Brazilian law of inclusion: an applied analysis of the correlation of bioethical principles / Ley brasileña de inclusión: un análisis aplicado de la correlación de los principios de la bioética / Lei brasileira de inclusão: uma análise aplicada da correlação dos princípios de bioética

Abstract: Objective: The present study aims to analyse whether bioethical principles are present in the Brazilian Law of Inclusion of the Disabled Person. Methods: The study is based on a textual analysis of Law No. 13.146, of July 6, 2015 (Brazilian Law of Inclusion) using a content analysis technique regarding the bioethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. A qualitative analysis was conducted based on the concepts of these bioethical principles and their expression in the articles laid down in the Statute of the Disabled Person. Results: The obtained results demonstrate that the primary articles of the Brazilian Law of Inclusion correlate with the aforementioned bioethical principles according to the conceptualisation of each principle. Conclusion: The articles of the Brazilian Law of Inclusion, published on July 6, 2015, under the provisions of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, demonstrate a correlation with the stated bioethical principles.

Resumen: Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende analizar si los principios bioéticos están presentes en la Ley brasileña de inclusión de personas con discapacidad. Métodos: El estudio se basa en un análisis textual de la Ley nº 13.146 de 6 de julio de 2015 (Ley brasileña de inclusión) mediante una técnica de análisis de contenido sobre los principios bioéticos de beneficencia, no maleficencia, justicia y autonomía. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo basado en los conceptos de estos principios bioéticos y su expresión en los artículos establecidos en el Estatuto del Discapacitado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los artículos primarios de la Ley de Inclusión brasileña se correlacionan con los principios bioéticos mencionados, según la conceptualización de cada principio. Conclusión: Los artículos de la Ley de Inclusión brasileña, publicada el 6 de julio de 2015, en virtud de las disposiciones de la Constitución Federal de 1988 y de la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, demuestran una correlación con los principios bioéticos enunciados.

Resumo: Objetivo: O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar se os princípios bioéticos estão presentes na Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência. Métodos: O estudo é baseado em uma análise textual da Lei nº 13.146, de 6 de julho de 2015 (Lei Brasileira de Inclusão) utilizando uma técnica de análise de conteúdo relativa aos princípios bioéticos de beneficência, não maleficência, justiça e autonomia. Uma análise qualitativa foi realizada com base nos conceitos destes princípios bioéticos e sua expressão nos artigos estabelecidos no Estatuto da Pessoa Deficiente. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os artigos primários da Lei de Inclusão brasileira se correlacionam com os princípios bioéticos acima mencionados, de acordo com a conceituação de cada princípio. Conclusão: Os artigos da Lei Brasileira de Inclusão, publicados em 6 de julho de 2015, sob as disposições da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência, demonstram uma correlação com os princípios bioéticos declarados.

Analysis of work-related accidents and ill-health in Brazil since the introduction of the accident prevention factor.

BACKGROUND: Since 2004, Brazil has had a national policy for occupational health and safety. This policy means companies' tax burden is altered according to the numbers of work-related accidents and ill-health amongst their workers. In 2010, a multiplication factor was introduced to this policy, called the Accident Prevention Factor. The idea of this new multiplication factor is to encourage individual employers to take initiatives to prevent accidents and ill health in the workplace. This study was designed to investigate the incidence of work-related accidents and ill-health in Brazil according to their causes, their severity, and the economic activity in which they occur, and to compare the data before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted by analyzing the time series of work-related accidents/ill-health between 2008 and 2014 from the Brazilian social security system (Previdência Social) statistical yearbooks. Incidences were calculated per cause, economic activity, and severity of the accident/ill-health. Data from before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor were compared using the Mann-Whitney test per cause and per economic activity. Statistical analyses were made using the SPSS software, with significance set at 5%. RESULTS: A reduction in the incidence of work-related accidents/ill-health was found across all the groups of causes analyzed, except for the groups "external causes of morbidity and mortality" and "factors influencing health status and contact with health services." Greater reductions were found for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and diseases of the nervous system. Reductions in work-related accidents/ill-health were found in the different economic activities and in the different severity groups. The highest reduction after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor was in manufacturing and production (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the incidence of accidents/ill-health was found to be on decline, except those with external causes of morbidity and mortality and those involving factors influencing health status and contact with health services. The biggest reduction was found in manufacturing and production. However, generally speaking progress still needs to be made in accident prevention and occupational health across a whole range of work environments.

Workers' Health in Brazil: Accidents recorded by Social Security from 2008 to 2014.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the incidence of occupational accidents in Brazil, recorded by Social Security according to the geographic regions, age group, gender and their prevalence according to the causes and branch of economic activity. METHODS: ecological descriptive study with time series analysis from 2008 to 2014. Data on the beginning and end of the historical series were compared in each ecological unit studied. RESULTS: the South and Southeast regions, male, between 20 and 49 years of age presented the highest falls in incidence. 70.87% of the causes occurred in group XIX of ICD-10. The economic activity with the highest prevalence of accidents was the manufacturing industry. CONCLUSIONS: accidents at work have decreased in Brazil, however, the incidence is still high. Advances need to be made in the recording of accidents and in the prevention and surveillance of workers' health.

Workers' Health in Brazil: Accidents recorded by Social Security from 2008 to 2014 / La Salud del Trabajador en Brasil: Accidentes registrados por el Seguro Social de 2008 a 2014 / A Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil: Acidentes registrados pela Previdência Social de 2008 a 2014

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the incidence of occupational accidents in Brazil, recorded by Social Security according to the geographic regions, age group, gender and their prevalence according to the causes and branch of economic activity. Methods: ecological descriptive study with time series analysis from 2008 to 2014. Data on the beginning and end of the historical series were compared in each ecological unit studied. Results: the South and Southeast regions, male, between 20 and 49 years of age presented the highest falls in incidence. 70.87% of the causes occurred in group XIX of ICD-10. The economic activity with the highest prevalence of accidents was the manufacturing industry. Conclusions: accidents at work have decreased in Brazil, however, the incidence is still high. Advances need to be made in the recording of accidents and in the prevention and surveillance of workers' health.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la incidencia de los accidentes de trabajo en Brasil, registrados por la Seguro Social, según las regiones geográficas, grupo de edad, sexo y su prevalencia de acuerdo con las causas y rama de actividad económica. Métodos: estudio descriptivo ecológico con análisis de serie temporal en el período de 2008 a 2014. Los datos del inicio y del final de la serie histórica se compararon en cada unidad ecológica estudiada. Resultados: las regiones Sur y Sudeste, el sexo masculino, el grupo de edad entre 20 y 49 años presentaron las mayores caídas de las incidencias. El 70,87% de las causas ocurrieron en el grupo XIX de la CID-10. La actividad económica con mayor prevalencia de accidentes fue la industria de transformación. Conclusiones: los accidentes de trabajo disminuyeron en Brasil, sin embargo, la incidencia aún es alta. Se necesitan avances en el registro de los accidentes y en las acciones de prevención y de vigilancia a la salud del trabajador.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a incidência dos acidentes de trabalho no Brasil registrados pela Previdência Social, segundo as regiões geográficas, faixa etária, sexo e sua prevalência, de acordo com as causas e o ramo de atividade econômica. Métodos: estudo descritivo ecológico, com análise de série temporal no período de 2008 a 2014. Os dados do início e do final da série histórica foram comparados em cada unidade ecológica estudada. Resultados: as regiões Sul e Sudeste, o sexo masculino, a faixa etária entre 20 e 49 anos apresentaram as maiores quedas das incidências. 70,87% das causas ocorreram no grupo XIX da CID-10. A atividade econômica com maior prevalência de acidentes foi a indústria de transformação. Conclusões: os acidentes de trabalho diminuíram no Brasil, mas sua incidência ainda é alta. São necessários avanços no registro dos acidentes e nas ações de prevenção e vigilância à saúde do trabalhador.

Work disability in fibromyalgia and other soft tissue disorders: analysis of preventive benefits in Brazil from 2006 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a common chronic disease characterized by persistent diffuse pain, fatigue, sleep disorders and functional symptoms. The disease can have negative consequences in personal and social life, in addition to significant public health expenses caused by treatment and work leave. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the number of social security benefits granted due to incapacity for work in Brazil in patients with ICD M79 and variants in the period 2006-2015. There has been no previous study with data referring to work withdrawals caused by fibromyalgia in Brazil. METHODS: Data for this study were obtained through an official Social Security platform. The disability and retirement benefits were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 95,882 social security disability benefits were granted to ICD M79 and variants in the period from 2006 to 2015. Regarding gender, 69,420 benefits (72.3%) were granted to women and 26,562 (27.7%) to men. Regarding the types of benefits, we found 93,556 (97.5%) temporary withdrawals from work and 2426 (2.5%) permanent withdrawals. When comparing the initial and final years, we observed a significant reduction in the number of awards: 15,562 in 2006 to 6163 in 2015. CONCLUSION: Fibromyalgia was an important cause of withdrawal due to incapacity for work in Brazil, with consequent public health expenditure. These data may serve as a basis for new studies and can alert professionals of the need for adequate management of fibromyalgia to reduce work withdrawal and its consequences.

Profile of demand and Continuous Cash Benefits (BCP) granted to children diagnosed with microcephaly in Brazil. / Perfil da demanda e dos Benefícios de Prestação Continuada (BPC) concedidos a crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia no Brasil.

The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 introduced the Continuous Cash Benefits (BCP), allowing the inclusion of people with disabilities. This is a descriptive study with aggregate municipal data about the time and geographic distribution of the incidence of microcephaly related to the Zika virus in Brazil and data of the BCP grants to children diagnosed with microcephaly. Data on the demand and BCP grants to children with microcephaly since 2009 are shown. Cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system disorders were obtained from the Ministry of Health and totaled 2,366 confirmed cases from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. The historical series of BCP granted from 2009 to 2016 was based on data from the National Institute of Social Security and showed, until 2014, a baseline with an average of 200 annual benefits for children younger than 48 months with microcephaly. In 2016, grants increased eight times, reaching 1,603 benefits granted to children of 731 municipalities spread in the 27 States. The Northeast accounted for 73% of the BCPs granted, however, this was less than 65% of the demand for incident cases. The implementation of the integrated referral system, including active search, should be strengthened to ensure access to all children entitled to BCP.

A Constituição Federal de 1988 introduziu o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) possibilitando a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência. Estudo descritivo, com dados municipais agregados, da distribuição temporal e geográfica da incidência de microcefalia relacionada ao Zika vírus no Brasil e dados das concessões de BPC a crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia. Apresentam-se dados sobre a demanda e a concessão do BPC para crianças com microcefalia desde 2009. Os casos de microcefalia e/ou alteração do sistema nervoso central foram obtidos do Ministério da Saúde e totalizaram 2.366 casos confirmados de 01/01/2015 a 31/12/2016. A série histórica da concessão de BPC de 2009 a 2016 foi elaborada a partir de dados do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social e mostrou, até 2014, uma linha de base com a média de 200 benefícios anuais para crianças menores de 48 meses com microcefalia. Em 2016 as concessões aumentaram oito vezes atingindo 1.603 benefícios concedidos a crianças de 731 municípios, das 27 Unidades da Federação. A Região Nordeste concentrou 73% dos BPC concedidos, mas, ainda assim, isto representou menos do que 65% da demanda de casos incidentes. É preciso reforçar a implementação do sistema de referência integrado, inclusive com busca ativa, para que todas as crianças com direito ao BPC tenham acesso.

Perfil da demanda e dos Benefícios de Prestação Continuada (BPC) concedidos a crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia no Brasil / Profile of demand and Continuous Cash Benefits (BCP) granted to children diagnosed with microcephaly in Brazil

Resumo A Constituição Federal de 1988 introduziu o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) possibilitando a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência. Estudo descritivo, com dados municipais agregados, da distribuição temporal e geográfica da incidência de microcefalia relacionada ao Zika vírus no Brasil e dados das concessões de BPC a crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia. Apresentam-se dados sobre a demanda e a concessão do BPC para crianças com microcefalia desde 2009. Os casos de microcefalia e/ou alteração do sistema nervoso central foram obtidos do Ministério da Saúde e totalizaram 2.366 casos confirmados de 01/01/2015 a 31/12/2016. A série histórica da concessão de BPC de 2009 a 2016 foi elaborada a partir de dados do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social e mostrou, até 2014, uma linha de base com a média de 200 benefícios anuais para crianças menores de 48 meses com microcefalia. Em 2016 as concessões aumentaram oito vezes atingindo 1.603 benefícios concedidos a crianças de 731 municípios, das 27 Unidades da Federação. A Região Nordeste concentrou 73% dos BPC concedidos, mas, ainda assim, isto representou menos do que 65% da demanda de casos incidentes. É preciso reforçar a implementação do sistema de referência integrado, inclusive com busca ativa, para que todas as crianças com direito ao BPC tenham acesso.

Abstract The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 introduced the Continuous Cash Benefits (BCP), allowing the inclusion of people with disabilities. This is a descriptive study with aggregate municipal data about the time and geographic distribution of the incidence of microcephaly related to the Zika virus in Brazil and data of the BCP grants to children diagnosed with microcephaly. Data on the demand and BCP grants to children with microcephaly since 2009 are shown. Cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system disorders were obtained from the Ministry of Health and totaled 2,366 confirmed cases from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. The historical series of BCP granted from 2009 to 2016 was based on data from the National Institute of Social Security and showed, until 2014, a baseline with an average of 200 annual benefits for children younger than 48 months with microcephaly. In 2016, grants increased eight times, reaching 1,603 benefits granted to children of 731 municipalities spread in the 27 States. The Northeast accounted for 73% of the BCPs granted, however, this was less than 65% of the demand for incident cases. The implementation of the integrated referral system, including active search, should be strengthened to ensure access to all children entitled to BCP.