RESUMO
Iron deficiency and cadmium (Cd) stress causes a rapid change in plant physiology. The aim of this work was to characterize the effects of Fe supplementation on redox reactions in leguminous plants under Cd toxicity. The experiments were performed in hydroponic nutrient media, using mungbean grown under 300 µM cadmium chloride with or without Fe for 10 days. The Fe concentration in plants grown under Fe deficiency was reduced by the presence of Cd; however, it recovered to control levels after Fe was supplied. Similarly, a very high Cd concentration was observed in plants grown under Fe deficiency in the presence of Cd toxicity but when Fe was supplied the Cd concentration decreased. After 5 days of Fe deficiency, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase) were significantly higher than in plants supplied with Fe in the absence or presence of Cd. However, after 10 days of Fe deficiency, these enzyme activities were severely decreased in the presence of Cd toxicity but increased when Fe was present. The activities of other peroxidase enzymes such as guaiacol peroxidase, syringaldazine peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and benzidine peroxidase decreased after 10 days under Cd toxicity and were further reduced in the absence of Fe. Furthermore, the level of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased for the first 5 days under Cd toxicity under Fe deficiency but was reduced after Fe was supplied to Cd-treated plants. The data indicate that supply of Fe contributes to the alleviation of Cd toxicity in redox reaction pathways in mungbean plants.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Breast Cancer (BC) is the leading cause of deaths in Indian women. Emerging reports reveal alarming evidence of increasing incidence and mortality of BC among young Indian women in addition to the late presentation and poor prognosis. Despite the significant incidence, there is a lack of reliable data resources and comprehensive epidemiologic studies relating to BC. The objective of this protocol is to conduct a full-scale systematic review and meta-analyses on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of BC in 29 states and seven union territories of India. METHODS: Data sources used will be Cochrane Review, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and international and national cancer registries such as World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and National Centre for Disease Information and Research (NCDIR)-National Cancer Registry Program initiated by Indian Council of Medical Research. Relevant data will be extracted using a predefined data collection form. A defined search strategy will be implemented along with selection criteria to obtain full-text articles of relevant studies. This study protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Protocols 2015 guidelines. Odds ratios (ORs) will be used to measure effect size. The random or fixed-effects meta-analyses model will be employed to aggregate the pooled estimates (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) separately. A forest plot will be produced to assess ORs and 95% CIs. Publication bias will be assessed using funnel plot, and Egger regression will be applied to test the symmetry of the funnel plot. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This proposed study will be based on published studies and the data from cancer registries. Therefore, human research ethics approval is not required. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NO: CRD42018084003.