Trends in Stage-Specific Kidney Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan, 2005-2019.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to analyze the incidence of kidney cancer over a 15-year period, considering factors such as stage, age, sex, and morphological verification in the regional context in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. RESULTS: Among the meticulously documented 15,277 cases, a conspicuous male predominance was noted, comprising 53.7% of cases compared to 46.3% in females, with peak incidences observed within the 50-69 age cohorts. The average age at diagnosis exhibited a progressive rise over the study period, with discernible variations observed in age-specific incidence rates, particularly pronounced within the 60-84 age brackets. Noteworthy temporal trends indicated a consistent uptick in crude incidence rates, with distinct regional disparities manifesting higher rates in northern regions relative to their southern and western counterparts. Stratification by cancer stage unveiled a significant surge in stages I-II cases alongside a concomitant decrement in stage III incidences, complemented by reductions in stage IV occurrences and instances of unspecified disease stages. Morphological verification rates displayed regional variations, with an overarching ascending trajectory across most regions, albeit exceptions noted, notably in the Kyzylorda region. CONCLUSION: Our study identified a rise in kidney cancer incidence in Kazakhstan, likely reflecting global trends driven by increased risk factor exposure and incidental imaging findings. Regional disparities and varied stage distributions highlight the complexity of kidney cancer epidemiology. Despite advancements in early detection, delayed diagnosis persists, necessitating improved surveillance and diagnostic practices.

Liver Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan: Fifteen-Year Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the trends of liver cancer (LC) incidence in the regional context in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2019, 13,510 cases of LC were documented, comprising 59.3% males and 40.7% females. Most diagnoses were seen in age groups 55-59 years (13.3%) to 75-79 years (11.7%). LC patients' average age increased from 63.6 to 64.5 years. Incidence rates per 100,000 peaked at ages 65-69 years (35.1±1.0) and 70-74 years (43.3±1.0). LC incidence notably rose in the 70-74 years age group (APC=+0.89), contrasting with declining trends in younger age groups. Regional incidence variations revealed diverse patterns, mostly demonstrating unimodal increases, and some regions displaying bimodal growth. The age-standardized incidence rate was 5.7±0.1 per 100,000, declining from 2005 to 2012 (APC: -3.93), then rising until 2019 (APC: +1.13). Gender-specific standardized rates showed varied trends. Analyses of standardized indicators indicated declining trends in most regions but increased values in specific areas. Thematic maps classified incidence rates based on standardized indicators: low (up to 5.22), average (5.22 to 7.11), high (above 7.11 per 100,000 for the entire population). CONCLUSION: The study on liver cancer in Kazakhstan reveals marked gender and age differences. The standardized incidence rate among men was twofold greater than that among women. A distinct rise in cases was noted among individuals aged 70-74 years. Regional variations in incidence were evident. These findings emphasize the necessity for focused research to comprehend the causes behind these differences, enabling customized interventions for Kazakhstan's population.

Hypopharynx Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan: 2017-2021.

OBJECTIVE: The article studies the geographical features of the incidence of hypopharynx cancer (HPC) in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done for the period 2017-2021. Descriptive and analytical methods of ecoepidemiology were used. Crude (CR), age-specific (ASIR), age-standardized (ASR), equalized incidence rates and approximation were calculated. The dynamics of indicators was investigated using component analysis according to methodological recommendations. The method of drawing up a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. RESULT: During the study period, 814 new cases of HPC were registered. The incidence rate decreased from 0.898 (2017) to 0.895 in 2021 and the overall decline was 0.003 per 100,000 population, including due to the age structure - ∑ΔA=+0.04, due to the risk of acquiring illness - ∑ΔR=-0.05 and their combined effect - ∑ΔRA=+0.01. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with HPC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+37.0%), changes in its age structure (ΔA=+106.1%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=-133.4%). The cartograms were allocated according to the following criteria: low - up to 0.730/0000, average - from 0.73 to 1.180/0000, high - above 1.180/0000. The results of the spatial assessment showed the highest levels of HPC incidence in following regions: Atyrau (1.960/0000) and West Kazakhstan (1.580/0000). CONCLUSION: Thus, this is the first epidemiological study of HPC, which assessed the role of the influence of various factors, including demographic and risk of acquiring illness, on the dynamics of incidence, taking into account gender differences and geographical variability.

Epidemiology of Breast Cancer Mortality in Kazakhstan, trends and Geographic Distribution.

BACKGROUND: According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, ongoing demographic changes will lead to an increase in the number of deaths from breast cancer (BC) per year in the vast majority of regions. In 2040 it is expected that 1.04 million people worldwide will die from this malignancy, including 2,380 women in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study (2009-2018) was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. RESULTS: During 10 years 12,958 women died from BC. An average age of the death was 61.6 years (95%CI=60.6-62.6) and tended to increase (APC=+0.6%, R2=0.6117). Age-specific rates had a bimodal increase with peak rates at 70-74 years - 76.7±5.5 (APC=+3.4%, R2=0.2656) and 80-84 years - 78.0±9.1 (APC=+3.7%, R2=0.0875). The age-standardized rate was 13.9 per 100,000 of female population, and the trend has decreased. When compiling thematic maps, mortality rates were determined on the basis of standardized indicators: low - up to 12.5, average - from 12.5 to 15.2, high - above 15.2 per 100,000. The results of the spatial analysis showed the regions with a higher levels of BC mortality rate per 100,000: Pavlodar (16.9), Almaty (19.2) and Astana cities (19.3). CONCLUSIONS: Age-standardized mortality rates had a strong downward trend (APC=-4.0%, R2=0.9218). The decrease mostly is due to a large coverage of the population by mammography screening and to an improvement in the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.

Lymphosarcoma Incidence in Kazakhstan: A Retrospective Survey (2010-2019).

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the trends of lymphosarcoma incidence in the regional context in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done using descriptive method of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. RESULTS: 3,987 new cases of lymphosarcoma were registered in the country (50.7% in men, 49.3% in women). During the studied years the average age of patients was 54.2±0.8 years. The highest incidence rates per 100,000 in the entire population were found in the age groups 65-69 years (10.4±0.6), 70-74 years (10.7±0.8), and 75-79 years (10.3±0.8). The highest tendency to increase in age-related incidence rates was at the age over 85 (APC=+8.26) and to decrease at the age under 30 (APC=-6.17). The average annual standardized incidence rate was 2.3 per 100,000, and in dynamics tended to increase (APC=+1.43). It was found that the downward trend was observed in five regions (Akmola, Atyrau, Karaganda, North and South Kazakhstan), and the most pronounced decline was in the Karaganda (APC=-3.61) and South Kazakhstan (APC=-2.93) regions. When compiling thematic maps, incidence rates were determined based on standardized indicators: low - up to 1.97, average - from 1.97 to 2.60, high - above 2.60 per 100,000 for both sexes. CONCLUSION: Trends in the incidence of lymphosarcoma in Kazakhstan are growing and have geographical variability, and a high incidence is observed in the eastern and northern regions of the country. Sex differences have been established the incidence in men is higher than in female population, but the rate of increase in the incidence in women is more pronounced.

Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Kazakhstan: Trends and Geographic Distribution.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the trends of lung cancer (LC) incidence in the regional context in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. RESULTS: Over the 10 years under study, 36,916 new cases of LC were registered in the country (80.5% - in men and 19.5% - in women). During the studied years the average age of patients was 64.2±0.1 years (95%CI=63.9-64.4). The highest incidence rates per 100,000 in the entire population were found in the age groups 65-69 years (147.6±2.7), 70-74 years (159.3±2.5), and 75-79 years (147.1±3.2). The incidence of LC tended to increase only at the age of 80-84 years (APC=+1.26) and the most pronounced average annual decline rates were observed in the age groups of 45-49 years (APC=-4.09), 50-54 years (APC=-4.20) and 85+ years (APC=-4.07). The average annual standardized incidence rate was 22.2 per 100,000, and in dynamics tended to decrease (APC=-2.04). There is a decrease in incidence in almost all regions, with the exception of the Mangystau region (APC=+1.65). During the compilation of cartograms, incidence rates were determined on the basis of standardized indicators: low - up to 20.6, average - from 20.6 to 25.6, high - above 25.6 per 100,000 for the entire population. CONCLUSION: The incidence of lung cancer in Kazakhstan is decreasing. The incidence among the male population is six times higher than among the female, while the rate of decline is more pronounced. The incidence tends to decrease in almost all regions. High rates were found in the northern and eastern regions.

Corpus Uteri Cancer in Kazakhstan: Recent Incidence Trends.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the fifteenth most common malignant disease in the world. It is estimated that 417,367 new cases of this malignant neoplasm are diagnosed annually and 97,370 women die from it. OBJECTIVE: The epidemiological features of the corpus uteri cancer (CUC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. METHODS: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of epidemiology were used. Crude, age-specific, age-standardized, equalized incidence rates and approximation were calculated. The method of drawing up a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. RESULT: During the study period, 10,522 new cases of CUC were registered. The average annual age-standardized incidence rate was 11.1±0.2 cases per 100,000 population of female, (Т=+0.6%; R2=0.083). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 65-69 years - 58.8±3.6 cases per 100,000 population of female. The most pronounced downward trend was revealed in the age group < 30 years (T=-2.6%), and the most pronounced annual average upward rates was in 80-84 years (T=+6.4%). The results of the spatial analysis showed regions with a higher levels of CUC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: Pavlodar, Kostanay, Karaganda, Almaty city, North Kazakhstan and Astana city. CONCLUSION: In recent years, CUC incidence in Kazakhstan has been increasing. High incidence rates were found in the northern regions of the country, and the trend of incidence growth was more pronounced in the western and eastern regions.

Trend in Gastric Cancer Mortality in Kazakhstan.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the trends in gastric cancer (GC) mortality in Kazakhstan. METHODS: Data on those who died from GC and on the annual population were obtained from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A retrospective study was carried out for the period 2009-2018 using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific mortality rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. RESULTS: GC mortality in Kazakhstan is considered to be decreasing. It was determined that during the studied period 19,672 died of this cancer. The mean of death was 67.8 with 95% CI of 67.6 to 68.0. The highest mortality rates per 100,000 in the entire population were found in the age groups 75-79 years (145.9±24.1), 80-84 years (161.0±11.0), and 85+ years (116.5±16.4). Trends in age-related mortality rates had a pronounced tendency to increase in 70-74 years (T=+4.3%, R2=0.1924) and to decrease in the age of up to 30 (T=-8.7%, R2=0.2426). The average annual standardized mortality rate was 13.2 per 100,000, and in trends   tended to decrease (T=-5.8%; R2=0.9763). In all regions, there is a decrease in mortality, except for the city of Astana. During categorization mortality rates were determined on the basis of standardized indicators: low - up to 12.9, average - from 12.9 to 15.1, high - above 15.1 per 100,000 for the entire population. CONCLUSION: The mortality rates from GC tend to decrease, while the downward trends and the degree of their approximation are expressed in almost all regions. The study of regional mortality has theoretical and practical significance for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of early detection and treatment. Health authorities should take into account the results obtained when organizing antitumor measures.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Incidence Trends in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan.

Background: The study conducted a component analysis of the dynamics of the incidence of breast cancer (BC) in Karaganda region. Methods: Primary data were for registered patients with BC (ICD 10-C50) in Kazakhstan, Karaganda region the period of 2009-2018. Evaluation of changes in BC incidence in the population of Karaganda was performed using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. Results: Overall, 4,391 new cases of BC and 1,202 deaths were recorded. The incidence rate increased from 44.4 (2009) to 72.7 in 2018 and the overall growth was 28.37 per 100,000 population of female, including due to the age structure - ∑ΔA =3.13, due to the risk of acquiring illness - ∑ΔR =22.69 and their combined effect - ∑ΔRA =2.56. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with BC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP =+3.7%), changes in its age structure (ΔA =+10.3%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR =+75.0%). The mortality rate in the region changed from 18.6 (2009) to 10.9 (2018) and tended to decrease. Conclusion: The role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of BC was evaluated. In this region, these indicators were the highest. The implementation of the results of this study is recommended in management of anticancer activities for BC.

Geographic Variability of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan.

OBJECTIVE: The article studies the geographical features of the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. Crude (CR), age-specific (ASIR), age-standardized (ASR), equalized incidence rates and approximation were calculated. The dynamics of indicators was investigated using component analysis according to methodological recommendations. The method of drawing up a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. RESULTS: During the study period, 27,467 new cases of GC were registered. The incidence rate increased from 16.80 (2009) to 15.10 in 2018 and the overall decline was 1.70 per 100,000 population, including due to the age structure - ∑ΔA=+1.51, due to the risk of acquiring illness - ∑ΔR=-2.91 and their combined effect - ∑ΔRA=-0.31. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with GC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+651.8%), changes in its age structure (ΔA=+433.9%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=-832.1%). The cartograms were allocated according to the following criteria: low - up to 14.80/0000, average - from 14.8 to 19.20/0000, high - above 19.20/0000. The results of the spatial assessment showed the highest levels of GC incidence in following regions: Akmola (22.20/0000), North Kazakhstan (22.30/0000), and Pavlodar (23.20/0000). CONCLUSION: Thus, as a result of the epidemiological analysis, the role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of GC was evaluated, while sex differences and geographical variability were established.

Colorectal Cancer Mortality in Kazakhstan: Spatio-Temporal Epidemiological Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality in Kazakhstan. METHODS: The retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific mortality rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. RESULTS: CRC mortality in Kazakhstan is considered to be increasing. Therefore, this study (for the period 2009-2018) was undertaken to retrospectively evaluate data across the country available from the central registration bureau. Age standardized data for mortality was generated and compared across age groups. It was determined that during the studied period 15,200 died of this pathology. During the studied years an average age of the dead made 69.8 years (95%CI=69.5-70.0). The average annual standardized mortality rate was 10.2 per 100,000, and in dynamics tended to decrease. Peak of mortality was noted in aged 60-84 years. Trends in age-related mortality rates had a pronounced tendency to increase in 30-34 years (T=+11.7%, R2=0.7980) and to decrease in 75-79 years (T=-16.4%, R2=0.8881). In many regions, there is a decrease in the number of deaths. During the compilation of cartograms, mortality rates were determined on the basis of standardized indicators: low - up to 8.9, average - from 8.9 to 11.5, high - above 11.5 per 100,000 for the entire population. In addition, all calculations were made taking into account age-sex differences. CONCLUSION: Trends in mortality from CRC in recent years have decreased from 11.2 to 7.7 per 100,000 of the total population, while the trend is stable (T=-3.6%, R2=0.8745). The study of regional mortality has theoretical and practical significance: monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of early detection and treatment of detected pathology. Health authorities should take into account the results obtained when organizing anti-cancer measures.

Trends of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan.

AAMC: Background and objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most widespread human malignancies. The aim of this study was to study trends of the incidence of CRC in Kazakhstan. Materials and Method: This retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. Results: During the study period from 2009 to 2018, 28,950 new cases of CRC were recorded, 13,779 (47.6%) cases were allocated to men and 15,171 (52.4%) to women. It was found that the incidence rate of CRC increased from 14.79 (2009) to 17.72 in 2018 and the overall growth was 2.93 cases per 100,000. This increase was due to the age structure ­ ΣΔA=+1.42, the risk of acquiring illness ­ ΣΔR=+1.31, and their combined effect ­ ΣΔRA=+0.20. The component analysis results revealed that the increase in the number of patients with CRC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+37.7%), changes in age structure (ΔA=+26.6%), and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=+24.6%). The number of patients (both sexes) was increasing in many regions largely due to the influence of the age structure of the population. In addition, it was found that growth in the number of patients in most regions, both men and women, was associated primarily with the risk of acquiring illness. Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed increasing trends in the incidence of CRC in all regions of the country. These changes were mainly influenced by demographic factors (population size and age structure), risk of acquiring the disease, and their combined effect.^ieng

Impact of Screening on Breast Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan: Results of Component Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The study is to conduct a component analysis of the dynamics of the incidence of BC (BC) in Kazakhstan, taking into account regions. METHODS: Primary data were for registered patients with BC (ICD 10 - C50) in the whole country during the period of 2009-2018. Evaluation of changes in BC incidence in the population of Kazakhstan was performed using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. RESULTS: The study period, 40,199 new cases of BC were recorded. The incidence rate increased from 39.5 (2009) to 49.6 in 2018 and the overall growth was 2.8 per 100,000 population of female, including due to the age structure - ∑ΔA=+2.99, due to the risk of acquiring illness - ∑ΔR=+6.82 and their combined effect - ∑ΔRA=+0.31. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with BC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+31.1%), changes in its age structure (ΔA=+18.0%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=+41.0%). The increase in the number of patients in the regions of the republic is associated with the influence of demographic factors and with risk factors for getting sick, including mammographic screening. CONCLUSION: Thus, as a result of the component analysis, the role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of BC was evaluated, while geographical variability was established. This research was the first epidemiological study of the dynamics of BC in the regional context by the method of component analysis in the population of Kazakhstan. The implementation of the results of this study is recommended in management of anticancer activities for BC.

New Trends of Cervical Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan.

OBJECTIVE: The epidemiological features of the cervical cancer (CC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. METHODS: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. RESULTS: During the study period, 16,441 new cases of CC were registered. The average annual crude and age-standardized incidence rate were 18.6±0.5 and 17.7±0.4 cases per 100,000 population of female, respectively, and their trends tended to increase (Тup=+2.3%; R2=0.708 and Тup=+1.9%; R2=0.615, respectively). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 50-54 years - 45.3±1.1 cases per 100,000 population of female. Trends of ASIR decreased up to 30 years (Tdown=-1.8%; R2=0.111) and 35-59 years (Tdown=-0.9%; R2=0.103), in other age groups the trends increased, and were most pronounced in 40-44 (Тup=+4.1%; R2=0.878) and 65-69 years (Тup=+4.4%; R2=0.537). Trends in ASR of СС tended to grow in almost all regions, with higher levels in Mangystau (Тup=+4.1%; R2=0.482) and Aktobe (Тup=+6.3%; R2=0.846) regions. The cartograms of ASR per 100,000 population of female were allocated according to the following criteria: low - up to 16.3, average - from 16.3 to 19.2, high - above 19.2. The results of the spatial analysis showed the regions with a higher levels of CC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: East Kazakhstan (19.8), Aktobe (20.0), Almaty (20.1), Kostanay region (20.9), Atyrau (21.7) regions and Almaty city (22.0). CONCLUSION: The study of trends of the cervical cancer incidence has the theoretical and practical value:  monitoring and evaluation of screening programmes, which are implemented in the country, and conduction of secondary prevention of cervical pathology. Health authorities should consider the obtained results in the in the organization of anti-cancer activities.

Thyroid Cancer in Kazakhstan: Component Analysis of Incidence Dynamics.

Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reports that 567,000 new cases of thyroid cancer (TC) were registered in the world in 2018, and the age-standardized incidence rate was 6.7 per 100,000. The Global Cancer Observation forecasts a 35% growth in the number of new cases worldwide by 2040. The number of patients with TC in Kazakhstan is also increasing steadily. This investigation was the first epidemiological study of TC trends by component analysis among the population of Kazakhstan. This paper presents the results of the component analysis of TC incidence trends in Kazakhstan. Methods: The study covers primary data of TC cases (ICD 10 ­ C73) registered throughout Kazakhstan from 2009 to 2018. TC incidence trends were evaluated using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. Results: 5,559 new TC cases were registered during the 10-year study period. The average age of patients was 52.0±0.2 years, the average annual age-standardized rate in 2009-2018 was 3.3±0.20/0000, with a constant upward trend (Т=+6.6%). According to the component analysis results, the increase in incidence was mainly due to the combined effect of the two factors: the increased disease risk (ΔR=+61.7%), and the population growth (ΔP=+15.4%). Conclusion: The noted increase in incidence was mainly caused by the changes in risk factors, such as the worsening environmental aspects and the increase in detection of clinically non-manifesting cases. The results of the study shall be taken into account when planning anticancer activities for TC.

Breast Cancer in Megapolises of Kazakhstan: Epidemiological Assessment of Incidence and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among the female population of Kazakhstan like in many developed countries of the world (Canada, UK, US, Western Europe), and it accounts for every 5th tumor. We aimed to assess the epidemiological aspects of breast cancer incidence and mortality among Almaty and Astana (Now Nur-Sultan), Kazakhstan residents in 2009-2018. METHODS: A retrospective study using modern descriptive and analytical methods of epidemiology was conducted to evaluate the breast cancer incidence and mortality in megapolises of Kazakhstan. RESULTS: The average annual age-standardized incidence rate of breast cancer amounted to 61.9 0 0000 (95% CI=56.2-67.6) in Almaty and 61.2 0 0000 (95% CI=56.765.7) in Astana. The average age-standardized mortality was 19.2 0 0000 (95% CI=17.3-21.1) in Almaty and 19.3 0 0000 (95% CI=17.1-21.4) in Astana. The standardized incidence in the megapolises tended to increase (Tgr=+0.8% in Almaty and Tgr=+1.4% in Astana), while the mortality was decreasing (Tdec=-4.2% in Almaty and Tdec=-1.1% in Astana). According to the component analysis, the growth in the number of breast cancer cases was due to a population increase (ΔP=+130.4% in Almaty and ΔP=+93.2% in Astana), with a notable decrease of factors related to the risk of getting sick (ΔR=-27.9% in Almaty, ΔR=-6.1% in Astana). CONCLUSION: This is the first epidemiological study to assess the changes in incidence and mortality from breast cancer in megapolises of Kazakhstan because of screening. The results of this study can be used to improve the government program to combat breast cancer.

Age and Spatial Peculiarities of Non-neoplastic Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue in Kazakhstan, 2003-2015.

BACKGROUND: Arrangement of effective management aimed at improving dermatological services and consistent care of patients with skin diseases depends on understanding the epidemiological situation. METHODS: This retrospective study presents an epidemiological assessment of non-neoplastic skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases in Kazakhstan registered in 2003-2015. RESULTS: The yearly incidence rate of the diseases among the whole population was in average 3,341.8±121.1 per 100000 population. This represents 4835.0±156.1 for children, 5503.2±141.8 for adolescents and 2646.6±106.7 for adults per 100000 inhabitants. Space and time incidence rate was evaluated according to the administrative division. The overall trend decreased to 3.5% in children to 2.8% in adolescents to 1.9%, and in adults to 3.9%. Considerable variation in rates was seen across the country, with highest rates in East Kazakhstan, Mangystau and Aktobe regions, the lowest - in Atyrau and South-Kazakhstan regions. CONCLUSION: Non-neoplastic diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue continue to be an urgent public health problem, especially among children in many regions of Kazakhstan.

Component Analysis of Laryngeal Cancer Incidence Dynamics in Kazakhstan from 1999 to 2014.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we examined epidemiological aspects of dynamic changes in incidences of laryngeal cancer in male and female populations in Kazakhstan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data were for registered patients with malignant laryngeal tumors in the whole country during the period of 1999-2014. Evaluation of changes in laryngeal cancer incidence in the population of Kazakhstan was performed using component analysis. RESULTS: It was determined that the number of patients with laryngeal cancer in the whole country is decreasing although with conflicting impacts of different factors. Despite population growth (all - ΔP=+66.1%, men - ΔP=+70.9% and women - ΔP=+46.4%), and aging (all - ΔA=+45.1%, men -ΔA=+54.3 and women - ΔA=+22.2), the reduction in risk of developing the disease (all - ΔR=-165.6%, men - ΔR=-170.9% and women - ΔR=-141.0%) was overwhelming. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation was the first epidemiological study of dynamics of laryngeal cancer by component analysis in the population of Kazakhstan. Implementation of the results of the study is recommended in management of anti-cancer activities for laryngeal cancer.

Spatial and Temporal Epidemiological Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Kazakhstan, 1999-2013.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality in Kazakhstan are considered to be increasing but exact statistics have hitherto been lacking. The present study was therefore undertaken to retrospectively assess data for the whole country, accessed from the central registration office, for the period 1999-2013. Age standardized data for incidence and mortality were generated and compared across age groups. It was determined that during the studied period 45,891 new cases of breast cancer were registered and 20,122 women died of this pathology. Average breast cancer incidence and mortality were 37.9±1.10/105 and 16.7±0.20/105 respectively, and the overall ratio of mortality/incidence (M/I) was 0.44. Incidence tended to increase (T=+2.3%), and mortality to decrease (T of =-0.3%). Peaks of incidence and mortality were noted in those aged 60-74 years and 75-84, respectively. Particularly high incidences were established in large cities of Kazakhstan, Astana (46.8±1.80/105) and Almaty (49.7±1.30/105), and high mortality was observed in the Pavlodar region (17.9±0.60/105) and Almaty city (20.1±0.40/105). Considerable variation in the mortality/incidence ratio was noted, suggesting the need for more stress on access to screening and clinical care in some regions of the country.

Epidemiological evaluation of breast cancer in ecological areas of Kazakhstan--association with pollution emissions.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the incidence of breast cancer in the ecological areas of Kazakhstan and assess the potential . A retrospective study of 11 years (1999 to 2009) was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods. The incidence of breast cancer was the lowest in the Aral-Syr Darya area (18.6±0.80/100,000), and highest in the Irtysh area (48.9±1.90/100,000), with an increasing trends over time in almost all areas. A direct strong correlation between the degree of contamination with high pollution emissions in the atmosphere from stationary sources and the incidence of breast cancer (r=0.77±0.15; p=0.026). The results indicate an increasing importance of breast cancer in Kazakhstan and an etiological role for environmental pollution.