators. METHODS: GATS is a nationally representative household survey of adults aged 15 and older, using a standard and consistent protocol across countries; it includes information on the six WHO MPOWER measures. GATS Phase I was conducted from 2008-2010 in 14 high-burden low- and middle-income countries. We selected one key indicator from each of the six MPOWER measures and compared results across 14 countries. RESULTS: Current tobacco use prevalence rates ranged from 16.1% in Mexico to 43.3% in Bangladesh. We found that the highest rate of exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace was in China (63.3%). We found the highest 'smoking quit attempt' rates in the past 12 months among cigarette smokers in Viet Nam (55.3%) and the lowest rate was in the Russian Federation (32.1%). In five of the 14 countries, more than one-half of current smokers in those 5 countries said they thought of quitting because of health warning labels on cigarette packages. The Philippines (74.3%) and the Russian Federation (68.0%) had the highest percentages of respondents noticing any cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Manufactured cigarette affordability ranged from 0.6% in Russia to 8.0% in India. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring tobacco use and tobacco control policy achievements is crucial to managing and implementing measures to reverse the epidemic. GATS provides internationally-comparable data that systematically monitors and tracks the progress of the other five MPOWER measures.

Moving away from the comfort zone of tobacco control policies to the highest level of implementation (Editorial).

The year 2015 marked the 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Following this, in the same year, the 18th comprehensive national tobacco control law(s) was adopted in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Member countries of the EMR have come a long way in tobacco control legislation since the entry into force of the WHO FCTC, with 19 of the 22 countries now party to it (except Morocco, Palestine and Somalia). But has this legal movement really succeeded in changing the prevalence of tobacco use in the Region?

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk.

This overview describes the principles of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer and provides an introduction to the 12 recommendations to reduce cancer risk. Among the 504.6 million inhabitants of the member states of the European Union (EU28), there are annually 2.64 million new cancer cases and 1.28 million deaths from cancer. It is estimated that this cancer burden could be reduced by up to one half if scientific knowledge on causes of cancer could be translated into successful prevention. The Code is a preventive tool aimed to reduce the cancer burden by informing people how to avoid or reduce carcinogenic exposures, adopt behaviours to reduce the cancer risk, or to participate in organised intervention programmes. The Code should also form a base to guide national health policies in cancer prevention. The 12 recommendations are: not smoking or using other tobacco products; avoiding second-hand smoke; being a healthy body weight; encouraging physical activity; having a healthy diet; limiting alcohol consumption, with not drinking alcohol being better for cancer prevention; avoiding too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation; avoiding cancer-causing agents at the workplace; reducing exposure to high levels of radon; encouraging breastfeeding; limiting the use of hormone replacement therapy; participating in organised vaccination programmes against hepatitis B for newborns and human papillomavirus for girls; and participating in organised screening programmes for bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.

Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries.

The burden of chronic, non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries is increasing. We outline a framework for monitoring of such diseases and review the mortality burden and the capacity of countries to respond to them. We show data from WHO data sources and published work for prevalence of tobacco use, overweight, and cause-specific mortality in 23 low-income and middle-income countries with a high burden of non-communicable disease. Data for national capacity for chronic disease prevention and control were generated from a global assessment that was done in WHO member states in 2009-10. Although reliable data for cause-specific mortality are scarce, non-communicable diseases were estimated to be responsible for 23·4 million (or 64% of the total) deaths in the 23 countries that we analysed, with 47% occurring in people who were younger than 70 years. Tobacco use and overweight are common in most of the countries and populations we examined, but coverage of cost-effective interventions to reduce these risk factors is low. Capacity for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including monitoring and surveillance operations nationally, is inadequate. A surveillance framework, including a minimum set of indicators covering exposures and outcomes, is essential for policy development and assessment and for monitoring of trends in disease. Technical, human, and fiscal resource constraints are major impediments to the establishment of effective prevention and control programmes. Despite increasing awareness and commitment to address chronic disease, concrete actions by global partners to plan and implement cost-effective interventions are inadequate.