Understanding Emotions Impacted by New Assessment Mandates Implemented in Medical Education: A Survey of Residents and Faculty Across Multiple Specialties.

Background Previous research findings show that the overall perception of residents regarding the new entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessment mandates is primarily negative. Hence, this study aims to explore the link between EPA assessment experiences and resident and faculty emotions and expectancy of successfully completing residency training. Methods A standardized questionnaire (Medical Emotions Scale (MES)), which measures 20 unique emotions on a 5-point Likert scale, was used to explore the emotions of residents and faculty members regarding EPA assessments and residents' expectancy of success. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Ninety-one (N=91) participants (46 faculty members and 45 residents) completed the survey. The results revealed that residents have more negative emotions toward EPA assessments compared to faculty. Additionally, resident and faculty emotions regarding EPA assessments vary across specialty and gender. Conclusions These findings will be crucial in providing the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and medical education programs with concrete evidence and guidance in understanding the perspectives and emotions of residents and faculty towards EPA assessments and residents' beliefs about successfully completing their medical training.

Exploring the Use of Natural Language Processing to Understand Emotions of Trainees and Faculty Regarding Entrustable Professional Activity Assessments.

Background In medical education, artificial intelligence techniques such as natural language processing (NLP) are starting to be used to capture and analyze emotions through written text. Objective To explore the application of NLP techniques to understand resident and faculty emotions related to entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessments. Methods Open-ended text data from a survey on emotions toward EPA assessments were analyzed. Respondents were residents and faculty from pediatrics (Peds), general surgery (GS), and emergency medicine (EM), recruited for a larger emotions study in 2023. Participants wrote about their emotions related to receiving/completing EPA assessments. We analyzed the frequency of words rated as positive via a validated sentiment lexicon used in NLP studies. Specifically, we were interested if the count of positive words varied as a function of group membership (faculty, resident), specialty (Peds, GS, EM), gender (man, woman, nonbinary), or visible minority status (yes, no, omit). Results A total of 66 text responses (30 faculty, 36 residents) contained text data useful for sentiment analysis. We analyzed the difference in the count of words categorized as positive across group, specialty, gender, and being a visible minority. Specialty was the only category revealing significant differences via a bootstrapped Poisson regression model with GS responses containing fewer positive words than EM responses. Conclusions By analyzing text data to understand emotions of residents and faculty through an NLP approach, we identified differences in EPA assessment-related emotions of residents versus faculty, and differences across specialties.

What is the impact of simulation-based training for paediatric procedures on patient outcomes, cost and latent safety threats?

BACKGROUND: Simulation-based training (SBT) provides a safe space for medical trainees to experience realistic scenarios. SBT has been found to improve trainee performance in paediatric procedures. However, limited evidence exists regarding its effects on higher-level outcomes. This scoping review aims to identify studies that investigate the impact of SBT for procedural skills on T3 (patient outcomes) and T4 level outcomes (latent safety threats [LSTs], and hospital level costs) in paediatrics. METHODS: Full-text articles were included if they focused on medical trainees, used simulation training for paediatric procedures and reported T3/T4 level outcomes. Six databases were searched from January 2011 to September 2022. Search strategies were developed with the assistance of a librarian. Three independent reviewers performed pilot screenings before title/abstract and full-text screenings. A data extraction sheet was created to gather information on interventions, outcomes, research design, and other study characteristics. FINDINGS: After title/abstract screening of 4,076 sources, 50 were included for full-text review, with 15 articles selected for data extraction. Four were randomised control studies (RCTs), fourteen focused on T3 level outcomes including mortality rates, and one measured LSTs. There were no studies reporting cost-related data. Three of the studies focused on bag-and-mask ventilation, and eight mentioned the use of mannequins. DISCUSSION: We highlight the potential effectiveness of simulation-based training of paediatric procedural skills in improving patient outcomes, such as reduced mortality rates and incidence of illness/injury. CONCLUSION: Though the quality of research designs was low, researchers used different simulation modalities and outcome measures and showed a positive impact of SBT(e.g., decreased mortality rates).

Current Experiences, Expectations, and Future Roles of Faculty Development.

Introduction: There is complexity to the success of faculty development (FD) programs at the departmental level, and many of the contributing factors can range from the individual to systems levels. The purpose of this study is to explore faculty perception of what FD encompasses, as well as their past/current experiences with FD, and perceptions regarding the importance, barriers, and facilitators to participating in FD. Methods: This is a single center, qualitative descriptive study guided through a social constructionist perspective. Faculty from a pediatrics department were asked to participate in 1-h focus groups of 4-5 faculty per group. All sessions were done virtually and audio-recorded for transcription. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data. Results: Overall, 5 major themes were identified: (1) purpose/meaning of FD for faculty, (2) perceptions of faculty regarding FD, (3) challenges that faculty encounter with FD, (4) designing and delivering FD to faculty, and (5) comparing FD and continuing professional development (CPD). Some of the main findings included (a) creating flexible and personalized FD curricula, (b) department focusing on bringing the faculty together as a community, and (c) department developing a broader definition of FD that could be used as a reference point in the whole department. Discussion: Our findings suggest that barriers and challenges for accessing and making the most of FD opportunities still persist. Going forward, departments interested in improving their FD initiatives should focus on individualized, flexible, and technology enhanced FD approaches that motivate participation.

A scoping review of emotions and related constructs in simulation-based education research articles.

BACKGROUND: While acknowledgement of emotions' importance in simulation-based education is emerging, there are concerns regarding how education researchers understand the concept of emotions for them to deliberately incorporate emotionally charged scenarios into simulation-based education. This concern is highlighted especially in the context of medical education often lacking strong theoretical integration. To map out how current simulation-based education literature conceptualises emotion, we conducted a scoping review on how emotions and closely related constructs (e.g. stress, and emotional intelligence) are conceptualised in simulation-based education articles that feature medical students, residents, and fellows. METHODS: The scoping review was based on articles published in the last decade identified through database searches (EMBASE and Medline) and hand-searched articles. Data extraction included the constructs featured in the articles, their definitions, instruments used, and the types of emotions captured. Only empirical articles were included (e.g. no review or opinion articles). Data were charted via descriptive analyses. RESULTS: A total of 141 articles were reviewed. Stress was featured in 88 of the articles, while emotions and emotional intelligence were highlighted in 45 and 34 articles respectively. Conceptualisations of emotions lacked integration of theory. Measurements of emotions mostly relied on self-reports while stress was often measured via physiological and self-report measurements. Negative emotions such as anxiety were sometimes seen as interchangeable with the term stress. No inferences were made about specific emotions of participants from their emotional intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: Our scoping review illustrates that learners in simulation-based education are most often anxious and fearful. However, this is partially due to medical education prioritising measuring negative emotions. Further theoretical integration when examining emotions and stress may help broaden the scope towards other kinds of emotions and better conceptualisations of their impact. We call for simulation education researchers to reflect on how they understand emotions, and whether their understanding may neglect any specific aspect of affective experiences their simulation participants may have.

Identifying Royal College-accredited simulation centre research priorities across Canada.

To advance the field of health sciences simulation, research must be of high quality and would benefit from multi-institutional collaboration where centres can leverage and share expertise as well as work together to overcome limits to the generalizability of research findings from single-institution studies. A needs assessment in emergency medicine simulation has illustrated the importance of identifying research priorities in Canada. The main purpose of this study was to identify simulation research priority directions for Canadian simulation centres. The current survey study drew on 16 research priorities developed through a two-round internal Delphi study at McGill University that 15 of 17 simulation centre advisory board members participated in. The final 16 research priorities were then rated by a total of 18 of 24 simulation centre directors and/or delegates contacted from 15 of 19 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada-accredited simulation centres in Canada. Results revealed nine common research priorities that reached 70% or higher agreement for all respondents. We anticipate that our findings can contribute to building a shared vision of priorities, community, and collaboration to enhance health care simulation research quality amongst Canadian simulation centres.

Pour faire progresser le domaine de la simulation en sciences de la santé, il faut tendre vers une recherche de haute qualité, qui serait favorisée par une collaboration multi-institutionnelle permettant aux programmes de tirer parti de leur expertise, de la partager et de surmonter les limites de la généralisabilité des résultats de recherche provenant d'études menées dans un seul établissement. Une évaluation des besoins en matière de simulation en médecine d'urgence a illustré l'importance de définir des priorités de recherche à l'échelle du Canada. Le principal objectif de cette étude était de dresser les orientations prioritaires des programmes de simulation canadiens pour la recherche en simulation. Elle est basée sur 16 priorités de recherche dégagées d'une étude Delphi à deux tours réalisée à l'Université [masqué], à laquelle 15 des 17 membres du comité consultatif de son centre de simulation ont participé. Les 16 priorités de recherche finales ont ensuite été évaluées par 18 des 24 directeurs ou délégués de centres de simulation contactés, provenant de 15 des 19 programmes de simulation agréés par le Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada. Les résultats font état de neuf priorités de recherche communes ayant obtenu un taux d'accord de 70 % ou plus parmi l'ensemble des répondants. Nous pensons que nos résultats peuvent contribuer à l'élaboration d'une vision commune des priorités parmi les programmes de simulation canadiens, à la création d'une communauté de pratique et à une collaboration pour améliorer la qualité de la recherche en simulation dans le domaine des soins de santé.

Nursing Students Reported More Positive Emotions about Training during COVID-19 After Using a Virtual Simulation Paired with an In-person Simulation.

Background: Virtual simulations (VS) are educational tools that can help overcome the limitations of in-person learning highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has illustrated that VS can support learning, but little is known about the usability of VS as a distance learning tool. Research on students' emotions about VS is also scarce, despite the influence of emotions on learning. Methods: A quantitative longitudinal study was conducted with undergraduate nursing students. 18 students participated in a hybrid learning experience involving a virtual simulation (VS) followed by an in-person simulation. Students completed questionnaires about their emotions, perceived success, and usability and received a performance score from the VS. Results: Nursing students reported statistically significant improvements in their emotions about completing their program after completing both VS and in-person simulations compared to their emotions before the pair of simulations. Emotions directed toward the VS were weak-to-moderate in strength, but predominantly positive. Positive emotions were positively associated with nursing students' performance. Findings replicated "okay" approaching "good" usability ratings from a recent study with key methodological differences that used the same software. Conclusions: VS can be an emotionally positive, effective, efficient, and satisfying distance learning supplement to traditional simulations.

Impact of the fundamental use of surgical energy certification on surgeons' behavior and awareness of safe use of energy devices: a cross-sectional survey research.

BACKGROUND: The Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) program was established to educate surgeons and trainees to promote awareness and behaviors for the safe use of surgical energy devices. Despite its implementation, the impact of FUSE certification on surgeons' behavior and safety awareness regarding practice of energy devices remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the perceived impact of FUSE certification on surgeons' behavior and awareness regarding the safe use of surgical energy devices. METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional survey study, using non probabilistic purposive sampling, and distributed 22-item web-based questionnaires among all 59 FUSE-certified surgeons in Japan, excluding operating room nurses and medical students. The questionnaire items covered demographics, surgical techniques using various energy devices, changes in behavior and safety awareness, communication with colleagues about surgical energy devices, and educational activities related to energy devices. RESULTS: Fifty-seven participants completed the questionnaire (response rate 96.6%). Most surgeons (91.3%) could apply material learned from the FUSE program in practice, especially material related to monopolar electrosurgery. Fifty-six surgeons (98.3%) reported increased awareness of surgical safety, and 35 (61.5%) reported increased communication with operating room personnel about the safe use of energy devices. Moreover, 56 participants (98.3%) indicated a need for systematic education in surgical energy, with participants recommending fellows (94.7% of participants specified that fellows should participate in further education), residents (75.4%), and attending surgeons (63.2%) as the target recipients of this training. Conclusions After FUSE certification, not only did surgeons' knowledge increase, but their energy-related surgical techniques in practice also improved. Furthermore, FUSE-certified surgeons felt that they were more aware of surgical-energy safety and were dedicated to its promotion.

Does your group matter? How group function impacts educational outcomes in problem-based learning: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Problem-based learning (PBL) is a common instructional method in undergraduate health professions training. Group interactions with and within PBL curricula may influence learning outcomes, yet few studies have synthesized the existing evidence. This scoping review summarized the literature examining the influence of group function on individual student PBL outcomes. Following Kirkpatrick's framework, experiential, academic, and behavioral outcomes were considered. The impacts of three aspects of group function were explored: (1) Group Composition (identities and diversity), (2) Group Processes (conduct and climate, motivation and confidence, and facilitation), and (3) PBL Processes (tutorial activities). METHODS: A literature search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, and APA PsychInfo from 1980-2021, with the help of a librarian. English-language empirical studies and reviews that related group function to learning outcome, as defined, in undergraduate health professions PBL curricula were included. Relevant references from included articles were also added if eligibility criteria were met. The methods, results, discussions, and limitations of the sample were summarized narratively. RESULTS: The final sample (n = 48) varied greatly in context, design, and results. Most studies examined junior medical students (n = 32), used questionnaires for data collection (n = 29), and reported immediate cross-sectional outcomes (n = 34). Group Processes was the most frequently examined aspect of group function (n = 29), followed by Group Composition (n = 26) and PBL Processes (n = 12). The relationships between group function and outcomes were not consistent across studies. PBL experiences were generally highly rated, but favorable student experiences were not reliable indicators of better academic or behavioral outcomes. Conversely, problematic group behaviors were not predictors of poorer grades. Common confounders of outcome measurements included exam pressure and self-study. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings of the review suggested that (1) group function is more predictive of experiential than academic or behavioral PBL outcomes, and (2) different Kirkpatrick levels of outcomes are not highly correlated to each other. More research is needed to understand the complexity of group function in PBL tutorials under variable study contexts and better inform curricular training and design. Standardized tools for measuring PBL group function may be required for more conclusive findings.

Evaluation of ciliary functions and ciliary beat frequency via cell culture method in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Cell culture increases both diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and the most important reason to use cell culture for definitive diagnosis in PCD is to exclude secondary ciliary defects. Here we aimed to evaluate the cilia functions and cilia ultrastructural abnormalities after ciliogenesis of cell culture in patients with definitive diagnosis of PCD. We also aimed to compare high speed videomicroscopy (HSVM) results of patients before and after ciliogenesis and to compare them with electron microscopy, genetic and immunofluorescence results in patients with positive diagnosis of PCD. METHODS: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in patients with PCD. HSVM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence staining results of the nasal biopsy samples taken from patients with the definitive diagnosis of PCD were evaluated and HSVM findings before and after cell culture were described. RESULTS: Ciliogenesis and regrowth in the cell culture occurred in the nasal biopsy sample of eight patients with PCD. The mean age of the patients was 15.5±4.2 years (8.5-18 years). Mean beat frequency was found to be 7.54±1.01 hz (6.53-9.45 hz) before cell culture, and 7.36±0.86 hz (6.02-7.99 hz) after cell culture in the nasal biopsy of patients. There was no significant difference in the beat frequency of PCD patients before and after cell culture. Ciliary function analysis showed the similar beating pattern before and after cell culture in patients with PCD. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed us that there was no difference between cilia beat frequency and beat pattern before and after cell culture in patients with definitive diagnosis of PCD and repeated HSVM would be a useful diagnostic approach in patients who have no possibility to reach other diagnostic methods.

Understanding Feedback for Learners in Interprofessional Settings: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional feedback is becoming increasingly emphasized within health professions' training programs. The objective of this scoping review is to determine what is known about how learners perceive and interact with feedback in an interprofessional context for learning. METHODS: A search strategy was developed and conducted in Ovid MEDLINE. Title and abstract screening were performed by two reviewers independently. Next, full texts of selected articles were reviewed by one reviewer to determine the articles included in the review. Data extraction was performed to determine the articles' study population, methodologies and outcomes relevant to the research objective. RESULTS: Our analysis of the relevant outcomes yielded four key concepts: (1) issues with the feedback process and the need for training; (2) the perception of feedback providers, affecting how the feedback is utilized; (3) professions of the feedback providers, affecting the feedback process; and (4) learners' own attitude toward feedback, affecting the feedback process. CONCLUSIONS: The learner's perception of interprofessional feedback can be an obstacle in the feedback process. Training around interprofessional feedback should be included as part of interprofessional programs. Research is needed to explore how to address barriers in feedback interaction that stem from misguided perceptions of feedback providers' professions.

Establishing validity evidence for device-assisted advanced laparoscopic suturing tasks using simulation.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic suturing (LS) is an essential technique required for a wide range of procedures, and it is one of the most challenging for surgical trainees to master. We designed and collected validity evidence for advanced LS tasks using an automated suturing device and evaluated the perceived educational value of the tasks. METHODS: This project was a multicentre prospective study involving McGill University, University of Toronto (UofT), and Louisiana State University (LSU) Health New Orleans. Novice (NS) and experienced (ES) surgeons performed suturing under tension (UT) and continuous suturing (CS) tasks. ES performed the tasks twice to establish proficiency benchmarks, and they were interviewed to develop formative feedback tools (FFT). Participants were assessed on completion time, error, Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS), and FFT. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. RESULTS: Twenty-seven participants (13 ES, 14 NS, median age 34 years; 85% male) completed the study. Eight were attending surgeons, 7 fellows, 4 PGY5, 5 PGY4, and 3 PGY3 (18 from McGill, 5 UofT, and 4 LSU). Comparing ES and NS, for UT task, ES had significantly greater task scores (570 [563-648] vs 323 [130-464], p value 0.00036) and GOALS scores (14 [13-16] vs 10 [8-12], p value 0.0038). Similarly, for CS, ES had significantly greater task scores (976 [959-1010] vs 785 [626-856], p value 0.00009) and GOALS scores (16 [12-17] vs 12.5 [8.25-15], p value 0.028). After FFTs were developed, comparing ES and NS, for both UT and CS tasks, ES had significantly greater FFT scores (UT 25 [24-26] vs 17 [14-20], p value 0.0016 and CS 30 [27-32] vs 22[17.2-25.8], p value 0.00061). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, preliminary validity evidence was provided for the tasks. Once further validity evidence is established, incorporating the tasks into the training curricula could improve trainee skills and help to meet the need for better advanced suturing models.

Development of a simulation curriculum to teach and assess advanced laparoscopic suturing skills using telesimulation: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Telesimulation helps overcome limitations in time and local expertise by eliminating the need for the learner and educator to be physically co-located, especially important during COVID-19. We investigated whether teaching advanced laparoscopic suturing (ALS) through telesimulation is feasible, effective, and leads to improved suturing in the operating room (OR). METHODS: In this prospective feasibility study, three previously developed 3D-printed ALS tasks were used: needle handling (NH), suturing under tension (UT), and continuous suturing (CS). General surgery residents (PGY4-5) underwent 1-month of telesimulation training, during which an expert educator at one site remotely trained residents at the other site over 2-3 teaching sessions. Trainees were assessed in the three tasks and in the OR at three time points: baseline(A1), control period(A2), and post-intervention(A3) and completed questionnaires regarding educational value and usability of telesimulation. Paired t-test was used to compare scores between the three assessment points. RESULTS: Six residents were included. Scores for UT improved significantly post-intervention A3(568 ± 60) when compared to baseline A1(416 ± 133) (p < 0.019). Similarly, scores for CS improved significantly post-intervention A3(756 ± 113) vs. baseline A1(539 ± 211) (p < 0.02). For intraoperative assessments, scores improved significantly post-intervention A3(21 ± 3) when compared to both A1(17 ± 4) (p < 0.018) and A2(18 ± 4) (p < 0.0008). All residents agreed that tasks were relevant to practice, helped improve technical competence, and adequately measured suturing skill. All residents found telesimulation easy to use, had strong educational value, and want the system to be incorporated into their training. CONCLUSION: The use of telesimulation for remotely training residents using ALS tasks was feasible and effective. Residents found value in training using the tasks and telesimulation system, and improved ALS skills in the OR. As the pandemic has caused a major structural shift in resident education, telesimulation can be an effective alternative to on-site simulation programs. Future research should focus on how telesimulation can be effectively incorporated into training programs.

Exploring the roles of artificial intelligence in surgical education: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Technology-enhanced teaching and learning, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, has started to evolve in surgical education. Hence, the purpose of this scoping review is to explore the current and future roles of AI in surgical education. METHODS: Nine bibliographic databases were searched from January 2010 to January 2021. Full-text articles were included if they focused on AI in surgical education. RESULTS: Out of 14,008 unique sources of evidence, 93 were included. Out of 93, 84 were conducted in the simulation setting, and 89 targeted technical skills. Fifty-six studies focused on skills assessment/classification, and 36 used multiple AI techniques. Also, increasing sample size, having balanced data, and using AI to provide feedback were major future directions mentioned by authors. CONCLUSIONS: AI can help optimize the education of trainees and our results can help educators and researchers identify areas that need further investigation.

Boron Nano-hydroxyapatite Composite Increases the Bone Regeneration of Ovariectomized Rabbit Femurs.

Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease defined by a decreased bone mineral density, microarchitectural deterioration, and an increased incidence of fragility fractures that may lead to morbidity and mortality. Boron may stimulate new bone formation and regeneration, when combined with nano-hydroxyapatite. We questioned whether injecting boron-containing nano-hydroxyapatite composites with hyaluronan increased the bone mineral density and new bone formation in osteoporotic rabbit femurs. The regenerative effects of injectable boron-containing nano-hydroxyapatite composites from 6 to 12 weeks, which may prevent osteoporotic femoral fractures, were assessed. Boron-containing (10 µg/ml) nano-hydroxyapatite composites were injected into the intramedullary femoral cavity with hyaluronan. These significantly increased the histomorphometric new bone surface to the total bone surface ratio at 6 and 9 weeks. The micro-tomographic bone volume to the total volume ratio and bone mineral density in osteoporotic rabbit femurs increased when compared to the hyaluronan (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.01, respectively) and the sham-control (p = 0.01, p = 0.004, p = 0.01, p = 0.037, respectively) groups. The boron-containing group had a higher bone mineralization and new bone formation compared to the nano-hydroxyapatite group, although the difference was not statistically significant. These findings reveal that intramedullary injection of boron-containing nano-hydroxyapatite with hyaluronan increases new bone formation and mineralization in ovariectomized rabbit femurs. Boron-containing nano-hydroxyapatite composites are promising tissue engineering biomaterials that may have regenerative potential in preventing primary and/or secondary femoral fractures in osteoporosis patients.

Therapeutic efficacy and gastrointestinal biodistribution of polycationic nanoparticles for oral camptothecin delivery in early and late-stage colorectal tumor-bearing animal model.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world and is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. New cases are increasingly diagnosed every day, but current therapeutic options are still insufficient for an effective treatment. In CRC treatment, there is a significant need for alternative treatment approaches that can both prevent relapse and provide strong antimetastatic effects as the intestines and colon are prone to metastasis to neighboring organs and tissues as well as the liver and the lung. In this study, optimized polycationic cyclodextrin (CD) nanoparticles for oral Camptothecin (CPT) delivery were comprehensively examined for in vivo performance in early and late stage tumor bearing mouse model in terms of antitumoral and antimetastatic efficacy of CPT bound to polycationic CD nanoparticles in comparison to free CPT. In addition, the gastrointestinal localization of a single administration of fluorescent dye loaded polycationic CD nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract at the end of 24 h after oral administration was also imaged and evaluated by in vivo imaging system against fluorescent dye intensity. Results showed that survival percentage was significantly improved in CRC-bearing mice compared to oral CPT solution, with significantly reduced colorectal tumor masses and number of liver metastatic foci (p < 0.05). It was also possible to differentiate between the effectiveness of nanoparticles in early or late stages of CRC. In vivo imaging studies have also confirmed that polycationic CD nanoparticles are able to deliver the therapeutic load up to the colon and tend to accumulate especially in tumor foci, indicating an effective local treatment strategy. In addition number of liver metastases were significantly decreased with the CPT-loaded polycationic CD nanoparticle formulation in both early and late stage tumor models. These findings indicated that CPT-loaded polycationic CD nanoparticles could be an efficient oral nanocarrier formulation for anticancer molecules that have limited application because of oral bioavailability and stability problems.

Toward Competency-Based Training: To What Extent Are We Competency-Based?

BACKGROUND: Time-based training models in plastic surgery vary in exposure, resulting in low confidence levels among graduates. The evolution of postgraduate medical education into a competency-based model to address these issues requires an understanding of interventions described in the plastic surgery literature to identify gaps and guide creation of assessments to demonstrate competence. METHODS: A systematic search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, and Cochrane databases from inception until December of 2017 was conducted using search terms and synonyms of educational interventions reported in plastic surgery. Full texts were retrieved following filtering and data extracted were related to intervention design and execution, involvement of competency assessment, and educational objectives and alignment to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists roles. Study quality was assessed using Kirkpatrick's levels of learning evaluation, validity evidence, and the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument score. RESULTS: Of the initial 4307 results, only 36 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Almost all interventions aligned to medical knowledge and patient care Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies. One-fifth of the interventions involved no assessment of competency, whereas most displayed assessment at the level of design as opposed to outcomes. Quality assessment revealed low levels of learning evaluation and evidence of validity; the average Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument score was 10.9 of 18. CONCLUSION: A systematic review of educational literature in plastic surgery was conducted to assess the quality of reported educational interventions, and to help guide creating tools that ensure competency acquirement among trainees.

Development, characterization, and hematopoietic differentiation of Griscelli syndrome type 2 induced pluripotent stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS-2) is a rare, autosomal recessive immune deficiency syndrome caused by a mutation in the RAB27A gene, which results in the absence of a protein involved in vesicle trafficking and consequent loss of function of in particular cytotoxic T and NK cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) express genes associated with pluripotency, have the capacity for infinite expansion, and can differentiate into cells from all three germ layers. They can be induced using integrative or non-integrative systems for transfer of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc (OSKM) transcription factors. To better understand the pathophysiology of GS-2 and to test novel treatment options, there is a need for an in vitro model of GS-2. METHODS: Here, we generated iPSCs from 3 different GS-2 patients using lentiviral vectors. The iPSCs were characterized using flow cytometry and RT-PCR and tested for the expression of pluripotency markers. In vivo differentiation to cells from all three germlines was tested using a teratoma assay. In vitro differentiation of GS-2 iPSCs into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells was done using Op9 feeder layers and specified media. RESULTS: All GS-2 iPSC clones displayed a normal karyotype (46XX or 46XY) and were shown to express the same RAB27A gene mutation that was present in the original somatic donor cells. GS-2 iPSCs expressed SSEA1, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and OCT4 proteins, and SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4 expression were confirmed by RT-PCR. Differentiation capacity into cells from all three germ layers was confirmed using the teratoma assay. GS-2 iPSCs showed the capacity to differentiate into cells of the hematopoietic lineage. CONCLUSIONS: Using the lentiviral transfer of OSKM, we were able to generate different iPSC clones from 3 GS-2 patients. These cells can be used in future studies for the development of novel treatment options and to study the pathophysiology of GS-2 disease.