Prevalência da automedicação em acadêmicos de odontologia e enfermagem em uma instituição pública brasileira / Prevalence of self-medication in dentistry and nursing academics in a Brazilian public institution

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da automedicação em estudantes de Odontologia e Enfermagem da Universidade Estadual do Piauí no município de Parnaíba e avaliar se existe associação dessa tal prática com o nível socioeconômico, o sexo dos acadêmicos, bem como com o nível de conhecimento teórico-prático. Métodos: Consiste em uma metodologia quantitativa de natureza aplicada e de corte transversal. O levantamento contou com a participação de maiores de 18 anos de idade e fez o uso de um questionário autoaplicável com questões a respeito da automedicação e demais variáveis independentes. Os resultados obtidos foram tabulados e submetidos a testes estatísticos por meio de análise descritiva e bivariada. Foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis, com o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 21,0. Resultados: A amostra contou com a participação de 70 acadêmicos, dos quais 41 (58,6%) são do curso de Odontologia e 29 (41,4%) do curso de Enfermagem, e a automedicação era praticada por 97,1% dos acadêmicos, predominantemente entre aqueles que estavam no início do curso (92,3%) (p < 0,05) e eram do sexo feminino (98,1%) (p < 0,05), não havendo variação estatisticamente significativa quanto a renda familiar ou curso em que estavam matriculados (p > 0,05). Além disso, a principal classe farmacológica utilizada foi a de analgésicos. Conclusão: A prevalência de automedicação foi alta e frequentemente relatada para o combate da cefaleia, os acadêmicos relataram que conhecimentos e experiências prévias os auxiliaram na escolha dos fármacos autoadministrados, não havendo associação dessa pratica de automedicação com o curso e a renda mensal. Além disso, essa prática foi estatisticamente mais prevalente no sexo feminino e dentre aqueles estudantes que estavam no início do curso da graduação.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of self-medication in Dentistry and Nursing students at the State University of Piauí in the city of Parnaíba and to evaluate whether there is an association between this practice and the socioeconomic level and the sex of the students, as well as the level of theoretical and practical knowledge. Methods: This study consists of a quantitative methodology of an applied and cross-sectional nature. The survey counted on the participation of individuals over 18 years of age and used a self-administered questionnaire with questions regarding self-medication and other independent variables. The obtained results were tabulated and subjected to statistical tests through descriptive and bivariate analysis. Mann-Whitney and ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, together with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. Results: This study's sample counted on the participation of 70 students, 41 (58.6%) were from the Dental School and 29 (41.4%) of the Nursing Course, and self-medication was practiced by 97.1% of the students, predominantly among those who were at the beginning of the course (92.3%) (p < 0.05) and were female (98.1%) (p < 0.05), with no statistically significant variation as to family income or course in which the students are engaged (p > 0.05). In addition, the main pharmacological class used was analgesics. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication was high and frequently reported to combat headaches. Academics reported that previous knowledge and experience helped them to choose self-administered drugs, with no association between this self-medication practice and the course of study and monthly income. In addition, this practice was statistically more prevalent in females among those students who were in the beginning of the undergraduate course.

Local levels of biomarkers after surgical and nonsurgical debridement of residual pockets and nonresidual sites in diabetic patients: a 12-month follow-up.

There is scarce evidence on suitable approaches for the treatment of unresponsive or residual periodontal sites in diabetic patients. This study assessed the effects of surgical debridement (SD) and nonsurgical debridement (NSD), associated with amoxicillin and metronidazole, on clinical and immunological outcomes of residual pockets and adjacent healthy sites in patients with type 2 diabetes. A split-mouth, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 21 patients presenting at least 2 residual pockets in contralateral quadrants 12 months after basic nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Patients received systemic antibiotics, and contralateral quadrants were assigned to receive SD or NSD. The changes in clinical parameters were evaluated from baseline to 12 months. Local levels of 14 cytokines and chemokines were measured with multiplex bead immunoassays at baseline and 3 and 12 months after therapy. There were no statistically significant differences between SD and NSD for changes in clinical parameters from baseline to 12 months (P > 0.05). There was a significantly greater increase in the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 6 from baseline to 3 months in the healthy sites adjacent to residual pockets receiving SD (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α occurred from baseline to 12 months in the residual pockets treated by SD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, SD and NSD resulted in similar clinical benefits at 12 months. The short-term increase in the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in SD sites probably can be attributed to tissue trauma and healing, and the long-term decrease in the levels of chemotactic factors in residual pockets treated by surgery may reflect remission of infection and stable wound healing in these sites at 12 months.

Impact of caffeine and/or estrogen deficiency on trabecular bone area and healing: a study in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of caffeine and/or estrogen deficiency on trabecular bone area (TBA) and bone healing in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were divided into groups (n=15/group) as follows: control, caffeine, ovariectomy (OVX), and caffeine/OVX. Critical-sized defects were created in the tibiae (57 days after beginning caffeine administration and 43 days after OVX). The intact femurs were evaluated for TBA and the number of positive cells for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG). In the defects, bone healing, the number of TRAP+ and RANKL/OPG+ cells, and gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-7, osteopontin, and CBP/p300-interacting-transactivator-with-ED-rich-tail-2 (CITED-2) were evaluated. RESULTS: Bone healing was poorer in defects of the caffeine group than in those of the control group. The femurs of the OVX and OVX/caffeine groups presented lower TBAs and higher RANKL/OPG+ cell ratios. The number of TRAP+ cells was higher in femurs of the caffeine group and in defects of the OVX group. The caffeine/OVX group presented the highest RANKL/OPG+ cell ratio in femurs and defects. The OVX group presented the highest expression of BMP-2, BMP-7, and CITED-2. CONCLUSION: Caffeine affected bone healing, while estrogen deficiency mainly affected TBA, but no significant deleterious synergic effects of both conditions were observed.

Effects of estrogen deficiency and/or caffeine intake on alveolar bone loss, density, and healing: a study in rats.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of caffeine and/or estrogen deficiency on ligature-induced bone loss (BL), trabecular bone area (TBA), and postextraction bone healing (BH). METHODS: Rats were assigned into one of the following groups (15 each): 1) control = non-ingestion of caffeine/sham surgery; 2) caffeine = ingestion of caffeine/sham surgery); 3) ovariectomized (OVX) = non-ingestion of caffeine/ovariectomy; or 4) caffeine/OVX = ingestion of caffeine/ovariectomy. The rats were under caffeine administration for 65 days and/or estrogen deficiency for 51 days. On day 21 after ovariectomy, one first mandibular molar received a ligature and the contralateral tooth was not ligated. The first maxillary molars were extracted 8 days before sacrifice. BL, TBA, the positive cells for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were analyzed in the furcation area of mandibular molars. Histometric BH and gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-7, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein were evaluated in alveolar sockets. RESULTS: The caffeine group presented the greatest BL and the OVX group the highest number of TRAP-positive (TRAP(+)) cells around ligated teeth (P <0.05). The control group presented higher TBA and BH than the other groups (P <0.05). All test groups presented higher RANKL/OPG(+) cells than the control group around ligated/unligated teeth. The OVX and caffeine/OVX groups presented a greater number of TRAP(+) cells around unligated teeth than the control group (P <0.05). There were no differences among groups for gene expression (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine increased BL in ligated teeth. Caffeine and/or estrogen deficiency decreased TBA in the unligated teeth and reduced BH after tooth extraction.

Trabecular bone area and bone healing in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a histometric study.

Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated some negative effect of hypertension on bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone healing and trabecular bone area (TBA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a well-established model of essential hypertension, when compared to normotensive rats (NTR). A critical-size defect was surgically created in the right tibia of SHR (n = 12) and normotensive rats (NTR; n = 12), while the contralateral tibia was left intact. Eight days later, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens processed in order to obtain decalcified sections. The area of newly-formed bone (NB) within the defect of the right tibia and the TBA in the left tibia were histometrically evaluated. At 8 days post-operative, SHR presented a significantly smaller area of NB when compared to NTR (p < 0.05). In addition, SHR demonstrated a lower TBA than NTR group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SHR rats presented a disturbed bone healing and reduced TBA.

Trabecular bone area and bone healing in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a histometric study

Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated some negative effect of hypertension on bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone healing and trabecular bone area (TBA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a well-established model of essential hypertension, when compared to normotensive rats (NTR). A critical-size defect was surgically created in the right tibia of SHR (n = 12) and normotensive rats (NTR; n = 12), while the contralateral tibia was left intact. Eight days later, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens processed in order to obtain decalcified sections. The area of newly-formed bone (NB) within the defect of the right tibia and the TBA in the left tibia were histometrically evaluated. At 8 days post-operative, SHR presented a significantly smaller area of NB when compared to NTR (p < 0.05). In addition, SHR demonstrated a lower TBA than NTR group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SHR rats presented a disturbed bone healing and reduced TBA.

The effects of caffeine administration on the early stage of bone healing and bone density A histometric study in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the daily administration of high doses of caffeine on the early stages of bone healing and on bone density in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: Non-caffeine group (n=12): animals without caffeine ingestion; Caffeine group (n=12): 10mg/100g body weight/day of caffeine via drinking water for 56 days. Forty-eight days after the beginning of caffeine intake, a critical-size surgical defect was created in the right tibia of both groups, while the contralateral tibia was left without defect. Eight days later, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens processed in order to obtain decalcified sections. The area of new bone formation in the right tibia and the bone density in the left tibia were histometrically evaluated in the medular bone. RESULTS: At 8 days post-operative, the caffeine group presented a significantly lower area of new bone formation, when compared to the non-caffeine group (p<0.001). In addition, the administration of caffeine during 56 days did not alter the bone density. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a high daily caffeine intake may disturb the early stages of bone healing, but does not alter bone density after a period of 56 days of administration.

Administration of high doses of caffeine increases alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Although some studies have reported a negative influence of caffeine on bone metabolism, there is no information about its effect on the progression of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of caffeine on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS: Twenty-two Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: non-caffeine group (n = 12) = animals without caffeine ingestion; caffeine group (n = 10) = animals ingesting 10 mg/100 g body weight/day of caffeine via drinking water for 56 days. Two weeks after the beginning of caffeine intake, one of the mandibular molar was randomly assigned to receive a ligature, whereas the contralateral molar was left unligated. Forty-two days later, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically determined. RESULTS: Caffeine intake did not have a direct effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth. But on the ligated tooth, a greater area of bone loss was observed in the animals that ingested caffeine compared to those that did not (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that daily intake of high doses of caffeine may enhance ligature-induced periodontitis progression.